{{Short description|Infraorder of spiders}} [[File:Pholcus.phalangioides.6908.jpg|thumb|''Pholcus phalangioides'']] The '''Haplogynae''' or '''haplogynes''' are one of the two main groups into which araneomorph spiders have traditionally been divided, the other being the Entelegynae. Morphological phylogenetic studies suggested that the Haplogynae formed a clade; more recent molecular phylogenetic studies refute this, although many of the ecribellate haplogynes do appear to form a clade, Synspermiata.
Unlike the Entelegynae, haplogynes lack hardened (sclerotized) female genitalia (epigynes).
Most of the species within this group have six eyes, as opposed to most other spiders. Spiders in the genus ''Tetrablemma'' (Tetrablemmidae) have only four eyes, as do some members of the family Caponiidae; caponiids may even have only two eyes. However, spiders in the family Plectreuridae have the normal eight eyes.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Gertsch, Willis John)) | date= 1958 | title=The spider family Plectreuridae | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | volume=1920 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/63417590}}</ref>
==Phylogeny== {{Main|Spider taxonomy}} The Haplogynae are one of the two major groups into which araneomorph spiders were traditionally divided, the other being the Entelegynae. In 2005, Coddington summarized the relationships of these groups as suggested by morphological phylogenetic studies:<ref name=Codd05/>
{{clade |style=line-height:90%; |label1=Araneomorphae |1={{clade |label1=Paleocribellatae |1=Hypochilidae |label2=Neocribellatae |2={{clade |1=Austrochiloidea |label2=Araneoclada |2={{clade |1='''Haplogynae''' |2=Entelegynae }} }} }} }}
Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed the monophyly of some of the groups suggested by morphological studies, while rejecting many others.<ref name=AgnaCoddKunt13/><ref name=GarrRodrAgnaCodd15/><ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi17/>
A study published in 2015 suggested that two families formerly placed in the Haplogynae do not belong there. Filistatidae groups with Hypochilidae at the base of the Haplogynae; Leptonetidae is basal to the Entelegynae.<ref name=GarrRodrAgnaCodd15/> The similarity of some morphological features of Leptonetidae to those of entelegynes had already been noted.<ref name=LedfGris10/>
{{barlabel |size=5 |at1=3 |label1='''Haplogynae''' sensu Coddington (2005) |bar1=purple |cladogram= {{clade |style=line-height:90% |label1=Araneomorphae |1={{clade |1={{cladex |1={{cladex |1=Hypochilidae |2=Filistatidae |barbegin2=purple }} |2=remaining Haplogynae |bar2=purple }} |2={{cladex |1=Leptonetidae |barend1=purple |2=Entelegynae }} }} }} }}
In 2016, a large molecular phylogenetic study was published online that included 932 spider species, representing all but one of the then known families. It "refutes important higher-level groups",<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi17/> including Paleocribellatae, Neocribellatae, Araneoclada and Haplogynae. In the preferred cladogram, the "Haplogynae" are divided among a number of clades basal to the Entelegynae, forming at most a grade. "Haplogynae" in the sense of Coddington (2005) are shaded yellow in the cladogram below; Entelegynae in the same sense are shaded blue. The clade Synspermiata comprises all the ecribellate haplogynes and is consistently recovered, but with low support.<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi17/>
{{clade |style=line-height:100% |label1=Araneomorphae |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Hypochilidae |2=<span style="background-color:yellow>Filistatidae</span> }} |2=<span style="background-color:yellow>Synspermiata (ecribellate haplogynes)</span> }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Hickmania'' (Austrochilidae) |2=<span style="background-color:yellow>''Archoleptoneta'' (Leptonetidae)</span> }} |2=Gradungulidae }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=<span style="background-color:yellow>''Leptoneta'' (Leptonetidae)</span> |2=''Austrochilus'' + ''Thaida'' (Austrochilidae) }} |2={{clade |state1=double |1=<span style="background-color:#CFF>Palpimanoidea</span> (paraphyletic in molecular analyses) |2={{clade |1=<span style="background-color:yellow>''Neoleptoneta'' + ''Calileptoneta'' (Leptonetidae)</span> |2=<span style="background-color:#CFF>Entelegynae ''sensu'' Wheeler et al. (2017)</span> }} }} }} }} }} }}
