Adelaide city centre

{{Short description|Central area of Adelaide, South Australia}} {{About|the central locality of Adelaide|the greater metropolitan area|Adelaide|the local government area|City of Adelaide}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Use Australian English|date=January 2012}} {{Infobox Australian place | type = suburb | name = Adelaide City Centre | city = Adelaide | state = sa | image = Adelaide city centre view.jpg | caption = Adelaide City Centre with Adelaide Oval and the Adelaide Festival Centre in view (2015) | alternative_location_map = Australia SA metro Adelaide | pushpin_map_caption = Location in greater metropolitan Adelaide |coordinates={{Coord|34|55|43|S|138|36|00|E|type:city_region:AU-SA_scale:30000|display=title}} | local_map = yes | zoom = 12 | postcode = 5000 | pop =  | pop_footnotes = <ref name="Census2016">{{Census 2016 AUS | id = SSC40002 | name = Adelaide (State Suburb) | accessdate = 23 November 2017 | quick = on}}</ref> | pop2_footnotes = <ref name="abs2011">{{Census 2011 AUS | id = SSC40002 | name = Adelaide (State Suburb) | accessdate = 25 January 2015 | quick = on}}</ref> | area = 10.5 | location1 = Adelaide Airport | dir1= E | dist1 = 5 | location2 = Port Adelaide | dir2=SE | dist2 = 12 | location3 = Glenelg | dir3=NE | dist3 = 9 | est = 1837 | region = Eastern Adelaide<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Adelaide SA Government region |url=http://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/20385/Eastern_Adelaide_SA_Government_region.pdf |publisher=The Government of South Australia |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327054742/https://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/20385/Eastern_Adelaide_SA_Government_region.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | stategov = Adelaide | fedgov = Adelaide | near-w = Thebarton Mile End | near-nw = Hindmarsh | near-n = North Adelaide | near-ne = Gilberton Hackney | near-e = Kent Town Rose Park Dulwich | near-se = Eastwood Glenside | near-s = Unley Parkside | near-sw = Keswick Wayville |native_name=Tarndanya|native_name_lang=zku}}

'''Adelaide city centre''' ({{langx|zku|Tarndanya}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaurna Place Names |url=https://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4625 |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=kaurnaplacenames.com}}</ref> is the city centre of Greater Adelaide, the capital city of South Australia. It is known by locals simply as "the City" or "Town" to distinguish it from Greater Adelaide and from the City of Adelaide local government area. The residential population was 18,202 in the {{CensusAU|2021}}, with a local worker population of 130,404.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economy.id.com.au/adelaide/workers-key-statistics | title=Local workers statistics | Adelaide | economy.id }}</ref>

Adelaide city centre was planned in 1837 on a greenfield site following a grid layout, with streets running at right angles to each other. It covers an area of {{convert|4.33|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}} and is surrounded by {{convert|6.68|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}} of park lands.<ref>Data from Google Earth.</ref><ref group="note">The area of the park lands quoted is based, in the absence of an official boundary between the City and North Adelaide, on an east–west line past the front entrance of Adelaide Oval.</ref> Within the city are five parks: Victoria Square in the exact centre and four other, smaller parks.

Names for elements of the city centre are as follows: *The "city square mile" (in reality 1.67 square miles or 4.33 square kilometres) is the constructed area bordered by North, East, South and West Terraces. *The "central business district" (CBD) is an alternative term, but more accurately describes the intensively developed northern half of the city, which contains a multitude of commercial, cultural and entertainment premises, restaurants and high-rise apartments. The southern, lower-density half mainly contains small businesses, restaurants and, residentially, a mix of mansions, houses and conserved 19th century cottages, and (fewer) high-rise apartments. *Precincts such as the West End and the East End have distinctive characters. CBD shopping precincts include Rundle Mall and Adelaide Central Market. *In what is often described as the "North Terrace cultural precinct", many educational, cultural, entertainment and medical institutions lie between the northern side of North Terrace and the River Torrens – notably university campuses, the Adelaide Festival Centre, and the Parliament of South Australia. Adelaide railway station is also located there.

