{{Short description|Genus of fishes}} {{Automatic_taxobox | fossil_range = | image = Chloroscombrus chrysurus.jpg | image_caption = Atlantic bumper, ''Chloroscombrus chrysurus'' | taxon = Chloroscombrus | authority = Girard, 1858 | type_species = ''Micropteryx cosmopolita'' <br><small>Agassiz, 1829</small> | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text }}
'''''Chloroscombrus''''' is a genus containing two species of tropical to temperate water marine fish in the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae. Both members are commonly known as '''bumpers''' or '''bumperfish''', with one species endemic to the Atlantic and the other to the eastern Pacific. They have a convex ventral profile compared to most other carangids, with small oblique mouths and low dorsal and anal fins. Phylogenetic studies have found they are most closely related to the jacks of the genus ''Hemicaranx'', with these genera plus ''Selar'', ''Selaroides'' and possibly ''Alepes'', making up a clade within the Caranginae subfamily. They are predatory fish which live in both inshore and offshore environments ranging from estuaries to the edge of the continental shelf, and are of moderate importance to fisheries.
==Taxonomy and phylogeny== ''Chloroscombrus'' is a genus containing two extant species. It is part of the jack family, Carangidae, which in turn is part of the order Carangiformes.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=380–387 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=2019-11-26 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601121150/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Recent phylogenetic studies using molecular information have placed ''Chloroscombrus'' in the subfamily Caranginae (or the tribe Carangini).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Zhu | first = Shi-Hua |author2=Zheng, Wen-Juan |author3=Zou, Ji-Xing |author4=Yang, Ying-Chun |author5=Shen, Xi-Quan | title = Molecular phylogenetic relationship of Carangidae based on the sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene | journal = Acta Zoologica Sinica | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 641–650 | year = 2007}}</ref> The most recent phylogenetic study found the genus is very closely related to ''Hemicaranx'', with the genera ''Selar'', ''Selaroides'' and possibly ''Alepes'' also placed in a clade within the Carangini. The study also strongly supported the monophyly of ''Chloroscombrus''<ref>{{cite journal | last = Reed | first = David L. |author2=Kent E. Carpenter |author3=Martin J. deGravelle | title = Molecular systematics of the Jacks (Perciformes: Carangidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian approaches | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 513–524 | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00036-2 | pmid = 12099802 | bibcode = 2002MolPE..23..513R }}</ref>
''Chloroscombrus'' was created by the French naturalist Charles Frédéric Girard in 1858 to accommodate a 'new' species he had described; ''Chloroscombrus caribbaeus'', making this the original type species.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Girard | first = C.F. | title = Notes upon various new genera and new species of fishes, in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, and collected in connection with the United States and Mexican boundary survey: Major William Emory, Commissioner | journal = Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia | volume = 10 | pages = 167–171 | year = 1858 }}</ref> For some reason, probably a lack of a type specimen for ''C. carribaeus'', David Starr Jordan and Gilbert redesignated ''Micropteryx cosmopolita'' as the type species of ''Chloroscombrus'', which currently remains the accepted type species.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Jordan | first = D.S. |author2=C.H. Gilbert | title = Synopsis of the fishes of North America | journal = Bulletin of the United States National Museum | volume = 16 | issue = i–iiv | pages = 1–1018 | year = 1883 }}</ref> However, both these names were subsequently found to be junior synonyms of Linnaeus' ''Scomber chrysurus'', effectively making ''Chloroscombrus chrysurus'' the type species. The name is derived from the Greek words ''chloros''; meaning green and ''skombros''; meaning fish, particularly mackerel.<ref name = "Fishbase">{{FishBase family | family = Carangidae | year = 2009 | month = May}}</ref>
No species pertaining to ''Chloroscombrus'' are known from the fossil record.
