Newark Supergroup

{{Short description|Assemblage of Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks}} {{Infobox rockunit | name = Newark Supergroup | image = Outcrops of Newark Supergroup Lutrell (1989) USGS Bulletin 1572.png | caption = Exposed basins of the Newark Supergroup | type = Supergroup | age = Triassic - Jurassic | prilithology = | otherlithology = | namedfor = Newark, New Jersey | namedby = | region = East Coast, The Maritime Provinces | country = United States, Canada | coordinates = | unitof = | subunits = see text | underlies = | overlies = | thickness = | extent = Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina | area = | map = | map_caption = }}

The '''Newark Supergroup''', also known as the '''Newark Group''', is an assemblage of Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic sedimentary and volcanic rocks which outcrop intermittently along the east coast of North America. They were deposited in a series of Triassic basins, the Eastern North American rift basins, approximately 220–190 million years ago.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Paleopalynology|author=Traverse, Alfred|date=1988|publisher=Unwin Hyman|isbn=0045610010|oclc=17674795}}</ref><ref name="luttrell">{{cite journal |last1=Luttrell |first1=Gwendolyn W. |title=Stratigraphic nomenclature of the Newark Supergroup of eastern North America |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin |date=1989 |volume=1572 |pages=1–136 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1572/report.pdf |access-date=30 June 2018}}</ref> The basins are characterized as aborted rifts, with half-graben geometry, developing parallel to the main rift of the Atlantic Ocean which formed as North America began to separate from Africa. Exposures of the Newark Supergroup extend from South Carolina north to Nova Scotia. Related basins are also found underwater in the Bay of Fundy. The group is named for the city of Newark, New Jersey.

==Characteristics==

The Newark Supergroup consists largely of poorly sorted nonmarine sediments; typical rocks are breccia, conglomerate, arkose sandstone, siltstone, and shale.<ref name="Monroe_602">{{harvp|Monroe|Wicander|1997|p=602}}</ref><ref name="Schuchert_108">{{harvp|Schuchert|Dunbar|1947|p=108}}</ref> Most of the strata are red beds that feature ripple marks, mud cracks, and even rain drop prints; dinosaur footprints are common, though actual body fossils are very rare.<ref name="Schuchert_108"/> Some of the strata are detailed to the level of varves, with indications of Milankovitch cycles.<ref name="Benton_88_89">{{harvp|Benton|1996|pp=88–89}}</ref> In preserved lake sediments, ''Semionotus'' fossils are especially common.<ref name="Benton_88_89"/>

The Newark sediments are extremely thick (up to 6 kilometers); they were deposited in a series of half-grabens that were themselves faulted into block mountains.<ref name="Monroe_605">{{harvp|Monroe|Wicander|1997|p=605}}</ref> The beds dip to the east, while the faults dip westward.<ref name="Monroe_605"/> The beds are intruded by numerous dikes and sills, indicative of considerable igneous activity; a superb example is the New Jersey Palisades sill.<ref name="Monroe_605"/>

==Depositional environment== The Newark Supergroup's lithologies and structure are the classic hallmarks of a rift valley; the fault-blocking illustrates the crustal extension forces in play during the breakup of Pangea during the late Triassic Period.<ref name="Monroe_602"/> The Appalachian Mountains had already been nearly eroded flat by the end of the period; the uplift and faulting that was the first part of the rifting provided new sources of sediment for the vast thicknesses deposited in the Newark Supergroup; the igneous intrusions are similarly diagnostic of a rift valley.<ref name="Monroe_602"/><ref name="Monroe_605"/> Coarse sediments were deposited near the eastern mountain front, while progressively finer ones were deposited farther west.<ref name="Schuchert_109">{{harvp|Schuchert|Dunbar|1947|p=109}}</ref>

Evidence suggests the climate at the time was subtropical and rainy, though divided between wet and dry months.<ref name="Schuchert_109"/> A few organic-rich deposits suggest patchy or intermittent swamps and lakes.<ref>{{harvp|Schuchert|Dunbar|1947|pp=108–109}}</ref>

