Arthopyrenia

{{Short description|Genus of fungi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Julella fallaciosa 172701329.jpg | image_caption = ''Arthopyrenia fallaciosa'' | taxon = Arthopyrenia | authority = A.Massal. (1852) | type_species = ''Arthopyrenia cerasi'' | type_species_authority = (Schrad.) A.Massal. (1852) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/> | synonyms = {{Collapsible list|bullets=yes |''Verrucaria * Leiophloea'' {{au|Ach. (1803)}} |''Leiophloea'' {{au|(Ach.) Gray (1821)}} |''Pyrenyllium'' {{au|Clem. (1909)}} |''Cyrtidium'' {{au|Vain. (1921)}} |''Mycarthopyrenia'' {{au|Keissl. (1921)}} |''Mesopyrenia'' {{au|M.Choisy (1931)}} |''Ciferriolichen'' {{au|Tomas. (1952)}} |''Jattaeolichen'' {{au|Tomas. & Cif. (1952)}} |''Arthopyreniomyces'' {{au|Cif. & Tomas. (1953)}} |''Giacominia'' {{au|Cif. & Tomas. (1953)}} |''Jattaeomyces'' {{au|Cif. & Tomas. (1953)}} |''Mycoarthopyrenia'' {{au|Cif. & Tomas. (1953)}} |''Mycociferria'' {{au|Tomas. (1953)}} }} }}

'''''Arthopyrenia''''' is a genus of fungi in the family Trypetheliaceae.<ref name="CoL"/> It was formerly classified in the eponymic family Arthopyreniaceae, but molecular phylogenetics studies showed that the type species, ''Arthopyrenia cerasi'', was a member of the Trypetheliaceae.<ref name="Thiyagaraja et al. 2021"/> ''Arthopyrenia'' fungi typically form inconspicuous films embedded within tree bark and produce tiny, flask-shaped fruiting bodies covered by dark, shield-like caps. The genus includes both lichen-forming species (those that partner with algae) and non-lichenized species, with about 100 currently recognized species found primarily on bark and wood substrates.

==Description==

''Arthopyrenia'' forms an immersed thallus, essentially a film sunk into the outer bark, which is usually inconspicuous or only slightly paler than the surrounding tissue and spreads in a diffuse patch. It is not lichenised (i.e. it lacks a visible partnership with algae). The sexual fruit bodies are perithecia (flask-shaped structures with a minute pore), circular to elliptical in surface view. They are covered by a dark, often laterally spreading, clypeate {{lichengloss|involucrellum}}—a shield-like cap made of compacted fungal hyphae intermingled with bark cells—and surrounded internally by a thin, usually colourless {{lichengloss|exciple}} (the fruit-body wall). The hyphae are dark brown and react K+ (greenish) in potassium hydroxide. The tissue between and above the asci (the {{lichengloss|hamathecium}}) consists of robust, thick-walled {{lichengloss|pseudoparaphyses}}—sterile threads that are sparsely branched, occasionally connected to one another (anastomosing), and only distantly partitioned by cross-walls; the gelatinous matrix of the hymenium is iodine-negative (I–).<ref name="Cannon et al. 2023"/>

The asci are {{lichengloss|fissitunicate}}, meaning they have two functional wall layers that separate during spore release; they are roughly cylindrical, with an apical {{lichengloss|ocular chamber}} (a small, frequently conical cap-like apparatus), and do not stain in iodine (I–). Each ascus bears eight spores. The ascospores are clavate to cylindric-clavate (club-shaped to narrowly club-shaped), with one or three cross-walls (septae) and a strong narrowing at each septum; they are colourless and smooth when young, sometimes becoming faintly brown and minutely warted in old age. A broad, persistent gelatinous sheath surrounds each spore, a feature that can aid recognition in section.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2023"/>