==Species== There are currently two recognized species in this genus though they may be conspecific, although no detailed study has been undertaken to prove such a relationship.:<ref>{{FishBase genus | genus = Chloroscombrus| month = February | year = 2013}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" |- ! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Distribution |- |120px || ''Chloroscombrus chrysurus'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small>|| Atlantic bumper || From Massachusetts, south to Florida, in the Caribbean, off Bermuda, and the Gulf of Mexico. Their range continues south to the coast of Uruguay. In the eastern Atlantic, the Atlantic bumper are known from the coast of Mauritania to Angola |- | || ''Chloroscombrus orqueta'' <small>D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1883</small> || Pacific bumper || southern California to the Gulf of California to central Peru. |- |}
==Description== Both species of ''Chloroscombrus'' are small- to medium-sized fishes, growing to maximum known lengths of around 30 cm (''C. orqueta'')<ref name = "fishbase1">{{FishBase | genus = Chloroscombrus | species = orqueta | year = 2009 | month = April}}</ref> and 65 cm (''C. chrysurus'').<ref name = "fishbase2">{{FishBase | genus = Chloroscombrus | species = chrysurus | year = 2009 | month = April}}</ref> The genus is easily distinguished among most of the other carangid genera, although the bigeye scad, ''Selar crumenophthalmus'', may be confused with the Pacific member of the genus.<ref name = "mexfish">{{cite web | last = Mexfish | title = Pacific Bumperfish | work = Photos and Species Information for Fish Caught in Mexico | year = 2006 | url = http://www.mexfish.com/fish/pbump/pbump.htm | access-date = 2009-05-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081123032723/http://www.mexfish.com/fish/pbump/pbump.htm | archive-date = 2008-11-23 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The distinguishing features of the genus include a more convex ventral profile than the dorsal profile, giving a very rounded underside appearance, a distinct black saddle on the upper part of the caudal peduncle, a small oblique mouth and a relatively small pupil diameter.<ref name = "FAOPCO"/><ref name = "FAO">{{cite book | editor-last = Carpenter | editor-first = K.E. | title = The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals |series= FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5 | publisher = FAO | year = 2002 | location = Rome | pages = 1438 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/y4162e/y4162e00.pdf | isbn = 92-5-104827-4 }}</ref> The rest of the general body plan of the genus is similar to other carangids, with two separate, rather low dorsal fins; the first consisting of 8 spines and the second of 1 spine and 25 to 29 soft rays. The anal fin is also low, consisting of 2 detached spines anteriorly, followed by 1 spine and 25 to 29 soft rays.<ref name = "FAO"/> The lateral line is moderately curved anteriorly, with six to 14 weak scutes on the straight section. The chests are completely scaled, and the jaws contain bands of fine villiform teeth.<ref name = "FAOPCO">{{cite book | last = Fischer | first = W. |author2=Krupp F. |author3=Schneider W. |author4=Sommer C. |author5=Carpenter K.E. |author6=Niem V.H. | title = Guía FAO para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. | publisher = FAO | year = 1995 | location = Rome | pages = 953 | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/sidp/3,1/en#Ecp | isbn = 92-5-303409-2 }}</ref> The species are silvery in colour, with the dorsal surface ranging from blue-green to dark metallic blue. ''C. orqueta'' has a distinct black spot on the upper edge of the operculum, while ''C. chrysurus'' does not.<ref name = "FAOPCO"/><ref name = "FAO"/> It is also known under local common name ''plat plat''.
==Distribution and habitat== The two species in the genus are restricted to the tropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic and east Pacific Oceans, with ''C. chrysurus'' inhabiting both the east Americas and west African/European coasts of the Atlantic<ref name = "FAO"/> and ''C. orqueta'' inhabiting the Central American coastline of the east Pacific.<ref name = "FAOPCO"/>
Both species are schooling coastal species, found on the continental shelf leading pelagic lifestyles. They are commonly found in shallow water environments including beaches, lagoons and estuaries. They are also rarely found in open ocean environments, commonly associated with floating objects, such as jellyfish.<ref name = "FAOPCO"/><ref name = "FAO"/>
==Biology and fishery== Both species of ''Chloroscombrus'' are predatory, taking a variety of small prey, including fish, cephalopods and zooplankton, with juveniles generally taking more planktonic prey than adults.<ref name = "fishbase2"/> Reproduction in the genus has been studied, as have the larval stages of both species, with juveniles often found in more oceanic waters.<ref name = "FAO"/>
No specific fishery exists for either species, although they are taken by trawls, seines and hook-and-line methods, and sold fresh, salted or frozen at market.<ref name = "FAOPCO"/><ref name = "FAO"/> Neither species is considered a good gamefish, although are taken by anglers occasionally,<ref name = "mexfish"/> and are considered rather dry table fare.<ref name = "FAO"/>
==References== {{Reflist|2}}
==External links== *[http://www.eol.org/pages/25584 ''Chloroscombrus''] at [http://www.eol.org Encyclopedia of Life]
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Category:Chloroscombrus Category:Caranginae Category:Marine fish genera Category:Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard