{{Short description|Genus of lichens}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=October 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Eopyrenula leucoplaca 1617898101.jpg | image_caption = ''Eopyrenula leucoplaca'' | taxon = Eopyrenula | authority = R.C.Harris (1973) | type_species = Eopyrenula leucoplaca | type_species_authority = (Wallr.) R.C.Harris (1973) | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = ''E. avellanae''<br /> ''E. grandicula''<br /> ''E. intermedia''<br /> ''E. leucoplaca''<br /> ''E. parvispora''<br /> ''E. septemseptata'' }}
'''''Eopyrenula''''' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Dacampiaceae.<ref name="CoL_4CJV"/> It comprises six species.<ref name="2024 Outline"/> The genus was established in 1973 by Richard C. Harris to separate these lichens from the related genus ''Pyrenula'', based on differences in their reproductive structures and spore characteristics. ''Eopyrenula'' species are found on tree bark in temperate regions, particularly in Europe and North America, where they form thin, pale grey crusts dotted with tiny dark fruiting bodies. The genus occupies an uncertain position in fungal classification, with its family placement remaining provisional pending molecular analysis. These inconspicuous lichens can be identified by their brown, multi-segmented ascospores and their association with the green alga ''Trentepohlia''.
==Taxonomy==
''Eopyrenula'' was erected by Richard C. Harris (1973) as a new genus in the Pyrenulaceae to accommodate material long kept in ''Pyrenula'', with the type species designated as ''Eopyrenula leucoplaca'' (based on Wallroth's ''Verrucaria leucoplaca'' of 1831). Harris separated the genus on structural grounds: unlike ''Pyrenula'', ''Eopyrenula'' lacks a well-developed pseudostromatic {{lichengloss|involucrellum}} (the outer "shell" of the perithecium), its spores do not develop a thick {{lichengloss|endospore}}, and its pycnidia produce brown, transversely septate macroconidia (while still having the filiform, colourless microconidia seen in ''Pyrenula''). He noted that these features make ''Eopyrenula'' morphologically intermediate between ''Pyrenula'' and the lichen-forming members of ''Arthopyrenia''; superficially similar ''Blastodesmia'' was excluded because it lacks algae and differs in ascocarp and conidial characters.<ref name="Harris 1973"/>
Within the genus, Harris treated a single species, ''E. leucoplaca''. Earlier authors had conflated this taxon with ''Verrucaria farrea'' (''Pyrenula farrea''), but Edvard Vainio examined the type of ''V. farrea'' and concluded it was different, supporting the retention of ''leucoplaca'' as a distinct species under ''Eopyrenula''. Harris also clarified that Bruce Fink's North American variety ''Pyrenula leucoplaca'' var. ''pluriloculata''—proposed because some material showed more than three septa—was unnecessary, as European material is consistently 5–6-septate and North American material with 5–6 septa belongs here. He further showed that many North American specimens labeled "''Pyrenula leucoplaca''" or "''P. farrea''" actually represent a non-lichenised, ''Melanomma''-like fungus confined to living bark of trembling aspen; that element can be told by its lack of iodine reaction and consistently 3-septate spores with a thick gelatinous sheath.<ref name="Harris 1973"/>
''Eopyrenula'' is presently treated in the family Dacampiaceae, but its placement is unsettled. Some authors have instead kept it as Pezizomycotina ''incertae sedis'' (uncertain placement),<ref name="Lücking et al. 2017"/> a view followed in the "Revisions of British and Irish Lichens" treatment in 2023.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2023"/> Morphologically it also shows clear affinities to Pyrenulaceae (Eurotiomycetes); given these conflicts, most authors regard its family-level position as provisional pending sequencing.<ref name="2024 Outline"/><ref name="FoF"/>