Accumulation of Newark sediments within the rift basins continued from the late Triassic into the early Jurassic.<ref name ="luttrell" /><ref name="Monroe_602"/> [[File:Balls Bluff Siltstone with Diabase Intrusion (4802113326).jpg|thumb|Late Triassic Balls Bluff siltstone of the Bull Run Formation in Manassas, Virginia]][[File:UpperTriassicYorkCountyPA.jpg|thumb|Late Triassic New Oxford Conglomerate in York County, Pennsylvania]] [[File:Gettysburg Formation outcrop.jpg|thumb|Late Triassic Gettysburg Formation in York County, Pennsylvania]] thumb|Early Jurassic Preakness Basalt, New Jersey [[File:2ndWatchungMountain FeltvilleFormation.jpg|thumb| Feltville Formation in New Jersey]] [[File:HookMountainBasalt.jpg|thumb|Early Jurassic Hook Mountain Basalt in New Jersey]] [[File:Minor normal faults.JPG|thumb|Late Triassic Blomidon Formation, Nova Scotia]] [[File:Skeletal reconstruction of Carnufex cropped.png|thumb|Skull diagram of ''Carnufex carolinensis'', a basal crocodylomorph from the Pekin Formation of North Carolina]] [[File:Tanytrachelos specimen VMNH.jpg|thumb|''Tanytrachelos ahynis'', a tanystropheid reptile from the Cow Branch Formation on the Virginia-North Carolina border]] [[File:Dinosaur State Park (Rocky Hill, CT) - prints.JPG|thumb|Early Jurassic ''Eubrontes'' footprints from the East Berlin Formation at Dinosaur State Park in Rocky Hill, Connecticut]] [[File:Basalt from Mount Zion Church Basalt.jpg|thumb|A basalt rock from the Mount Zion Church Basalt in the Culpeper Basin]]

== Basins and formations == The separate basins and sub-basins of the Newark Supergroup have historically been given their own geological formations by local paleontologists. However, a study by Weems, Tanner, and Lucas (2016) proposed that the formations of the Newark Supergroup should be defined on a regional scale due to their geological uniformity over eastern North America. From youngest to oldest, the regional formations proposed by this study are:<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Weems|first1=Robert E.|last2=Tanner|first2=Lawrence H.|last3=Lucas|first3=Spencer G.|date=2016|title=Synthesis and revision of the lithostratigraphic groups and formations in the Upper Permian?–Lower Jurassic Newark Supergroup of eastern North America|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309853816|journal=Stratigraphy|language=en|volume=13|issue=2}}</ref>

*Longmeadow Sandstone of the Portland Group (Early Jurassic semi-arid fluvial deposits) * Mount Toby Conglomerate of the Portland Group (Early Jurassic semi-arid alluvial conglomerate) * Boonton Formation of the Portland Group (Early Jurassic lacustrine deposits) * Hampden Formation of the Meriden Group (Early Jurassic basalts) * East Berlin Formation of the Meriden Group (Early Jurassic semi-arid lacustrine and alluvial deposits) * Holyoke Formation of the Meriden Group (Early Jurassic basalts and rare sediments) * Shuttle Meadow Formation of the Meriden Group (latest Triassic-earliest Jurassic lacustrine and freshwater limestone deposits) * Talcott Formation of the Meriden Group (latest Triassic (Rhaetian) basalts and rare sediments) * Passaic Formation of the Chatham Group (Norian-Rhaetian? semi-arid fluvial and deltaic deposits) * Lockatong Formation of the Chatham Group (Norian?<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kent|first1=Dennis V.|last2=Olsen|first2=Paul E.|last3=Muttoni|first3=Giovanni|date=2017-03-01|title=Astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale (APTS) for the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic from continental sediments and correlation with standard marine stages|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825216301659|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|language=en|volume=166|pages=153–180|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.014|bibcode=2017ESRv..166..153K |issn=0012-8252|hdl=2434/491902|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Humid lacustrine deposits) * Stockton Formation of the Chatham Group (Carnian? Humid fluvial and deltaic deposits) * Doswell Formation of the Chatham Group (Early Carnian? Humid fluvial, lacustrine, and coal deposits) * Evangeline Formation of the Acadia Group (Ladinian? semi-arid fluvial deposits)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Sues|first1=Hans-Dieter|last2=Olsen|first2=Paul E.|date=2015|title=Stratigraphic and temporal context and faunal diversity of Permian-Jurassic continental tetrapod assemblages from the Fundy rift basin, eastern Canada|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274697933|journal=Atlantic Geology|volume=51|pages=139–205|doi=10.4138/atlgeol.2015.006|doi-access=free}}</ref> * Economy Formation of the Acadia Group (Anisian-Ladinian? arid fluvial deposits and aeolian sandstone)<ref name=":1" /> * Chedabucto Formation of the Acadia Group (stratigraphically uncertain red beds at Chedabucto Bay) * Honeycomb Point Formation of the Acadia Group (Late Permian? arid alluvial conglomerate and aeolian sandstone)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nadon|first1=G. C.|last2=Middleton|first2=G. V.|date=1985-08-01|title=The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Fundy Group (Triassic) of the St. Martins area, New Brunswick|url=https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/e85-121|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=22|issue=8|pages=1183–1203|doi=10.1139/e85-121|bibcode=1985CaJES..22.1183N |issn=0008-4077|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Basin-specific formations are given below:

