{{Short description|Genus of fungi}} {{Speciesbox | image = Heliocybe sulcata 88711.jpg | image_caption = | genus = Heliocybe | parent_authority = Redhead & Ginns (1985) | species = sulcata | authority = (Berk.) Redhead & Ginns (1985) }}

'''''Heliocybe''''' is an agaric genus<ref name=Redhead_1985>{{cite journal |author1=Redhead, S.A. |author2=Ginns, J.H.|year=1985| title=A reappraisal of agaric genera associated with brown rots of wood|journal=Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan| volume=26| pages=349–381}}</ref> closely allied to ''Neolentinus'' and the bracket fungus, ''Gloeophyllum'', all of which cause brown rot of wood.<ref name=Thorn_2000>{{cite journal | author=Thorn, R.G.|year=2000| title=Phylogenetic analyses and the distribution of nematophagy support monophyletic Pleurotaceae within the polyphyletic pleurotoid-lentinoid fungi|journal=Mycologia| volume=92| pages=241–252| doi=10.2307/3761557 | jstor=3761557 | issue=2 | publisher=Mycologia, Vol. 92, No. 2|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=Hibbett_2001>{{cite journal |author1=Hibbett, D.S. |author2=Donoghue, M.J.|year=2001| title=Analysis of character correlations among wood decay mechanisms, mating systems, and substrate ranges in Homobasidiomycetes|journal=Syst. Biol.| volume=50| pages=215–242| doi=10.1080/10635150151125879 | pmid=12116929 | issue=2}}</ref> '''''Heliocybe sulcata''''' is the type and sole species.

==Description== ''Heliocybe sulcata'' is characterized by thumb-sized, tough, revivable, often dried, mushroom fruitbodies. The tanned symmetric cap (pileus) is up to {{Convert|2|cm|frac=4}} across and radially cracked into a ray pattern of scales and ridges. The lamellae are cream-coloured,<ref name="audu">{{Cite book |last=Audubon |title=Mushrooms of North America |publisher=Knopf |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-593-31998-7 |pages=206}}</ref> distant and serrated. The stipe is cylindrical, up to 2&nbsp;cm tall and 4&nbsp;mm wide, sometimes curved, and scaly towards the base, often enlarged.<ref name="audu" />

Like ''Neolentinus'', ''H. sulcata'' produces abundant, conspicuous pleurocystidia, but ''H.&nbsp;sulcata'' lacks clamp connections.<ref name="Redhead_1985" /> ''Crinipellis zonata'' lacks the raised ridges along the margin.<ref name="audu" />

==Taxonomy==

In older classifications, ''H.&nbsp;sulcata''<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20071010102253/http://www.minnesotamushrooms.org/news/2004-02/mush-science.htm</ref> was known as ''Lentinus sulcatus'' or ''Panus fulvidus''. However, there is strong phylogenetic evidence for the segregation of a group of brown rot causing fungi at the level of order, including ''Neolentinus'', ''Heliocybe'' and ''Gloeophyllum'', from the Polyporales where ''Lentinus'' and ''Panus'' are classified.<ref name=Thorn_2000/><ref name=Hibbett_2001/><ref name=Hibbett_2002>{{cite journal |author1=Hibbett, D.S. |author2=Binder, M.|year=2002| title=Evolution of complex fruiting-body morphologies in homobasidiomycetes|journal=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B| volume=269| pages=1963–1969| doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2123 | pmid=12396494 | issue=1504 | pmc=1691125}}</ref><ref name=Binder_2005>{{cite journal | author=Binder, M.|year=2005| title=The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes)|journal=Syst. Biodivers.| volume=3| pages=113–157| doi=10.1017/S1477200005001623 | issue=2|s2cid=13102957 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=Garcia_Sandoval_2011>{{cite journal |author1=García-Sandoval R |author2=Wang Z |author3=Binder M |author4=Hibbett DS. |year=2011| title=Molecular phylogenetics of the Gloeophyllales and relative ages of clades of Agaricomycotina producing a brown rot|journal=Mycologia| volume=103| pages=510–524| doi=10.3852/10-209 | pmid=21186327 | issue=3 |s2cid=9801943 }}</ref> ''Heliocybe'' has also been placed into synonymy with ''Neolentinus'', but anatomically they differ by the absence versus the presence of clamp connections<ref name=Redhead_1985/> and phylogenetically ''Heliocybe'' is distinct, being either a sister group to ''Neolentinus'' or to a ''Neolentinus-Gloeophyllum''-clade, or allied to ''Gloeophyllum odoratum''.<ref name=Thorn_2000/><ref name=Hibbett_2001/><ref name=Binder_2005/><ref name=Garcia_Sandoval_2011/>

===Etymology===

''Heliocybe'' derives from the Greek ''helios'' (= the sun) and ''cybe'' (=head), and means "the sun-head". It was coined in reference to its sun-like pattern on its pileus together with its affinity to sun-baked habitats.{{cn|date=January 2023}}

==Habitat and distribution== ''Heliocybe sulcata'' typically fruits on decorticated, sun-dried and cracked wood, such as fence posts and rails, vineyard trellises in Europe, branches in slash areas, and semi-arid areas such on sagebrush or on naio branches in rain shadow areas of Hawaii, or in open pine forests.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Redhead, S.A.|year=1989| title=A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora|journal=Can. J. Bot.| volume=67| pages=3003–3062| doi=10.1139/b89-384 | issue=10}}</ref><ref>{{citation | author=Schalkwijk-Barendsen, H.M.E.|year=1991| title=Mushrooms of western Canada}}</ref><ref>{{citation | author=Evenson, V.S.|year=1997| title=Mushrooms of Colorado and the southern Rocky Mountains}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author1=Hemmes, D.E. |author2=Desjardin, D.E.|year=2002| title=An identification guide – mushrooms of Hawai'i}}</ref>

In North America, it can be found in the Mountain states and as far east as Texas and Kansas from April to September.<ref name="audu" />

== References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q4362787|from2=Q10520133}}

Category:Gloeophyllales Category:Monotypic Basidiomycota genera