==Description==
''Eopyrenula'' is a genus of bark-dwelling, lichen-forming fungi characterised by small, dark {{lichengloss|perithecioid}} (flask-shaped) fruiting bodies that are typically only partly immersed in the bark. The surface layer of the lichen (the thallus) is thin, smooth, and whitish to pale grey, and contains the green alga ''Trentepohlia'', which forms short chains of well-developed cells. Each fruiting body (ascocarp) is rounded or slightly depressed in the centre, typically small (to about 0.3 mm across), with a dark brown wall that is thicker at the top and paler below. Unlike related genera such as ''Pyrenula'', ''Eopyrenula'' lacks a well-formed involucrellum—a distinct outer wall layer that encloses the perithecia—and it does not develop the thick internal endospore layer typical of that genus. The asci (spore-bearing sacs), are cylindrical and contain eight spores arranged in a single slanted row. When stained with iodine, the hymenium (the spore-producing tissue) turns blue-green before shifting to orange, a reaction that helps identify this genus microscopically.<ref name="Harris 1973"/>
The ascospores are brown, spindle-shaped, and divided by five or six cross-walls (septa). The cells near the middle of each spore are the largest, tapering in size toward both ends. The outer layer of each spore lacks a gelatinous coating, and the internal cavities are arranged symmetrically along the long axis.<ref name="Harris 1973"/>
Microscopically and anatomically, ''Eopyrenula'' bridges certain features of ''Pyrenula'' and lichenised species of ''Arthopyrenia'': it shares the brown, multi-septate spores of the latter but retains the overall perithecial structure of ''Pyrenula''. The pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) produce two types of conidia—filiform, colourless microconidia and larger, brown, transversely divided macroconidia—another feature that sets it apart from other members of the Pyrenulaceae.<ref name="Harris 1973"/>
==Species== {{As of|2025|November}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts six species of ''Eopyrenula''. Distributions are from André Aptroot's 2012 publication "world key to the species of ''Anthracothecium'' and ''Pyrenula''".<ref name="Aptroot 2012"/> * ''Eopyrenula avellanae'' {{au|Coppins (1992)}}<ref name="Coppins et al. 1992"/> – western Europe * ''Eopyrenula grandicula'' {{au|Coppins (1992)}}<ref name="Coppins et al. 1992"/> – western Europe * ''Eopyrenula intermedia'' {{au|Coppins (1991)}}<ref name="Aptroot 1991"/> – New World, temperate * ''Eopyrenula leucoplaca'' {{au|(Wallr.) R.C.Harris (1973)}} – Old World, temperate * ''Eopyrenula parvispora'' {{au|R.C.Harris & Aptroot (1991)}}<ref name="Aptroot 1991"/> – New World, temperate * ''Eopyrenula septemseptata'' {{au|Coppins (1992)}}<ref name="Coppins et al. 1992"/> – western Europe
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Aptroot 1991">{{cite book |last=Aptroot |first=A. |year=1991 |title=A Monograph of the Pyrenulaceae (Excluding ''Anthracothecium'' and ''Pyrenula'') and the Requienellaceae, with Notes on the Pleomassariaceae, the Trypetheliaceae, and Mycomicrothelia (Lichenized and Non-lichenized Ascomycetes) |series=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |publisher=J. Cramer |location=Berlin/Stuttgart |volume=44 |page=111 |isbn=978-3-443-58023-0}}</ref>