=== Deep River Basin, Sanford/Durham/Wadesboro Sub-Basins (North Carolina) ===

* Sanford Formation (equivalent to the Passaic Formation) * Cumnock Formation (Cumnock Member of the Lockatong Formation) * Pekin Formation (equivalent to the Stockton Formation)

=== Danville/Dan River Basin (North Carolina, Virginia) ===

* Stoneville Formation (equivalent to the Passaic Formation) * Cow Branch Formation (equivalent to the Lockatong Formation) * Dry Fork Formation (Dry Fork Member of the Stockton Formation) * Walnut Cove Formation (Walnut Cove Member of the Stockton Formation) * Pine Hall Formation (Pine Hall Member of the Stockton Formation)

=== Richmond Basin (Virginia) ===

*Otterdale sandstone (equivalent to the Stockton Formation) * "Vinita Beds" (Vinita Member of the Doswell Formation) * "Coal Measures" (equivalent to the Vinita Member of the Doswell Formation) * "Barren Beds" (equivalent to the Stagg Creek Member of the Doswell Formation)

=== Taylorsville Basin (Virginia) ===

* Leedstown Formation (equivalent to the Passaic Formation) * Port Royal Formation (equivalent to the Lockatong Formation) * Newfound Formation (equivalent to the Stockton Formation) * Falling Creek Formation (equivalent to the Vinita Member of the Doswell Formation) * South Anna Formation (equivalent to the Stagg Creek Member of the Doswell Formation)

=== Culpeper Basin (Virginia, Maryland) ===

* Waterfall Formation (equivalent to the East Berlin Formation) * Sander Basalt (equivalent to the Deerfield Basalt Member of the Holyoke Formation) * Turkey Run Formation (Turkey Run Member of the Holyoke Formation) * Hickory Grove Basalt (Hickory Grove Member of the Holyoke Formation.) * Midland Formation (equivalent to the Shuttle Meadow Formation) * Mount Zion Church Basalt (equivalent to the Talcott Formation. Part of the first basalts erupted during the CAMP.) * Catharpin Creek Formation (Catharpin Creek Member of the Passaic Formation) * Bull Run Formation (Groveton/Leesburg, Balls Bluff Members of the Passaic Formation) * Manassas Formation (Manassas, Rapidan/Reston/Tuscarora Creek Members of the Passaic Formation)

=== Gettysburg Basin (Maryland, Pennsylvania) ===

* Bendersville Formation (equivalent to the Shuttle Meadow Formation) *Aspers Basalt (equivalent to the Talcott Formation) *Gettysburg Formation (Fairfield, Heidlersburg, Plum Rum, and Hammer Creek Members of the Passaic and Lockatong Formations) * New Oxford Formation (equivalent to the Stockton Formation) * Irishtown Beds (Irishtown Member of the Doswell Formation)

=== Newark Basin (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York) ===

*Boonton Formation * Hook Mountain Basalt (equivalent to the Hampden Formation) *Towaco Formation (equivalent to the East Berlin Formation) * Preakness Basalt (equivalent to the Holyoke Formation) *Feltville Formation (equivalent to the Shuttle Meadow Formation) * Orange Mountain Basalt (equivalent to the Talcott Formation) * Passaic Formation * Lockatong Formation * Stockton Formation