==Families== As shown above, Filistatidae and Leptonetidae are placed outside the traditional haplogynes in the analysis by Wheeler et al. (2017). Traditional haplogyne families they place in Synspermiata are:<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi17/> {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *Caponiidae *Diguetidae *Drymusidae *Dysderidae *Ochyroceratidae *Oonopidae *Orsolobidae *Pacullidae *Periegopidae *Pholcidae *Plectreuridae *Scytodidae *Segestriidae *Sicariidae *Tetrablemmidae {{div col end}} Telemidae, traditionally placed in Haplogynae, was not included in the analysis by Wheeler et al.<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi17/> However, it is placed in Synspermiata in other studies.<ref name=MichRami14/> The recently discovered haplogyne family Trogloraptoridae<ref name=ZK2012>{{Cite journal |last1=Griswold |first1=C. |last2 = Audisio |first2=T. |last3=Ledford |first3=J. |title=An extraordinary new family of spiders from caves in the Pacific Northwest (Araneae, Trogloraptoridae, new family) |doi=10.3897/zookeys.215.3547 |journal=ZooKeys |pages=77–102| year=2012 |issue=215 |pmid=22936872| pmc=3428790 |doi-access=free }}</ref> was also placed in Synspermiata.<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi17/>
Several extinct families have also been placed into the haplogynes. *†Pholcochyroceridae
==References== <references> <ref name=AgnaCoddKunt13>{{Cite book |last1=Agnarsson |first1=Ingi |last2=Coddington |first2=Jonathan A. |last3=Kuntner |first3=Matjaž |year=2013 |editor-last=Penney |editor-first=David |contribution=Systematics : Progress in the study of spider diversity and evolution |title=Spider research in the 21st century: trends & perspectives |location=Manchester, UK |publisher=Siri Scientific Press |isbn=978-0-9574530-1-2 |name-list-style=amp }} pp. 82–83.</ref>
<ref name=Codd05>{{Cite book |last=Coddington |first=Jonathan A. |year=2005 |editor-last=Ubick |editor-first=D. |editor2-last=Paquin |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Cushing |editor3-first=P.E. |editor4-last=Roth |editor4-first=V. |contribution=Phylogeny and classification of spiders |title=Spiders of North America: an identification manual |pages=18–24 |publisher=American Arachnological Society |access-date=2015-09-24 |contribution-url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4365/CoddingtonSNAPhylogeny05.pdf |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=GarrRodrAgnaCodd15>{{Cite journal |last1=Garrison |first1=Nicole L. |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Juanita |last3=Agnarsson |first3=Ingi |last4=Coddington |first4=Jonathan A. |last5=Griswold |first5=Charles E. |last6=Hamilton |first6=Christopher A. |last7=Hedin |first7=Marshal |last8=Kocot |first8=Kevin M. |last9=Ledford |first9=Joel M. |last10=Bond |first10=Jason E. |date=2015 |title=Spider phylogenomics: untangling the Spider Tree of Life |journal=PeerJ |volume=3 |page=e1852 |doi=10.7717/peerj.1719 |name-list-style=amp |pmc=4768681 |pmid=26925338 |doi-access=free }}<!--|accessdate=2016-01-09 --></ref>
<ref name=LedfGris10>{{Citation |last1=Ledford |first1=Joel M. |last2=Griswold |first2=Charles E. |date=2010 |title=A study of the subfamily Archoleptonetinae (Araneae, Leptonetidae) with a review of the morphology and relationships for the Leptonetidae |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2391 |pages=1–32 |url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02391p032f.pdf |access-date=2016-01-09 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2391.1.1 }}</ref>
<ref name=MichRami14>{{Citation |last1=Michalik |first1=Peter |last2=Ramírez |first2=Martín J. |date=2014 |title=Evolutionary morphology of the male reproductive system, spermatozoa and seminal fluid of spiders (Araneae, Arachnida)–Current knowledge and future directions |journal=Arthropod Structure & Development |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=291–322 |doi=10.1016/j.asd.2014.05.005 |pmid=24907603 |name-list-style=amp |hdl=11336/19081 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
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{{Araneae}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q136328}}
Category:Araneomorphae Category:Callovian first appearances Category:Extant Middle Jurassic first appearances Category:Obsolete spider taxa