<ref name="Aptroot 2012">{{cite journal |last=Aptroot |first=André |title=A world key to the species of ''Anthracothecium'' and ''Pyrenula'' |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=2012 |doi=10.1017/S0024282911000624 |pages=5–53 |bibcode=2012ThLic..44....5A }}</ref>
<ref name="Cannon et al. 2023">{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=P. |last2=Coppins |first2=B. |last3=Aptroot |first3=A. |last4=Sanderson |first4=A. |last5=Simkin |first5=J. |year=2023 |title=Perithecial genera I, including ''Acrocordia'', ''Alloarthopyrenia'', ''Anisomeridium'', ''Antennulariella'', ''Arthopyrenia'', ''Celothelium'', ''Cyrtidula'', ''Dichoporis'', ''Eopyrenula'', ''Julella'', ''Leptorhaphis'', ''Leptosillia'', ''Lithothelium'', ''Mycomicrothelia'', ''Mycoporum'', ''Naetrocymbe'', ''Pyrenula'', ''Rhaphidicyrtis'', ''Sarcopyrenia'', ''Swinscowia'' and ''Tomasellia'' |series=Revisions of British and Irish Lichens |volume=37 |pages=50–51 |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Perithecial%20genera%20I.pdf}} {{open access}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL_4CJV">{{Catalogue of Life |id=4CJV |title=''Eopyrenula'' |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Coppins et al. 1992">{{cite journal |last1=Coppins |first1=B.J. |last2=James |first2=P.W. |last3=Hawksworth |first3=D.L. |title=New species and combinations in ''The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland'' |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=24 |issue=4 |year=1992 |doi=10.1017/S0024282992000471 |pages=351–369 |bibcode=1992ThLic..24..351C }}</ref>
<ref name="FoF">{{cite web |last=Chethana |first=Thilini |title=Facesoffungi number: FoF 08198 |website=Faces Of Fungi |date=6 September 2022 |url=https://www.facesoffungi.org/eopyrenula/ |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Harris 1973">{{cite journal |last=Harris |first=R.C. |year=1973 |title=The corticolous pyrenolichens of the Great Lakes region |journal=Michigan Botanist |volume=12 |pages=3–68 |url=https://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/lav/RLL/PDF/R7789.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Hodkinson |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Leavitt |first3=Steven D. |year=2017 |title=The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera |journal=The Bryologist |volume=119 |issue=4 |pages=361–416 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361 |jstor=44250015}}</ref>
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|last386=Ramírez-Cruz |first386=V. |last387=Rambold |first387=G. |last388=Rathnayaka |first388=A.R. |last389=Raza |first389=M. |last390=Ren |first390=G.C. |last391=Rinaldi |first391=A.C. |last392=Rivas-Ferreiro |first392=M. |last393=Robledo |first393=G.L. |last394=Ronikier |first394=A. |last395=Rossi |first395=W. |last396=Rusevska |first396=K. |last397=Ryberg |first397=M. |last398=Safi |first398=A. |last399=Salimi |first399=F. |last400=Salvador-Montoya |first400=C.A. |last401=Samant |first401=B. |last402=Samaradiwakara |first402=N.P. |last403=Sánchez-Castro |first403=I. |last404=Sandoval-Denis |first404=M. |last405=Santiago |first405=A.L.C.M.A. |last406=Santos |first406=A.C.D.S. |last407=Santos |first407=L.A. |last408=Sarma |first408=V.V. |last409=Sarwar |first409=S. |last410=Savchenko |first410=A. |last411=Savchenko |first411=K. |last412=Saxena |first412=R.K. |last413=Schoutteten |first413=N. |last414=Selbmann |first414=L. |last415=Ševčíková |first415=H. |last416=Sharma |first416=A. |last417=Shen |first417=H.W. |last418=Shen |first418=Y.M. |last419=Shu |first419=Y.X. |last420=Silva |first420=H.F. |last421=Silva-Filho |first421=A.G.S. |last422=Silva |first422=V.S.H. |last423=Simmons |first423=D.R. |last424=Singh |first424=R. |last425=Sir |first425=E.B. |last426=Sohrabi |first426=M. |last427=Souza |first427=F.A. |last428=Souza-Motta |first428=C.M. |last429=Sri-indrasutdhi |first429=V. |last430=Sruthi |first430=O.P. |last431=Stadler |first431=M. |last432=Stemler |first432=J. |last433=Stephenson |first433=S.L. |last434=Stoyneva-Gaertner |first434=M.P. |last435=Strassert |first435=J.F.H. |last436=Stryjak-Bogacka |first436=M. |last437=Su |first437=H. |last438=Sun |first438=Y.R. |last439=Svantesson |first439=S. |last440=Sysouphanthong |first440=P. |last441=Takamatsu |first441=S. |last442=Tan |first442=T.H. |last443=Tanaka |first443=K. |last444=Tang |first444=C. |last445=Tang |first445=X. |last446=Taylor |first446=J.E. |last447=Taylor |first447=P.W.J. |last448=Tennakoon |first448=D.S. |last449=Thakshila |first449=S.A.D. |last450=Thambugala |first450=K.M. |last451=Thamodini |first451=G.K. |last452=Thilanga |first452=D. |last453=Thines |first453=M. |last454=Tiago |first454=P.V. |last455=Tian |first455=X.G. |last456=Tian |first456=W.H. |last457=Tibpromma |first457=S. |last458=Tkalčec |first458=Z. |last459=Tokarev |first459=Y.S. |last460=Tomšovský |first460=M. |last461=Torruella |first461=G. |last462=Tsurykau |first462=A. |last463=Udayanga |first463=D. |last464=Ulukapı |first464=M. |last465=Untereiner |first465=W.A. |last466=Usman |first466=M. |last467=Uzunov |first467=B.A. |last468=Vadthanarat |first468=S. |last469=Valenzuela |first469=R. |last470=Van den Wyngaert |first470=S. |last471=Van Vooren |first471=N. |last472=Velez |first472=P. |last473=Verma |first473=R.K. |last474=Vieira |first474=L.C. |last475=Vieira |first475=W.A.S. |last476=Vinzelj |first476=J.M. |last477=Tang |first477=A.M.C. |last478=Walker |first478=A. |last479=Walker |first479=A.K. |last480=Wang |first480=Q.M. |last481=Wang |first481=Y. |last482=Wang |first482=X.Y. |last483=Wang |first483=Z.Y. |last484=Wannathes |first484=N. |last485=Wartchow |first485=F. |last486=Weerakoon |first486=G. |last487=Wei |first487=D.P. |last488=Wei |first488=X. |last489=White |first489=J.F. |last490=Wijesundara |first490=D.S.A. |last491=Wisitrassameewong |first491=K. |last492=Worobiec |first492=G. |last493=Wu |first493=H.X. |last494=Wu |first494=N. |last495=Xiong |first495=Y.R. |last496=Xu |first496=B. |last497=Xu |first497=J.P. |last498=Xu |first498=R. |last499=Xu |first499=R.F. |last500=Xu |first500=R.J. |last501=Yadav |first501=S. |last502=Yakovchenko |first502=L.S. |last503=Yang |first503=H.D. |last504=Yang |first504=X. |last505=Yang |first505=Y.H. |last506=Yang |first506=Y. |last507=Yang |first507=Y.Y. |last508=Yoshioka |first508=R. |last509=Youssef |first509=N.H. |last510=Yu |first510=F.M. |last511=Yu |first511=Z.F. |last512=Yuan |first512=L.L. |last513=Yuan |first513=Q. |last514=Zabin |first514=D.A. |last515=Zamora |first515=J.C. |last516=Zapata |first516=C.V. |last517=Zare |first517=R. |last518=Zeng |first518=M. |last519=Zeng |first519=X.Y. |last520=Zhang |first520=J.F. |last521=Zhang |first521=J.Y. |last522=Zhang |first522=S. |last523=Zhang |first523=X.C. |last524=Zhao |first524=C.L. |last525=Zhao |first525=H. |last526=Zhao |first526=Q. |last527=Zhao |first527=H. |last528=Zhao |first528=H.J. |last529=Zhou |first529=H.M. |last530=Zhu |first530=X.Y. |last531=Zmitrovich |first531=I.V. |last532=Zucconi |first532=L. |last533=Zvyagina |first533=E. |title=The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=5146–6239 [5201] |year=2024 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385939154|hdl=11577/3540520 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10485270}}
Category:Pleosporales Category:Dothideomycetes genera Category:Lichen genera Category:Taxa described in 1973 Category:Taxa named by Richard Clinton Harris