Asexual reproduction occurs in pycnidia—minute, blackish, flask-like structures whose walls contain the same dark pigment as the perithecial involucrellum. The conidiogenous cells (which produce the asexual spores) are variably shaped—cylindrical, flask-shaped ({{lichengloss|lageniform}}), or nearly spherical—and often proliferate percurrently, extending through the old opening to make a new one like the telescoping of a pen. The resulting conidia are colourless, cylindrical to bacilliform (rod-like), and either lack septae or have three; some species produce two distinct asexual spore types (two anamorphs). No secondary metabolites are detected by thin-layer chromatography.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2023"/>

==Description==

''Arthopyrenia'' includes both lichenised and saprobic species. Where lichenised, the photobiont is a trentepohlioid alga; in other species no {{lichengloss|photobiont}} is present. The thallus is usually crustose and largely immersed in the bark or wood, but in some taxa it is reduced to a thin, {{lichengloss|byssoid}} (cottony) cover formed by a black {{lichengloss|subiculum}} (a superficial mat of hyphae), and it can also be absent.<ref name="Aptroot 2002"/>

The sexual structures are perithecial ascomata that appear circular to ellipsoid in surface view. A dark-brown, {{lichengloss|clypeate}} (shield-like) {{lichengloss|involucrellum}} overlies the fruiting body and is composed of compressed fungal hyphae mixed with host bark cells. The true ascomatal wall is black and becomes discontinuous beneath the {{lichengloss|hamathecium}}. A thin, usually colourless {{lichengloss|exciple}} surrounds the central cavity. The hamathecium comprises branched, anastomosing, sometimes bead-like {{lichengloss|pseudoparaphyses}} that are typically non-amyloid; in some species these elements partly dissolve, and the remaining material may stain amyloid. {{lichengloss|Periphysoids}} are also present around the ostiole.<ref name="Aptroot 2002"/>

The asci are {{lichengloss|bitunicate}} (double-walled), {{lichengloss|pyriform}} to {{lichengloss|clavate}}, with an apical {{lichengloss|tholus}}; they are non-amyloid and contain eight ascospores. The ascospores are usually hyaline (becoming brownish with age in some species), pyriform to clavate, and 1–3-septate with true septa (eusepta); walls may bear minute wart-like ornamentation. Reported spore dimensions are about 4–16 × 12–50 μm. Asexual reproduction occurs in blackish pycnidia producing conidia that are simple or 1–3-septate, variously oblong, ovoid, {{lichengloss|bacilliform}}, or thread-like. No lichen secondary metabolites are known from the genus.<ref name="Aptroot 2002"/>

==Species== thumb|right|''Arthopyrenia cerasi''