=== Hartford Basin (Connecticut, Massachusetts) ===

* Portland Formation (equivalent to the Boonton Formation, Longmeadow Sandstone and Mount Toby Conglomerate) *Hampden Basalt/Formation * East Berlin Formation *Holyoke Basalt/Formation * Shuttle Meadow Formation *Talcott Formation * New Haven Arkose (equivalent to the Sugarloaf Member of the Passaic Formation)

=== Pomperaug Basin (Connecticut) ===

* South Brook Basalt (equivalent to the Hampden Formation) * White Oaks Formation (equivalent to the East Berlin Formation) * Orenaug Basalt (equivalent to the Holyoke Formation) * Cass Formation (equivalent to the Shuttle Meadow Formation) * East Hill Basalt (equivalent to the Talcott Formation) * South Britain Arkose (equivalent to the Sugarloaf Member of the Passaic Formation)

=== Deerfield Basin (Massachusetts) ===

* Mount Toby Formation *Turners Falls Sandstone (equivalent to the East Berlin Formation) * Deerfield Basalt (Deerfield Basalt Member of the Holyoke Formation) * Fall River Beds (equivalent to the Shuttle Meadow Formation) * Sugarloaf Arkose (Sugarloaf Member of the Passaic Formation)

=== Fundy Basin (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia) ===

* McCoy Brook Formation (McCoy Brook Member of the Shuttle Meadow Formation) * North Mountain Basalt (equivalent to the Talcott Formation) * Blomidon Formation (Blomidon, Red Head, and Wolfville Members of the Passaic Formation) * Wolfville Formation (Evangeline, Economy, and Chedabucto Formations) * Honeycomb Point Formation

=== Minor basins === Minor basins crop out in South Carolina (Crowburg, Wadesboro basins), North Carolina (Ellerbe, Davie County basins), Virginia (Scottsburg, Randolph, Roanoke Creek, Briery Creek, Farmville, Flat Branch, Deep Run, Scottsville, Barboursville basins), Connecticut (Cherry Brook Outlier), Massachusetts (Northfield and Middleton basins), and Nova Scotia (Chedabucto Basin).

==Age== Until the late 1970s, the entire Newark Supergroup was assumed to be Triassic in age. A 1977 study of fossil pollen argued that the sediments actually range from the Ladinian to the Lower Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Palynostratigraphy and age of the Newark supergroup : a thesis in geology|author=Cornet, Bruce|date=1977|oclc=81476152}}</ref> Under this hypothesis, the Supergroup was deposited over the course of 50 million years.<ref name=":0" />

== References == {{reflist|21em}}

* Letourneau, P. M., Olsen, P. E., The Great Rift Valleys of Pangea in Eastern North America. Volume 1. 2003 * Puffer, J. H., Ragland, P. C., Eastern North America Mesozoic Magmatism, Special Paper - Geological Society of America, vol.268. 1992

===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |first=Michael J. |last=Benton |author-link = Michael Benton|year=1996 |title=The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Dinosaurs |url=https://archive.org/details/penguinhistorica00mich |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780140513363 }} *{{cite book |first1=James |last1=Monroe |first2=Reed |last2=Wicander |year=1997 |title=The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution |edition=2nd |location=Belmont |publisher=West Publishing Company }} *{{cite book |first1=Carl |last1=Schuchert |first2=Carl |last2=Dunbar |year=1947 |title=Outlines of Historical Geology |edition=4th |location=New York |publisher=John Wiley & Sons }} {{refend}}

==External links== {{NIE Poster|Newark Series}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061019021547/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~polsen/nbcp/science/ascent.linked.to.ir.html "Materials to Accompany Olsen et al. ''Science'' Article." Retrieved on 12/18/06.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050217093417/http://www.geowords.com/histbooknetscape/g22.htm "Newark Supergroup." Retrieved on 12/18/06.]

Category:Historical geology Category:Triassic System of North America Category:Jurassic System of North America Category:Stratigraphy of Massachusetts Category:Stratigraphy of North Carolina Category:Stratigraphy of New Jersey Category:Stratigraphy of New Brunswick Category:Stratigraphy of Nova Scotia Category:Geologic supergroups of the United States Category:Landforms of North America Category:Mesozoic rifts and grabens Category:Geology of North America