== History == {{Main|History of Adelaide}} {{See also|City of Adelaide#History}} [[File:Currie Street, Adelaide, 1925.jpg|thumb|left|Currie Street looking east, {{Circa|1925}}]]

Before the British colonisation of South Australia, the Adelaide Plains, on which Adelaide was built, were home to the Kaurna group of Aboriginal Australians. The colony of South Australia was established in 1836 at Glenelg, and the city itself established in 1837. The location and characteristic grid layout of the city and North Adelaide, as well as the surrounding parklands, were the result of the work of Colonel William Light (1786–1839), who was the first Surveyor General of South Australia. The area where the Adelaide city centre now exists was once known as "Tarndanya",<ref>[http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4625 "Tarndanya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183915/http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4625 |date=3 March 2016 }}, KauranaPlaceNames.com. Retrieved 2009-09-09.</ref> the Kaurna word for as "male red kangaroo rock", which was the name used for an area along the south bank of what is now known as the River Torrens (''Karrawiri Pari''), which flows through Adelaide. [[File:Aerial view of Adelaide, 1935 (adjusted).jpg|thumb|This view shows about 60 per cent of the city centre, and the south-eastern suburbs and Adelaide Hills in 1935]]

Adelaide was not as badly affected by the 1860s economic depression in Australia as other gold rush cities like Sydney and Melbourne, allowing it to prosper. Historian F.W. Crowley noted that the city was full of elite upper-class citizens which provided a stark contrast to the grinding poverty of the labour areas and slums outside the inner city ring. Due to its historic wealth during the 20th century, the city retains a notable portion of Victorian architecture.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

==Town planning==

[[File:Streetmap of Adelaide and North Adelaide.png|thumb|Adelaide city centre, North Adelaide and the Park Lands]] Adelaide is separated from its greater metropolitan area by a ring of public parklands on all sides. The so-called "square mile" within the park lands is defined by a small area of high rise office and apartment buildings in the centre north, around King William Street, which runs north-to-south through the centre. Surrounding this central business district are a large number of medium to low density apartments, townhouses and detached houses which make up the residential portion of the city centre.

=== Layout === The layout of Adelaide, sometimes referred to as "Light's Vision", features a cardinal direction grid pattern of wide streets and terraces and five large public squares: Victoria Square in the centre of the city, and Hindmarsh, Light, Hurtle and Whitmore Squares in the centres of each of the four quadrants of the Adelaide city centre. These squares occupy 32 of the 700 numbered town acre allotments on Light's plan.{{cn|date=January 2021}}

All east–west roads change their names as they cross King William Street, except for North and South terraces.<ref name=map>{{cite web|author1=Royal Automobile Association|author-link=Royal Automobile Association|title=Adelaide CBD & North Adelaide|url=http://www.soulunderground.com.au/national_files/CBDMAP.pdf|access-date=7 December 2014|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325140742/http://www.soulunderground.com.au/national_files/CBDMAP.pdf|url-status=dead}} This map, showing the Adelaide city centre, North Adelaide and the Adelaide Parklands, was published on the website {{cite web |title=soul underground |url=http://www.soulunderground.com.au/ |access-date=3 January 2009 |archive-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208183532/http://www.soulunderground.com.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They also alternate between being wide and narrow, {{convert|99|and|66|ft}}, except for the central Grote and Wakefield which are extra-wide, {{convert|132|ft}},<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrNWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3 |page=3 |title=Handbook to the Colony of South Australia |author=Elgar, Frederic |date=1863 |access-date=8 December 2014 |location=London |publisher="Australian and New Zealand Gazette" Office |quote=... principal north and south streets (from 99 to 132 feet wide) being nearly one mile in length, and the east and west streets (from 66 to 132 feet wide) from a mile and a quarter to a mile and three-quarters.}}</ref> along with the surrounding four terraces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Light's Plan of Adelaide 1837 |date=31 December 2013 |author=Margaret Anderson |url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/panoramas/lights-plan-of-adelaide-1837 |publisher=History SA |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=adelaidia.sa.gov.au |archive-date=18 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818180157/http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/panoramas/lights-plan-of-adelaide-1837 |url-status=live }} The page contains a copy of one of the two surviving original plans drawn in 1837. Quote: "It is a watercolour and ink plan, drawn by 16-year-old draughtsman Robert George Thomas to instructions from Light. ... The streets were named by a Street Naming Committee that met on 23 May 1837, indicating that this plan must have been completed after that date."</ref> In the south half of the city, in several places the Adelaide City Council has constructed wide footpaths and road markings to restrict traffic to a lesser number of lanes than the full width of the road could support.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

The street pairs, design widths, and town acres in Light's Vision are illustrated in this diagram:

{| style="font-size: 50%; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; margin: 1em auto 1em auto; " cell-padding="0" cell-margin="0" |-bgcolor=lightgreen | rowspan=32 style="border:1px solid lightgreen;" | | colspan=36 style="border:1px solid lightgreen;" |   | colspan=3 rowspan=10 style="border:1px solid lightgreen;" | | colspan=1 rowspan=13 style="border:1px solid lightgreen;" | | colspan=2 rowspan=16 style="border:1px solid lightgreen;" | | colspan=2 rowspan=19 style="border:1px solid lightgreen;" | | colspan=1 rowspan=25 style="border:1px solid lightgreen;" | | colspan=1 rowspan=32 style="border:1px solid lightgreen;" | |-bgcolor=white | rowspan=31 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big> W e s t T e r r a c e</big></big> | colspan=34 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>North Terrace</big></big></big> | rowspan=9 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big> E a s t T c e</big></big> | style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big>''132 ft''</big></big> |-bgcolor=pink |1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8 | rowspan=4 bgcolor=white style="border:1px solid white;" valign=bottom | <big><big> M o r</big></big> |9||10||11||12||13||14||15||16 | rowspan=12 bgcolor=white style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big> K i n g  </big></big> |17||18||19||20||21||22||23||24 | rowspan=4 bgcolor=white style="border:1px solid white;" valign=bottom | <big><big> P u l</big></big> |25||26||27||28||29||30||31 |-bgcolor=pink |62||61||60||59||58||57||56||55 |54||53||52||51||50||49||48||47 |46||45||44||43||42||41||40||39 |38||37||36||35||34||33||32 |-bgcolor=white | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Hindley</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Rundle</big></big></big> | colspan=7 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big>''66 ft''</big></big> |-bgcolor=pink |63||64||65||66||67||68||69||70 |71||72||73||74||75||76||77||78 |79||80||81||82||83||84||85||86 |87||88||89||90||91||92||93 |-bgcolor=pink |124||123||122||121||120||119||118 | rowspan=4 colspan=3 bgcolor=lightgreen | <big><big><big>Light Square</big></big></big> |115||114||113||112||111||110||109 |108||107||106||105||104||103||102 | rowspan=4 colspan=3 bgcolor=lightgreen | <big><big><big>Hind- marsh Square</big></big></big> |99||98||97||96||95||94 |-bgcolor=white | colspan=7 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Currie</big></big></big> | colspan=7 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | colspan=7 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Grenfell</big></big></big> | colspan=6 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big>''99 ft''</big></big> |-bgcolor=pink |125||126||127||128||129||130||131 |134||135||136||137||138||139||140 |141||142||143||144||145||146||147 |150||151||152||153||154||155 |-bgcolor=pink |186||185||184||183||182||181||180 |177||176||175||174||173||172||171 |170||169||168||167||166||165||164 |161||160||159||158||157||156 |-bgcolor=white | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Waymouth</big></big></big> | rowspan=6 style="border:1px solid white;" valign=top | <big><big> p h e t t  </big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Pirie</big></big></big> | rowspan=6 style="border:1px solid white;" valign=top | <big><big> t e n e y  </big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | colspan=2 style="border:1px solid white;" align=right | <big><big></big></big> | rowspan=3 style="border:1px solid white;" valign=bottom| <big><big></big></big> | style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big> ''66 ft''</big></big> |-bgcolor=pink |187||188||189||190||191||192||193||194 |195||196||197||198||199||200||201||202 |203||204||205||206||207||208||209||210 |211||212||213||214||215||216||217||218 | rowspan=20 bgcolor=white style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big>H u t t S t r e e t</big></big> |219 |-bgcolor=pink |252||251||250||249||248||247||246||245 |244||243||242||241||240||239||238||237 |236||235||234||233||232||231||230||229 |228||227||226||225||224||223||222||221 |220 |-bgcolor=white | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Franklin</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Flinders</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | colspan=2 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big></big></big></big> | rowspan=3 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big></big></big> | style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big>''99 ft''</big></big> |-bgcolor=pink |253||254||255||256||257||258||259||260 |261||262||263||264||265||266||267 | rowspan=5 colspan=3 bgcolor=lightgreen | <big><big><big>Victoria Square</big></big></big> |270||271||272||273||274||275||276 |277||278||279||280||281||282||283||284 |285||286 |-bgcolor=pink |320||319||318||317||316||315||314||313 |312||311||310||309||308||307||306 |303||302||301||300||299||298||297 |296||295||294||293||292||291||290||289 |288||287 |-bgcolor=white | colspan=16 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Grote Street</big></big></big> | colspan=16 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Wakefield Street</big></big></big> | colspan=4 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big></big></big></big> | rowspan=3 