{{As of|2025|October}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 99 species of ''Arthopyrenia'':<ref name="CoL"/> * ''Arthopyrenia agasthiensis'' {{Au|Kr.P.Singh & G.P.Sinha (2015)}}<ref name="Singh & Sinha 2015"/> * ''Arthopyrenia algovica'' {{Au|(Servít) Riedl (1990)}} * ''Arthopyrenia aloes'' {{Au|Kainz, Aptroot & Triebel (2001)}}<ref name="Kainz et al. 2001"/> * ''Arthopyrenia alpivaga'' {{Au|Norman ex Keissl. (1923)}} * ''Arthopyrenia amaura'' {{Au|Zahlbr. (1930)}} * ''Arthopyrenia amphilomatis'' {{Au|Jatta (1889)}} * ''Arthopyrenia analepta'' {{Au|(Ach.) A.Massal. (1852)}} * ''Arthopyrenia aphorisasa'' {{Au|(Stirt.) A.L.Sm. (1911)}} * ''Arthopyrenia arnoldii'' {{Au|Zahlbr. (1901)}} * ''Arthopyrenia atricolor'' {{Au|Arnold (1891)}} * ''Arthopyrenia atroalba'' {{Au|Vain. (1890)}} * ''Arthopyrenia betulicola'' {{Au|R.C.Harris, E.A.Tripp & Lendemer (2013)}}<ref name="Harris et al. 2013"/> * ''Arthopyrenia biroi'' {{Au|Szatala (1956)}}<ref name="Szatala 1956"/> * ''Arthopyrenia bispora'' {{Au|(Makhija & Patw.) Kr.P.Singh & G.P.Sinha (2010)}}<ref name="Singh & Sinha 2010"/> * ''Arthopyrenia bukowinensis'' {{Au|(Makar.) Tomin (1956)}} * ''Arthopyrenia calcicola'' {{Au|Werner (1966)}} * ''Arthopyrenia callunae'' {{Au|(De Not.) Aptroot (2006)}} * ''Arthopyrenia carneobrunneola'' {{Au|Coppins (1988)}}<ref name="Coppins 1988"/> * ''Arthopyrenia cerasi'' {{Au|(Schrad.) A.Massal. (1852)}} * ''Arthopyrenia ceylonensis'' {{Au|(A.Massal. ex Leight.) Müll.Arg. (1883)}} * ''Arthopyrenia cinereopruinosa'' {{Au|(Schaer.) A.Massal. (1855)}} * ''Arthopyrenia claviformis'' {{Au|(Stirt.) D.Hawksw. (1985)}} * ''Arthopyrenia colleta'' {{Au|(Stirt.) A.L.Sm. (1911)}} * ''Arthopyrenia contraria'' {{Au|H.Magn. (1955)}} * ''Arthopyrenia coppinsii'' {{Au|Ravera (2006)}}<ref name="Ravera 2006"/> * ''Arthopyrenia degelii'' {{Au|R.C.Harris (1995)}}<ref name="Harris 1995"/> * ''Arthopyrenia desistens'' {{Au|(Nyl.) A.L.Sm. (1911)}}<ref name="Smith 1911"/> * ''Arthopyrenia dirumpens'' {{Au|Müll.Arg. (1895)}} * ''Arthopyrenia elachistotera'' {{Au|(Nyl.) Riedl (1970)}} * ''Arthopyrenia exasperata'' {{Au|R.C.Harris (1995)}} * ''Arthopyrenia fallacior'' {{Au|Nyl. ex Müll.Arg. (1885)}}<ref name="Müller 1885"/> * ''Arthopyrenia fallaciosa'' {{Au|(Stizenb. ex Arnold) Thiyagaraja, Ertz, Lücking, Coppins & K.D.Hyde (2021)}} * ''Arthopyrenia gravastella'' {{Au|(Kremp.) Müll.Arg. (1882)}}<ref name="Müller 1882"/> * ''Arthopyrenia grisea'' {{Au|(Schleich. ex Schaer.) Körb. (1855)}}<ref name="Körber 1855"/> * ''Arthopyrenia keralensis'' {{Au|Upreti & G.Pant (1993)}}<ref name="Upreti & Pant 1993"/> * ''Arthopyrenia macquariensis'' {{Au|C.W.Dodge (1970)}}<ref name="Dodge 1970"/> * ''Arthopyrenia maritima'' {{Au|Øvstedal (1986)}} * ''Arthopyrenia minor'' {{Au|R.C.Harris (1980)}}<ref name="Tucker & Harris 1980"/> * ''Arthopyrenia naevia'' {{Au|(Vain.) Riedl (1963)}} * ''Arthopyrenia novae-guineae'' {{Au|Szatala (1956)}}<ref name="Szatala 1956"/> * ''Arthopyrenia oblongens'' {{Au|R.C.Harris (1995)}} * ''Arthopyrenia pandanicola'' {{Au|(Nyl.) H.Magn. (1955)}} * ''Arthopyrenia picconii'' {{Au|(De Not.) Aptroot (2001)}} * ''Arthopyrenia platypyrenia'' {{Au|(Nyl.) Arnold (1871)}} * ''Arthopyrenia plumbaria'' {{Au|(Stizenb.) R.C.Harris (1987)}} * ''Arthopyrenia praetermissa'' {{Au|D.C.Linds. (1975)}} * ''Arthopyrenia salicis'' {{Au|A.Massal. (1852)}} * ''Arthopyrenia spilobola'' {{Au|(Nyl.) Arnold (1891)}} * ''Arthopyrenia stenotheca'' {{Au|Müll. Arg. (1893)}} * ''Arthopyrenia stigmatophora'' {{Au|(J.Steiner) Riedl (1963)}} * ''Arthopyrenia subcerasi'' {{Au|(Vain.) Zahlbr. (1921)}} * ''Arthopyrenia subfallaciosa'' {{Au|M.Choisy (1954)}} * ''Arthopyrenia subgregans'' {{Au|(Müll. Arg.) D.Hawksw. (1985)}} * ''Arthopyrenia subpomacea'' {{Au|(Zahlbr.) Riedl (1963)}} * ''Arthopyrenia subpunctiformis'' {{Au|Müll.Arg. (1888)}} * ''Arthopyrenia subvelata'' {{Au|(Nyl.) R.C.Harris (1998)}} * ''Arthopyrenia taxodii'' {{Au|R.C.Harris (1995)}} * ''Arthopyrenia texensis'' {{Au|(Cooke) D.Hawksw. (1985)}} * ''Arthopyrenia tuscanensis'' {{Au|Coppins & Ravera (2006)}}<ref name="Ravera 2006"/> * ''Arthopyrenia welwitschii'' {{Au|(A.L.Sm.) Aptroot (2006)}} * ''Arthopyrenia zostra'' {{Au|(C.Knight) Shirley (1889)}}

==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Aptroot 2002">{{cite book |editor-last1=Nash |editor-first1=Thomas |editor-first2=Bruce D. |editor-last2=Ryan |editor-first3=P |editor-last3=Diederich |editor-first4=Corinna |editor-last4=Gries |editor-first5=Frank |editor-last5=Bungartz |title=Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region |volume=1 |chapter=''Julella'' |last=Aptroot |first=A. |publisher=Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University |location=Tempe, Arizona |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-9716759-1-9 |oclc=50120839 |page=103}}</ref>

<ref name="Cannon et al. 2023">{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=P. |last2=Coppins |first2=B. |last3=Aptroot |first3=A. |last4=Sanderson |first4=A. |last5=Simkin |first5=J. |year=2023 |title=Perithecial genera I, including ''Acrocordia'', ''Alloarthopyrenia'', ''Anisomeridium'', ''Antennulariella'', ''Arthopyrenia'', ''Celothelium'', ''Cyrtidula'', ''Dichoporis'', ''Eopyrenula'', ''Julella'', ''Leptorhaphis'', ''Leptosillia'', ''Lithothelium'', ''Mycomicrothelia'', ''Mycoporum'', ''Naetrocymbe'', ''Pyrenula'', ''Rhaphidicyrtis'', ''Sarcopyrenia'', ''Swinscowia'' and ''Tomasellia'' |series=Revisions of British and Irish Lichens |volume=37 |page=44 |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Perithecial%20genera%20I.pdf}} {{open access}}</ref>

<ref name="CoL">{{Catalogue of Life |id=33BD |title=''Arthopyrenia'' |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Coppins 1988">{{cite journal |last=Coppins |first=B.J. |year=1988 |title=Notes on the genus ''Arthopyrenia'' in the British Isles |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=305–325 |doi=10.1017/S002428298800043X}}</ref>

<ref name="Dodge 1970">{{cite journal |last1=Dodge |first1=C.W. |year=1970 |title=Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic Continent and the Subantarctic islands. IX-XI |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=19 |issue=3–4 |pages=439–502}}</ref>

<ref name="Harris 1995">{{cite book |last=Harris |first=R.D. |year=1995|title=More Florida lichens, including the 10 cent tour of the pyrenolichens |page=76 |publisher=New York Botanical Garden |location=Bronx, New York}}</ref>

<ref name="Harris et al. 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=R.C. |last2=Tripp |first2=E.A. |last3=Lendemer |first3=J.C. |year=2013 |title=''Arthopyrenia betulicola'' (Arthopyreniaceae, Dothidiomycetes), an unusual new lichenized fungus from high elevations of the southern Appalachian Mountains |journal=Aliso |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=77–81 [78]}}</ref>

