Capulidae

{{Short description|Family of gastropods}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon= Capulidae | image = Capulus ungaricus 001.jpg | image_caption = Two shells of ''Capulus ungaricus'' with the periostracum removed | authority = Fleming, 1822 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''See text'' | synonyms = * Trichotropidae Gray, 1850 * Verenidae Gray, 1857 (inv.) * Pileopsidae Chenu, 1859 * Lippistidae Iredale, 1924 * Siriidae Iredale, 1931 * Cerithhiodermatidae Hacobjan, 1976 | display_parents = 3 }}

The '''Capulidae''', the '''cap snails''' or '''cap shells''', are a taxonomic family of limpet-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs.<ref name="WoRMS">Gofas, S. (2012). Capulidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139 on 2012-07-24</ref>

Capulidae is the only family in the superfamily '''Capuloidea'''. Capulidae is assigned to the paraphyletic order Littorinimorpha,<ref name="WoRMS"/> but is more closely related to neogastropods than some other littorinimorphs as it is a member of the clade Latrogastropoda.<ref name="Colgan2025"/>

The name Trichotropidae was previously used for this family, but this name is invalid, as it is a junior synonym.<ref>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=72589 ITIS Capulidae Fleming, 1822]</ref>

==Characteristics== (Original description; described as Capulusidae) The foot is complicated on its anterior margin. The shell adheres to the animal by a circular muscle, leaving an opening in front for the issue of the head and the entrance to the branchial cavity. The gills form a single ridge across the roof. The aperture is in the form of an extended proboscis, with a deep groove above. The tentacula, which are two in number, have the eyes at their external base. The anus is on the right side of the branchial cavity. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fleming |first1=J. |title=The philosophy of zoology: or a general view of the structure, functions and classification of animals |journal=Edinburgh |date=1822 |volume=2 |page=494 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28230157 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

Cup-shaped or bonnet-like, the shells of this family start with flat, tightly coiled initial whorls. From this beginning, they expand rapidly in a planospiral way, flaring out dramatically like a funnel.

The interior of the shell is porcelaneous. Some forms develop internal partitions or septa, a feature that makes them superficially resemble the Calyptraeidae (slipper limpets). Externally, the shell is covered by a thick periostracum that feels either felt-like or hairy. There is no operculum.

Species in this family are parasites, praying mostly on other molluscs. They steal the food from these animals with a long proboscis.

==Genera== Genera within the family Capulidae include:<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139 Gofas, S. (2010). Capulidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.eu/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139 on 2010-06-06]</ref> ;Subfamily Capulinae J. Fleming, 1822 * '' Ariadnaria'' Habe, 1961 * † ''Armenostoma'' Hacobjan, 1976 * † ''Blackdownia'' Kollmann, 1976 <ref> Kiel S. (2003) ''New taxonomic data for the gastropod fauna of the Umzamba Formation (Santonian–Campanian, South Africa)''; Cretaceous Research 24 (2003) 449–475 </ref> * ''Capulus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Cerithioderma'' Conrad, 1860 (?) * ''Ciliatotropis'' Golikov, 1986 * ''Cryocapulus'' Schiaparelli, Bouchet, Fassio & Oliverio, 2020 * ''Discotrichoconcha'' Powell, 1951 * ''Echinospira'' Girotti, 1970 {{cn|date=November 2025}} * ''Hyalorisia'' Dall, 1889 * ''Icuncula'' Iredale, 1924 * ''Krebsia'' Montfort, 1810 : synonym of ''Capulus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Latticosta'' S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2021 * ''Lippistes'' Montfort, 1810 (?) * ''Neoiphinoe'' Habe, 1978 * ''Malluvium'' Melvill, 1906 : belongs to the family Hipponicidae. * † ''Profusinus'' Bandel, 2000 * ''Rufodardanula'' Ponder, 1965; synonym of ''Skenella'' Pfeffer, 1886 * ''Separatista'' Gray, 1847 * ''Sirius'' Hedley, 1900 * † ''Tintorium'' Sohl, 1961 * ''Torellia'' Lovén in Jeffreys, 1867 * ''Trichamathina'' Habe, 1962 * ''Trichosirius'' Finlay, 1926 (?) * ''Trichotropis'' Broderip and G. B. Sowerby I, 1829 * † ''Turbinopsis'' Conrad, 1860 * ''Turritropis'' Habe, 1961 * † ''Vermeijia'' Amano, 2019 * ''Verticosta'' S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020 * † ''Xuwenospira'' H.-J. Wang, 1982 * ''Zelippistes'' Finlay, 1927

;Subfamily † Lysinae Saul & Squires, 2008 * † ''Garzasia'' Saul & Squires, 2008 * † ''Lysis'' Gabb, 1864 * † ''Spirogalerus'' H. J. Finlay & Marwick, 1937

; Genera brought into synonymy : * ''Actita'' Fischer von Waldheim, 1823: synonym of ''Capulus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Antitrichotropis'' Powell, 1951: synonym of ''Torellia'' Jeffreys, 1867 * ''Ariadna'' P. Fischer, 1864: synonym of ''Ariadnaria'' T. Habe, 1961 (junior homonym, junior homonym of ''Ariadna'' Audouin, 1826 [Arachnida]; ''Ariadnaria'' is a replacement name) * ''Brocchia'' Bronn, 1828: synonym of ''Capulus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Capulonix'' Iredale, 1929: synonym of ''Capulus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Dolichosirius'' Iredale, 1931: synonym of ''Sirius'' Hedley, 1900 (junior subjective synonym) * † ''Eosirius'' P. A. Maxwell, 1966: synonym of † ''Trichosirius (Eosirius)'' P. A. Maxwell, 1966 represented as ''Trichosirius'' H. J. Finlay, 1926 * ''Iphinoe'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1856 : synonym of ''Neoiphinoe'' Habe, 1978 * † ''Mesostoma'' Deshayes, 1861: synonym of † ''Cerithioderma'' Conrad, 1860 (junior subjective synonym, invalid: junior homonym of ''Mesostoma'' Ehrenberg, 1836) * ''Neoconcha'' E.A. Smith, 1907: synonym of ''Torellia (Neoconcha)'' E.A. Smith, 1907 * ''Opposirius'' Iredale, 1931: synonym of ''Sirius'' Hedley, 1900 * ''Ovotropis'' Egorov & Alexeyev, 1998: synonym of ''Neoiphinoe'' Habe, 1978 * ''Pileopsis'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Capulus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Opposirius'' Iredale, 1931: synonym of ''Sirius'' Hedley, 1900 * ''Trichoconcha'' E.A. Smith, 1907: synonym of ''Torellia'' Jeffreys, 1867 * † ''Tropidothais'' L. R. Cox, 1925: synonym of † Lysis Gabb, 1864 (junior subjective synonym)

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Colgan2025">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3390/d17080524| issn = 1424-2818| volume = 17| issue = 8| pages = 524| last1 = Colgan| first1 = Donald J.| last2 = Ponder| first2 = Winston F.| title = Redefining Latrogastropoda Again and Searching for Its Sister Group in Hypsogastropoda (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda)| journal = Diversity| date = 2025-07-28| bibcode = 2025Diver..17..524C| doi-access = free}}</ref> }} * Powell A. W. B., ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 {{ISBN|0-00-216906-1}} * Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). {{ISBN|0-915826-22-4}}. XII, 195 pp * [http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20o?search=Capulidae Discover Life] * {{ITIS |id=72606 |taxon=Capulidae}}

== External links == * [https://archive.org/stream/indexmolluscorum00dunk#page/n361/mode/2up image of ''Capulus dilatatus''] * {{cite journal|doi=10.1080/03036758.2010.500717|title=Marine Mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in New Zealand. Part 3. Gastropoda (Vetigastropoda - Littorinimorpha)|year=2010|last1=Beu|first1=AG|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand|volume=40|issue=3–4|pages=59–180|doi-access=free|bibcode=2010JRSNZ..40...59B }} * [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0642/report.pdf Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642] {{PD-notice}}

Category:Capulidae Category:Taxa named by John Fleming (naturalist)

Capulidae

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