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big> </big></big> | style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big>''132 ft''</big></big> |-bgcolor=pink |321||322||323||324||325||326||327||328 | rowspan=6 bgcolor=white style="border:1px solid white;" valign=bottom | <big><big>B r o w n</big></big> |329||330||331||332||333||334||335 |338||339||340||341||342||343||344 | rowspan=6 bgcolor=white style="border:1px solid white;" valign=bottom | <big><big>H a n s o n</big></big> |345||346||347||348||349||350||351||352 |353||354||355||356 |-bgcolor=pink |392||391||390||389||388||387||386||385 |384||383||382||381||380||379||378 |375||374||373||372||371||370||369 |368||367||366||365||364||363||362||361 |360||359||358||357 |-bgcolor=white | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big> Gouger</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big> Street</big></big></big> | rowspan=12 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big> W i l l i a m S t</big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big> Angas</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big> Street</big></big></big> | colspan=6 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big></big></big></big> | rowspan=6 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big> E a s t</big></big> | style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big> ''99 ft''</big></big> |-bgcolor=pink |393||394||395||396||397||398||399||400 |401||402||403||404||405||406||407||408 |409||410||411||412||413||414||415||416 |417||418||419||420||421||422||423||424 |425||426||427||428||429||430 |-bgcolor=pink |468||467||466||465||464||463||462||461 |460||459||458||457||456||455||454||453 |452||451||450||449||448||447||446||445 |444||443||442||441||440||439||438||437 |436||435||434||433||432||431 |-bgcolor=white | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Wright</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Carrington</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | colspan=6 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big></big></big></big> | style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big>''66 ft''</big></big> |-bgcolor=pink |469||470||471||472||473||474||475 | rowspan=4 colspan=3 bgcolor=lightgreen | <big><big><big>Whit- more Square</big></big></big> |478||479||480||481||482||483||484 |485||486||487||488||489||490||491 | rowspan=4 colspan=3 bgcolor=lightgreen | <big><big><big>Hurtle Square</big></big></big> |494||495||496||497||498||499||500 |501||502||503||504||505||506 |-bgcolor=pink |544||543||542||541||540||539||538 |535||534||533||532||531||530||529 |528||527||526||525||524||523||522 |519||518||517||516||515||514||513 |512||511||510||509||508||507 |-bgcolor=white | colspan=7 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Sturt</big></big></big> | colspan=7 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | colspan=7 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Halifax</big></big></big> | colspan=7 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | colspan=7 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big></big></big></big> | rowspan=7 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big> T c e  </big></big> | style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big>''99 ft''</big></big> |- bgcolor=pink |545||546||547||548||549||550||551 |554||555||556||557||558||559||560 |561||562||563||564||565||566||567 |570||571||572||573||574||575||576 |577||578||579||580||581||582||583 |- bgcolor=pink |622||621||620||619||618||617||616||615 | rowspan=4 bgcolor=white style="border:1px solid white;" valign=top | <big><big>S t</big></big> |614||613||612||611||610||609||608||607 |606||605||604||603||602||601||600||599 | rowspan=4 bgcolor=white style="border:1px solid white;" valign=top | <big><big>S t</big></big> |598||597||596||595||594||593||592||591 |590||589||588||587||586||585||584 |-bgcolor=white | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Gilbert</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Gilles</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>Street</big></big></big> | colspan=8 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big></big></big></big> | style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big>''66 ft''</big></big> |-bgcolor=pink |623||624||625||626||627||628||629||630 |631||632||633||634||635||636||637||638 |639||640||641||642||643||644||645||646 |647||648||649||650||651||652||653||654 |655||656||657||658||659||660||661 |-bgcolor=pink |700||699||698||697||696||695||694||693 |692||691||690||689||688||687||686||685 |684||683||682||681||680||679||678||677 |676||675||674||673||672||671||670||669 |668||667||666||665||664||663||662 |-bgcolor=white | colspan=43 style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big><big>South Terrace</big></big></big> | style="border:1px solid white;" | <big><big>''132 ft''</big></big> |-bgcolor=lightgreen | colspan=47 |   |- |                  | <big><big>''132 ft''</big></big> | colspan=8 | | <big><big>''99 ft''</big></big> | colspan=8 | | <big><big>''132 ft''</big></big> | colspan=8 | | <big><big>''99 ft''</big></big> | colspan=8 | | <big><big>''132 ft''</big></big> | colspan=7 | | <big><big>''132 ft''</big></big> |                  | <big><big>''(width)''</big></big> |}