<ref name="Kainz et al. 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Kainz |first1=C. |last2=Aptroot |first2=A. |last3=Triebel |first3=D. |year=2001 |title=''Arthopyrenia aloës'', a new ascomycete from Namibia |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=72 |issue=1–2 |pages=209–215}}</ref>

<ref name="Körber 1855">{{cite book |last=Körber |first=G.W. |year=1855 |title=Systema lichenum Germaniae |trans-title=System of the lichens of Germany |pages=1–458 [369] |language=de}}</ref>

<ref name="Müller 1882">{{cite journal |last=Müller |first=J. |year=1882 |title=Lichenologische Beiträge XVI |trans-title=Lichenological contributions XVI |journal=Flora |volume=65 |issue=33 |pages=515–519 [518] |language=la}}</ref>

<ref name="Müller 1885">{{cite journal |last=Müller |first=J. |year=1885 |title=Pyrenocarpeae Cubenses a cl. C. Wright lectae |trans-title=Cuban pyrenocarps collected by C. Wright |journal=Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik |volume=6 |pages=375–421 [404]}}</ref>

<ref name="Ravera 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Ravera |first1=S. |year=2006 |title=Two new species of ''Arthopyrenia'' from Italy |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=21–26 |doi=10.1017/S0024282905004809}}</ref>

<ref name="Singh & Sinha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=K.P. |last2=Sinha |first2=G.P. |year=2015 |title=Replacement names of two Indian lichens |journal=Indian Journal of Forestry |volume=38 |page=99 }}</ref>

<ref name="Singh & Sinha 2010">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K.P. |last2=Sinha |first2=G.P. |year=2010 |title=Indian Lichens: An Annotated Checklist |location=Kolkata |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests |pages=1–165 [12]}}</ref>

<ref name="Smith 1911">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=A.L. |year=1911 |title=A Monograph of the British Lichens |volume=2 |page=329}}</ref>

<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy. Current Name: ''Arthopyrenia'' A. Massal., Ric. auton. lich. crost. (Verona): 165 (1852) |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=325 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Szatala 1956">{{cite journal |last1=Szatala |first1=Ö. |year=1956 |title=Prodrome de la flore lichénologique de la Nouvelle Guinée |trans-title=Prodromus of the lichen flora of New Guinea |journal=Annales Historico-Natureles Musei Nationalis Hungarici |volume=7 |pages=15–50 |language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Thiyagaraja et al. 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Thiyagaraja |first1=V. |last2=Lücking |first2=R. |last3=Ertz |first3=D. |last4=Coppins |first4=B.J. |last5=Wanasinghe |first5=D.N. |last6=Karunarathna |first6=S.C. |last7=Suwannarach |first7=N. |last8=To-Anun |first8=C. |last9=Cheewangkoon |first9=R. |last10=Hyde |first10=K.D. |title=Sequencing of the type species of ''Arthopyrenia'' places Arthopyreniaceae as a synonym of Trypetheliaceae |journal=Mycosphere |volume=12 |issue=1 |year=2021 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/12/1/10 |pages=993–1011|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Tucker & Harris 1980">{{cite journal |last1=Tucker |first1=Shirley C. |last2=Harris |first2=Richard C. |title=New and noteworthy pyrenocarpous lichens from Louisiana and Florida |journal=The Bryologist |volume=83 |issue=1 |year=1980 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.2307/3242389 |jstor=3242389}}</ref>

<ref name="Upreti & Pant 1993">{{cite journal |last1=Upreti |first1=D.K. |last2=Pant |first2=G. |year=1993 |title=Notes on ''Arthopyrenia'' species from India |journal=The Bryologist |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=226–232}}</ref>

}}

Category:Trypetheliaceae Category:Lichen genera Category:Dothideomycetes genera Category:Taxa named by Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo Category:Taxa described in 1852