{{Short description|Genus of fungi}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = HydnumRepandum.JPG | image_caption = ''Hydnum repandum'' | taxon = Hydnum | authority = L. (1753) | type_species = ''Hydnum repandum'' | type_species_authority = L. (1753) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Hydnum"/> | synonyms = ''Erinaceus'' <small>Dill. (1719)</small><br /> ''Bidona'' <small>Adans. (1763)</small><br /> ''Bidonia'' <small>Adans. (1763)</small><br /> ''Echinus'' <small>Haller (1768)</small><br /> ''Hypothele'' <small>Paulet (1808)</small><br /> ''Dentinum'' <small>Gray (1821)</small><br /> ''Erinaceus'' <small>Dill. ex Maratti (1822)</small><br /> ''Tyrodon'' <small>P.Karst. (1881)</small> }}
'''''Hydnum''''' is a genus of fungi in the family Hydnaceae. They are notable for their unusual spore-bearing structures of teeth rather than gills. The best known are the edible species ''Hydnum repandum'' and ''H. rufescens''. There are no known toxic varieties of ''Hydnum.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cao |first1=Ting |last2=Hu |first2=Ya-Ping |last3=Yu |first3=Jia-Rui |last4=Wei |first4=Tie-Zheng |last5=Yuan |first5=Hai-Sheng |date=2021-06-01 |title=A phylogenetic overview of the Hydnaceae (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) with new taxa from China |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wfbi/sim/2021/00000099/00000001/art00004;jsessionid=27o6m3ot5poi.x-ic-live-02 |journal=Studies in Mycology |volume=99 |issue=1 |article-number=100121 |doi=10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100121 |pmc=8717575 |pmid=35035603}}</ref> Widely regarded as important maintainers of forest ecosystems, the ''Hydnum'' genus is known to have ectomycorrhizal relationships with multiple plant families.<ref name=":022">{{Cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=Bang |last2=Wang |first2=Xiang-Hua |last3=Ratkowsky |first3=David |last4=Gates |first4=Genevieve |last5=Lee |first5=Su See |last6=Grebenc |first6=Tine |last7=Yang |first7=Zhu L. |date=May 2016 |title=Multilocus phylogenetic analyses reveal unexpected abundant diversity and significant disjunct distribution pattern of the Hedgehog Mushrooms (Hydnum L.) |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |article-number=25586 |doi=10.1038/srep25586 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4858670 |pmid=27151256|bibcode=2016NatSR...625586F }}</ref> ''Hydnum'' has many brittle, white teeth from which the spores drop. Some species have teeth which hang from ascending branches, while other species have teeth which project downwards from the undersurfaces of dead wood. Most ''Hydnum'' species are safe to eat, and contain many fatty acids and antioxidants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sułkowska-Ziaja |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Muszyńska |first2=Bożena |last3=Szewczyk |first3=Agnieszka |date=April 2015 |title=Antioxidant components of selected indigenous edible mushrooms of the obsolete order Aphyllophorales |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1130140614000163 |journal=Revista Iberoamericana de Micología |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=99–102 |doi=10.1016/j.riam.2013.10.011|pmid=24657542 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==Taxonomy and diversity== ''Hydnum'' species are found on every continent that is habitable for plant life, with some preferring deep forest regions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sugawara |first1=Ryo |last2=Sotome |first2=Kozue |last3=Maekawa |first3=Nitaro |last4=Nakagiri |first4=Akira |last5=Endo |first5=Naoki |date=May 2021 |title=Mycorrhizal synthesis, morpho-anatomical characterization of mycorrhizae, and evaluation of mycorrhiza-forming ability of Hydnum albidum–like species using monokaryotic and dikaryotic cultures |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00572-021-01024-7 |journal=Mycorrhiza |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=349–359 |doi=10.1007/s00572-021-01024-7 |pmid=33616720 |bibcode=2021Mycor..31..349S |s2cid=231990526 |issn=0940-6360|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Most of the common species, such as ''H. repandum'' and ''H. rufescens'' can be located in Europe, East Asia, and Australia.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Sugawara |first1=Ryo |last2=Maekawa |first2=Nitaro |last3=Sotome |first3=Kozue |last4=Nakagiri |first4=Akira |last5=Endo |first5=Naoki |date=2022-03-04 |title=Systematic revision of Hydnum species in Japan |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00275514.2021.2024407 |journal=Mycologia |language=en |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=413–452 |doi=10.1080/00275514.2021.2024407 |pmid=35394899 |s2cid=248050053 |issn=0027-5514|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
''Hydnum repandum'' is a common and edible species. Also called the "hedgehog mushroom", ''H. repandum'' is most often found in Europe, Mexico, and North America.<ref name=":022"/> The smooth cap grows as wide as 8 inches across, and the stem is off-center and is less than 2 inches long. ''H. repandum'' is often confused in looks for its similar tasting cousin, the Chantrelle mushroom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Antonyuk |first1=Volodymyr |last2=Panchak |first2=Lidiia V. |last3=Antonyuk |first3=Lidiia Ya |last4=Zyn |first4=Alina R. |title=Extractive Substances of Fruit Body Golden Chanterelle (Cantharellus Cibarius Fr.) and Hedgehog Mushroom (Hydnum Repandum Fr.) |date=2021-01-17 |url=https://ejfa.me/index.php/journal/article/view/2195 |journal=Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture |pages=826–834 |doi=10.9755/ejfa.2020.v32.i11.2195 |s2cid=234177776 |issn=2079-0538|doi-access=free }}</ref> Medicinally, ''H. repandum'' has shown promising signs in preventing malignant sarcomas in mice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peksen |first1=A |last2=Kibar |first2=B |last3=Yakupoglu |first3=G |date=2013-10-14 |title=Favourable culture conditions for mycelial growth of Hydnum repandum, a medicinal mushroom |url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajtcam/article/view/95134 |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=431–434 |doi=10.4314/ajtcam.v10i6.4 |issn=0189-6016 |pmc=3847377 |pmid=24311862}}</ref>
''Hydnum rufescens'' is another common edible variety of hydnum. Known locally as the terracotta hedgehog mushroom, it can be found in Portugal.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Bárbara |last2=Guedes de Pinho |first2=Paula |last3=Andrade |first3=Paula B. |last4=Baptista |first4=Paula |last5=Valentão |first5=Patrícia |date=2009-09-01 |title=Fatty acid composition of wild edible mushrooms species: A comparative study |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026265X09000526 |journal=Microchemical Journal |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |doi=10.1016/j.microc.2009.04.005 |hdl=10198/4409 |issn=0026-265X|hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> It has been found to contain high levels of fatty acids and nutrients essential to the human diet.<ref name=":22" />
''Hydnum minum'' is a new species that was described in 2015. First located in Japan, ''H. minum'' is identifiable by a "whitish basidiomata", or spore-producing structure.<ref name=":12" />
''Hydnum vesterholtii'' has been newly found in calcium rich areas of the Mediterranean, as well as in the Pyrenees and Italy, and is recognized by an ochre tinted spore cap.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vizzini |first1=A |last2=Picillo |first2=B |last3=Ercole |first3=E |last4=Voyron |first4=S |last5=Contu |first5=M |date=2012 |title=Detecting the variability of Hydnum ovoideisporum (Agaricomycetes, Cantharellales) on the basis of Italian collections, and H. magnorufescens sp. nov. |url=http://www.mycosphere.org/pdfs/MC4_1_No2.pdf |journal=Mycosphere |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=32–44 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/2}}</ref>
''Hydnum ovoideisporum,'' much like ''H. vesterholtii,'' has an orangish colored cap. It is also found in the Iberian-Mediterranean climate and is fond of calcium rich soils.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Olariaga |first1=Ibai |last2=Grebenc |first2=Tine |last3=Salcedo |first3=Isabel |last4=Martín |first4=María P. |date=2012-11-01 |title=Two new species of Hydnum with ovoid basidiospores: H. ovoideisporum and H. vesterholtii |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3852/11-378 |journal=Mycologia |language=en |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=1443–1455 |doi=10.3852/11-378 |pmid=22684286 |s2cid=44252712 |issn=0027-5514|hdl=10261/134566 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
==Species== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Image !! Scientific name !! Taxon author !! Year |- | 120px ||''Hydnum aerostatisporum'' || Buyck, D.P. Lewis & V. Hofst. || 2017 |- | ||''Hydnum albertense'' || Niskanen & Liimat. || 2018 |- |120px ||''Hydnum albidum'' || Peck || 1887 |- |120px||''Hydnum alboaurantiacum'' || Swenie & Matheny || 2018 |- |120px||''Hydnum albomagnum'' || Banker || 1901 |- | ||''Hydnum ambustum'' || Cooke & Massee || 1887 |- | ||''Hydnum arachnoideofarinosum'' || Rick || 1959 |- | ||''Hydnum berkeleyanum'' || K. Das, Hembrom, A. Baghela & Vizzini || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum boreorepandum'' || Niskanen, Liimat. & Niemelä || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum brevispinum'' || T. Cao & H.S. Yuan || 2021 |- | ||''Hydnum brunnescens'' || Velen. || 1922 |- | 120px ||''Hydnum canadense'' || Niskanen & Liimat. || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum combinans'' || Peck || 1901 |- | ||''Hydnum commutatum'' || (Bourdot & Galzin) Pouzar || 1956 |- | ||''Hydnum cremeoalbum'' || Liimat. & Niskanen || 2018 |- | 120px ||''Hydnum cuspidatum'' || Swenie & Matheny || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum dispersum'' || Berk. || 1845 |- | ||''Hydnum durieui'' || Sacc. || 1888 |- | ||''Hydnum eichelbaumii'' || Henn. || 1905 |- | ||''Hydnum elatum'' || Massee || 1914 |- |120px||''Hydnum ellipsosporum'' || Ostrow & Beenken || 2004 |- |120px||''Hydnum ferruginescens'' || Swenie & Matheny || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum flabellatum'' || T. Cao & H.S. Yuan || 2021 |- | ||''Hydnum flavidocanum'' || T. Cao & H.S. Yuan || 2021 |- | 120px ||''Hydnum geminum'' || Swenie & Matheny || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum heimii'' || Maas Geest. || 1959 |- | ||''Hydnum humidum'' || Banker || 1902 |- |120px||''Hydnum ibericum'' || Olariaga, Liimat. & Niskanen || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum indurescens'' || D. Hall & D.E. Stuntz || 1972 |- | ||''Hydnum inopinatum'' || (Donk) Pouzar || 1956 |- | ||''Hydnum jussii'' || Niskanen, Liimat. & Kytöv || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum longibasidium'' || T. Cao & H.S. Yuan || 2021 |- | ||''Hydnum magnorufescens'' || Vizzini, Picillo & Contu || 2013 |- | ||''Hydnum mcnabbianum'' || J.A. Cooper || 2023 |- | ||''Hydnum melitosarx'' || Ruots., Huhtinen, Olariaga, Niskanen, Liimat. & Ammirati || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum melleopallidum'' || Kranab., Liimat. & Niskanen || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum minus'' || Yanaga & N. Maek. || 2015 |- | ||''Hydnum modestum'' || Snell & E.A. Dick || 1962 |- | ||''Hydnum molluscum'' || Fr. || 1849 |- |120px||''Hydnum mulsicolor'' || Liimat. & Niskanen || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum neorepandum'' || Niskanen & Liimat. || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum olympicum'' || Niskanen, Liimat. & Ammirati || 2018 |- |120px||''Hydnum oregonense'' || Norvell, Liimat. & Niskanen || 2018 |- |120px||''Hydnum ovoideisporum'' || Olariaga, Grebenc, Salcedo & M.P. Martín || 2012 |- | ||''Hydnum pallidocroceum'' || T. Cao & H.S. Yuan || 2021 |- | ||''Hydnum pallidomarginatum'' || T. Cao & H.S. Yuan || 2021 |- | ||''Hydnum papyraceum'' || Wulfen || 1787 |- | ||''Hydnum politum'' || Fr. || 1836 |- | ||''Hydnum quebecense'' || Niskanen & Liimat. || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum reginae'' || Kibby, Liimat. & Niskanen || 2022 |- | ||''Hydnum repando-orientale'' || Liimat. & Niskanen || 2018 |- |120px||''Hydnum repandum'' || L. || 1753 |- |120px||''Hydnum rufescens'' || Pers. || 1800 |- | ||''Hydnum salmoneum'' || R. Heim || 1966 |- | ||''Hydnum slovenicum'' || Liimat. & Niskanen || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum sphaericum'' || T. Cao & H.S. Yuan || 2021 |- | ||''Hydnum spongiosum'' || Rick || 1906 |- |120px||''Hydnum subconnatum'' || Swenie & Matheny || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum subcremeoalbum'' || Tedersoo, Liimat. & Niskanen || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum subincarnatum'' || K.A. Harrison || 1964 |- | ||''Hydnum subisidioides'' || Rick || 1959 |- | ||''Hydnum submelleum'' || Rick || 1959 |- | ||''Hydnum submulsicolor'' || Niskanen & Liimat. || 2018 |- | 120px||''Hydnum subolympicum'' || Liimat., Niskanen, R.E. Baird & Voitk || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum subovoideisporum'' || Niskanen & Liimat. || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum subpallidum'' || Snell & E.A. Dick || 1962 |- | ||''Hydnum subrufescens'' || Niskanen & Liimat. || 2018 |- | 120px ||''Hydnum subtilior'' || Swenie & Matheny || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum tangerinum'' || T. Cao & H.S. Yuan || 2021 |- | ||''Hydnum tenuidens'' || Rick || 1959 |- | ||''Hydnum tenuistipitum'' || T. Cao & H.S. Yuan || 2021 |- | ||''Hydnum treui'' || Tedersoo, Liimat. & Niskanen || 2018 |- |120px||''Hydnum umbilicatum'' || Peck || 1902 |- | 120px ||''Hydnum vagabundum'' || Swenie, Ovrebo & Matheny || 2018 |- | ||''Hydnum ventricosum'' || T. Cao & H.S. Yuan || 2021 |- | ||''Hydnum vesterholtii'' || Olariaga, Grebenc, Salcedo & M.P. Martín || 2012 |- | ||''Hydnum zongolicense'' || Garibay || 2018 |}
==References== {{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="urlMycoBank: Hydnum">{{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=17797 |title=''Hydnum'' L. 1753 |publisher=International Mycological Association |work=MycoBank |access-date=2011-06-17}}</ref>
}} ==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Hydnum|''Hydnum''}} *{{Wikispecies-inline|Hydnum|''Hydnum''}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q159023}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Hydnum Category:Cantharellales Category:Agaricomycetes genera