=== Street and square names === [[File:Adelaide Post Office architectural detail.jpg|thumb|right|Architectural detail of the former Adelaide General Post Office on King William Street]] The streets and squares were named by a committee of a number of prominent settlers after themselves, after early directors of the South Australian Company, after Colonisation Commissioners of South Australia (appointed by the British government to oversee implementation of the acts that established the colony), and after various notables involved in the establishment of the colony.

The Street Naming Committee comprised:<ref name="StreetList">{{Cite web |url=http://www.historysouthaustralia.net/STlist.htm |title=The Street Naming Committee |work=HistorySouthAustralia.net |date=30 September 2001 |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=29 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929224315/http://www.historysouthaustralia.net/STlist.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> {| | *Governor Hindmarsh *Judge Jeffcott *James Hurtle Fisher (Resident Commissioner) *Robert Gouger (Colonial Secretary) *Colonel Light (Surveyor General) *John Brown (Emigration officer) | *Osmond Gilles (Treasurer) *Thomas Gilbert (Colonial Storekeeper)<ref>The Colonial Storekeeper, like the Colonial Secretary, was an official position.</ref> *John Morphett *John Barton Hack *Edward Stephens (Cashier and Accountant of the South Australian Company)<ref>{{Australian Dictionary of Biography |year=1967 |id=A020442b |title= Stephens, Edward (1811-1861) |access-date=22 September 2011}}</ref> *Thomas Bewes Strangways |} All members of the committee (except Stephens) had one or more of the streets and squares in the Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide named after themselves. Brown Street, named for John Brown, was subsequently subsumed as a continuation of Morphett Street in 1967. In the same year, Hanson Street, named for Richard Hanson, was subsumed as a continuation of Pulteney Street.

The squares were named after: *Victoria – the regent, Princess Victoria, later Queen Victoria *Hindmarsh – Rear Admiral Sir John Hindmarsh, first Governor of South Australia *Hurtle – Sir James Hurtle Fisher, first Resident Commissioner *Light – Colonel William Light, Surveyor General *Whitmore – William Wolryche-Whitmore MP, a Colonial Commissioner in London

The east–west streets named on 22 December 1836 were:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sahistorians.org.au/175/chronology/december/22-december-1836-city-street-names.shtml |title=City Streets named 22 December 1836 |work=SAHistorians.org.au |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=2 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402155718/http://www.sahistorians.org.au/175/chronology/december/22-december-1836-city-street-names.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> *Rundle – John Rundle MP, Director of the South Australian Company *Hindley – Charles Hindley MP, Director of South Australian Company *Grenfell – Pascoe St Leger Grenfell, businessman and patron, presented a town acre for the Holy Trinity Church and other country lands *Currie – Raikes Currie MP, Director of South Australian Company *Pirie – Sir John Pirie, alderman and later Lord Mayor of London, Director of South Australian Company *Waymouth – Henry Waymouth, Director South Australian Company *Flinders – Matthew Flinders, explorer *Franklin – Rear Admiral Sir John Franklin, midshipman under Flinders *Wakefield – Daniel Bell Wakefield, barrister who drafted the South Australia Act<ref>Daniel Bell Wakefield is not to be confused with his uncle, Daniel Wakefield. Note that the street is named after him, not after his better known brother Edward Gibbon Wakefield - Refer [http://www.historysouthaustralia.net/STlist6.htm#wak Wakefield Street] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723144900/http://www.historysouthaustralia.net/STlist6.htm#wak |date=23 July 2011 }} in "Streets Named on 23 May 1837", HistorySouthAustralia.net.</ref> *Grote – George Grote MP, treasurer of the South Australia Association *Angas – George Fife Angas, a Colonial Commissioner and founding Chairman of Directors of the South Australian Company *Gouger – Robert Gouger, first Colonial Secretary Most of these people did not reside in or visit South Australia.

The naming of the streets was completed on 23 May 1837<ref name="StreetList"/> and gazetted on 3 June.<ref>{{Cite book |title=City of Adelaide municipal year book |date=1972 |publisher=Adelaide City Council |location=Adelaide |pages=57, 70}}</ref>

East–west streets: *Carrington – John Abel Smith (Lord Carrington) *Wright – John Wright, Colonial Commissioner and financier<ref name="EverYours33">Spence & Beams (2006) p. 33</ref> *Halifax – Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax, Chancellor of the Exchequer *Sturt – Charles Sturt, explorer *Gilles – Osmond Gilles, early treasurer of the colony *Gilbert – Thomas Gilbert, storekeeper and postmaster<ref name="EverYours33"/> North–south streets: *Morphett – John Morphett, member of the South Australian parliament *Pulteney – Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm, British naval officer *Hutt – William Hutt MP, a Colonial Commissioner

===Dual naming of squares and parklands=== The Adelaide City Council began the process of dual naming all of the city squares, each of the parks making up the parklands which surround the city centre and North Adelaide, and other sites of significance to the Kaurna people in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |website=Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi |publisher=University of Adelaide |author=Adelaide City Council |title=Adelaide City Council Placenaming Initiatives |url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/ |access-date=28 November 2019 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427083521/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The naming process, which assigned an extra name in the Kaurna language to each place, was mostly completed in 2003,<ref>{{cite web |website=Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi |publisher=University of Adelaide |author=Adelaide City Council |title=Kaurna Placename Meanings within the City of Adelaide |url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/meaning/?template=print |access-date=28 November 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128042104/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/meaning/?template=print |url-status=live }}</ref> and the renaming of 39 sites finalised and endorsed by the council in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |website=City of Adelaide |title=Kaurna place naming: Recognising Kaurna heritage through physical features of the city |url=https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/community/reconciliation/kaurna-place-naming/ |access-date=29 November 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214094018/https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/community/reconciliation/kaurna-place-naming/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *Victoria Square – Tarntanyangga ('red kangaroo dreaming') *Hindmarsh Square – Mukata *Hurtle Square – Tangkaira *Light Square – Wauwi *Whitmore Square – Iparrityi

===20th–21st century precincts=== [[File:Lion Arts Centre at night.jpg|thumb|right|The Lion Arts Centre, an iconic live music and performance venue in Adelaide's West End.]] [[File:Adelaide SA 5000, Australia - panoramio (26).jpg|thumb|right|The South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, part of the BioMed City precinct at the West End of North Terrace]] The City of Adelaide Council has defined a number of neighbourhood precincts in the city centre, each with a character of their own: *'''The East End''', centering on Rundle Street known for its restaurants, bars, high-end fashion shops, the Palace Nova Cinema;<ref>{{cite web |website=City of Adelaide |url=https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/resident/life-in-adelaide/city-neighbourhoods/east-end/ |title=East End |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719181354/https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/resident/life-in-adelaide/city-neighbourhoods/east-end/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *'''The West End''', from the western end of North Terrace and encompassing several blocks southward, which includes the University of South Australia 'CityWest' campus, the Samstag Museum of Art, JamFactory, Lion Arts Centre, Mercury Cinema, numerous bars, clubs and restaurants, and "BioMed City";<ref>{{cite web |website=City of Adelaide |url=https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/resident/life-in-adelaide/city-neighbourhoods/west-end// |title=West End |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730065847/https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/resident/life-in-adelaide/city-neighbourhoods/west-end// |url-status=live }}</ref> *The '''South East''' of the city, largely residential, but including many cafés, restaurants, pubs, etc.;<ref name=neigh>{{cite web |website=City of Adelaide |url=https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/resident/life-in-adelaide/city-neighbourhoods/ |title=City neighbourhoods |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719140727/https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/resident/life-in-adelaide/city-neighbourhoods/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and *The '''South West''' is very diverse; largely residential and including the Adelaide Central Market<ref name=neigh/>

In addition to these, the north-eastern side of North Terrace is often referred to as the "North Terrace cultural precinct" or "cultural boulevard", and includes the Art Gallery of South Australia, the State Library of South Australia, the South Australian Museum, the Migration Museum, the Adelaide Botanic Garden, the University of Adelaide and the "CityEast" campus of the UniSA<ref>{{cite web |website=Adelaidia |url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/tours/north-terrace-cultural-precinct |title=North Terrace cultural precinct |date=15 October 2015 |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730062853/http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/tours/north-terrace-cultural-precinct |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==

The population was 18,202 in the {{CensusAU|2021}}, 41 percent born in Australia.<ref name=Census2016/> The next most common countries of birth were China 15.7%, India 3.7%, England 3.6%, Malaysia 3.6%, and Hong Kong 2.7%. 49.1% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 17.8%, Cantonese 4.2%, Vietnamese 2%, Hindi 1.5%, and Korean 1.5%. The most common response for religion in Adelaide was "No Religion" at 52.9% of the population.<ref name="Census2016" />

== Politics == At federal level, Adelaide is within the Division of Adelaide, a marginal seat which historically has alternated between the Liberal and Labor parties. It has been held since 2019 by Steve Georganas of the Labor party.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/federal/2019/guide/adel |title=Adelaide Inner City - Australia Votes |access-date=31 March 2021 |date=6 June 2019 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |work=ABC News Online - Elections |author=Antony Green |author-link=Antony Green |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308232730/https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/federal/2019/guide/adel |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the South Australian House of Assembly, Adelaide is within the Electoral district of Adelaide. Since the March 2022 state election, the seat has been held by Lucy Hood of the Labor party.

==Culture== {{further|Adelaide#Cultural life|Music of Adelaide}} [[File:Mortlock Wing, State Library of South Australia.jpg|thumb|The interior of the Mortlock Chamber at the State Library of South Australia]] Adelaide's cultural and entertainment precincts/venues are generally concentrated in the city centre, including the Convention Centre; the Adelaide Oval is just north of the Torrens within the parklands and easily accessible from the city. Most of the events relating to the Adelaide Festival and Adelaide Fringe are held within Adelaide's city centre and surrounding parklands during February and March. This time is known as "Mad March", due to the large number of other cultural festivities at the same time, including the Adelaide 500 and WOMADelaide.

North Terrace is considered Adelaide's "cultural boulevard" because it is home to the State Library of South Australia, the South Australian Museum, the Migration Museum, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the University of Adelaide, the city campus of University of South Australia, and several smaller galleries.

''Lonely Planet'' labelled Adelaide "Australia's live music city",<ref>{{cite web|website=Music SA|url=http://www.musicsa.com.au/south-australian-live-music-venues-open-for-business/|title=South Australian Live Music Venues Open for Business|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305153042/http://www.musicsa.com.au/south-australian-live-music-venues-open-for-business/|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and the city was recognised as a "City of Music" by the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/adelaide|title=Adelaide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202161242/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/adelaide| archive-date=2 December 2023|website=Creative Cities Network|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Although there were many pubs hosting live music in the CBD in past, the number has slowly diminished. Two remain very popular with musicians and patrons alike: * The Grace Emily on Waymouth Street, which was refurbished as a live music venue around 1998 and renamed after an elderly neighbour, was added to the South Australian Music Hall of Fame in 2017.<ref>{{cite web | last=Davies | first=Nathan | title=Fame for pub which retains its Grace | website=AdelaideNow | date=4 March 2017 | url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/the-grace-emilys-commitment-to-live-music-has-been-recognised-with-the-hotels-induction-into-the-sa-music-hall-of-fame/news-story/15d6cefd5dde54618721db5f1dc88d05?nk=fce4814fafdc8178d638a6c898df1866-1726211630 | access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Marsh | first=Walter | title='We've had one fight in 15 years': is the Grace Emily hotel Australia's best music venue? | website=The Guardian | date=23 March 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/mar/24/best-music-gig-venue-australia-grace-emily-hotel-adelaide-john-darnielle-tim-rogers | access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Marsh | first=Walter | title=This must be The Grace: 20 years of the Grace Emily Hotel – The Adelaide Review | website=The Adelaide Review | date=16 January 2019 | url=https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/arts/music/2019/01/16/grace-emily-20-years/ | access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Grace Emily Hotel | website=ADELAIDE GIGS | date=17 February 2022 | url=https://adelaidegigs.com/venue/grace-emily-hotel/ | access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> *The Crown & Anchor was saved from demolition in 2024 after a vigorous campaign by the public as well as many musicians and politicians. New legislation passed on 11 September 2024 designates the entire Adelaide CBD as a "live music venue area", and gives protection to selected live music venues.<ref>{{cite web | title=Pop-up venue hunt continues as Save the Cranker laws pass|first=David |last=Simmons | website=InDaily | date=11 September 2024 | url=https://www.indaily.com.au/news/community/2024/09/11/pop-up-venue-hunt-continues-as-save-the-cranker-laws-pass | access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>

==Gallery== <gallery> File:Adelaide DougBarber.jpg|Aerial view of the Adelaide city centre looking south-east, 2005. File:ADELAIDE - VICTORIA SQUARE.jpg|A statue of Queen Victoria has stood in the geometric centre of both Victoria Square and "the square mile" since 1894. File:North Terrace looking east, summer 2010.jpg|Part of North Terrace, 2009. File:Adelaide skyline, December 2022.jpg|Adelaide CBD from above, 2022. File:Adelaide CBD developments.jpg|High rise buildings on Hindmarsh Square, 2012. File:Adelaide city centre at night.jpg|Night aerial of the CBD, 2014 File:King Edward VII.jpg|Statue of King Edward VII on North Terrace. File:St Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Victoria Square.jpg|St Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Victoria Square. File:Brookman Building on North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia.jpg|Brookman Building on North Terrace, part of the City East campus of the University of South Australia File:Rundle Street looking east.jpg|Rundle Street looking east </gallery>

{{Hidden|titlestyle = background-color: #ccccff;|Pictures of Adelaide city centre skyline| ;From the north <gallery> File:Aerial - Adelaide CBD 2.jpg|East Terrace to King William Street, 2012 File:Aerial - Adelaide CBD 1.jpg|King William Street to Morphett Street, 2012 File:Adelaide klein.jpg|From Light's Vision, 1997 File:Light's Vision.jpg|Light's Vision, 2006 File:AdelaideSkylineAdelaideOval.jpg|From Light's Vision, 2008 File:AdelaideSkylineAdelaideOvalCloseUp.jpg|From Light's Vision, 2008 File:Adelaideskyline2008.JPG|From Light's Vision, 2008 File:AdelaideSkylineLightsview.jpg|From Lightsview, 2008 File:Adelaide CBD from the North.jpg|From north, 2014 </gallery> ;From the east <gallery> File:Australien Adelaide Mt Lofty 2005.jpg|From Mount Lofty, 2005 File:Beaumont.JPG|From Waterfall Gully, 2005 File:Adelaide city.jpg|From Mount Lofty, 2007 File:Lofty.jpg|From Mount Lofty, 2007 File:Mount Lofty View Night.jpg|From Mount Lofty, 2007 File:ADH Mount Lofty view Adelaide.jpg|From Mount Lofty, 2014 File:Adelaide central business district at night.jpg|CBD with Waymouth Street to the left, 2014 </gallery> ;From the south (west <big>→</big> east) <gallery> File:Adelaide from Flinders.jpg|From Flinders University, 2006 File:Adelaide at dusk 02.jpg|From about Panorama, 2005 File:AdelaideCBD-from-SleepsHill-Aug08.jpg|From Sleeps Hill station, 2008 File:AdelaideSkyline.jpg|From Carrick Hill, 2008 File:Adelaide sunset.jpg|From about Glen Osmond, 2006 File:Waterfall Gully, 1910.jpg|From Eagle on the Hill, 1910 </gallery> ;From the west <gallery> File:City View.jpg|From Hindmarsh Stadium, 2007 File:Adelaide Airport city view from near tarmac.jpg|From Adelaide Airport, 2014 File:Qatar Airways at Adelaide Airport in 2023 by Mitch Coad.jpg|From Adelaide Airport, 2023 </gallery> }}

== See also == *Adelaide (Greater Adelaide metropolis) *City of Adelaide (local government area) *North Adelaide *Street art in Adelaide *Grid layout

==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}}

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

== Select bibliography == *{{Cite book |title=Ever yours, C.H. Spence: Catherine Helen Spence's An autobiography (1825-1910), Diary (1894) and Some correspondence (1894-1910) |first1=Catherine Helen |last1=Spence |first2=Maryan |last2=Beams |editor1=Susan Magarey |editor2=Barbara Wall |editor3=Maryan Beams |editor4=Mary Lyons |isbn=978-1-86254-656-1 |publisher=Wakefield Press |year=2006}}

==Further reading== *{{cite web |url=https://published.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/placenamesofsouthaustralia/Streets_of_Adelaide_and_Nth_Adelaide.pdf |publisher=State Library of South Australia |title=Nomenclature of the Streets of Adelaide and North Adelaide |quote=taken from The City of Adelaide Year Book, 1939-1940}} *{{Citation |author1=Nicholas, Jeff |author2=Grenvell, Julian, Lord, Baron of Kilvey, (writer of foreword.) |title=Behind the streets of Adelaide : the unrevealed history of the roads and pavements of a modern city |date=2016 |publisher=Torrens Press |edition=Limited edition hardback set |isbn=978-0-9945330-0-5 |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/204506170?q&versionId=224499218}}

Category:Suburbs of Adelaide Category:Central business districts in Australia Category:Economy of Adelaide