{{Short description|Japanese fashion trend}} {{Distinguish|Ganguroo|Gongura}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{multiple image | width = 100 | footer = | image1 = Yamanba cropped.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Yamanba, 2006 | image2 = Yamanba - tokyo area - 2016 7 30.JPG | alt2 = | caption2 = Yamanba, 2016 | image3 = Shibuya Style 2006.jpg | alt3 = | caption3 = Yamanbas in 2006 }}
{{nihongo|'''''Ganguro'''''|ガングロ}} is an alternative fashion trend among young Japanese women which peaked in popularity around the year 2000 and evolved from ''gyaru''.
The Shibuya and Ikebukuro districts of Tokyo were the centres of ''ganguro'' fashion; it was started by rebellious youth who contradicted the traditional Japanese concept of beauty; pale skin, dark hair and neutral makeup tones. ''Ganguro'' instead tanned their skin, bleached their hair and used colourful makeup in unusual ways.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mowbray |first=Nicole |date=2004-04-04 |title=Japanese girls choose whiter shade of pale | World news | The Observer |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/04/japan.nicolemowbray |url-status=live |access-date=2011-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828010938/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/04/japan.nicolemowbray |archive-date=Aug 28, 2013}}</ref>
''Ganguro'' has a connection to Japanese folklore of ghosts and demons who are depicted with a similar appearance, such as those in kabuki and noh costumes. This connection is further underlined by the off-shoot style ''yamanba'', named after a mountain witch in Japanese folklore.<ref name="jmrlsi1">{{cite web |title=提言論文 かわいいマンバ － ガングロII・2004（2004年） - J-marketing.net produced by JMR生活総合研究所 |url=http://www.jmrlsi.co.jp/concept/report/consumption/manba.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325002131/http://www.jmrlsi.co.jp/concept/report/consumption/manba.html |archive-date=Mar 25, 2012 |access-date=2011-07-11 |publisher=Jmrlsi.co.jp}}</ref>
The ''ganguro'' trend started in the mid-1990s and reached its peak by the latter half of the decade; it purportedly became almost obsolete by 2000 when a {{lang|ja-latn|bihaku}} (light skin) craze emerged among young women who wanted to imitate the look of their favourite popular singers,<ref name="ryuukou-maro.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.ryuukou-maro.net/39.html |title=ガングロ｜流行語や歴史に役立つ情報サイト【あの頃は何が流行ったの？】 |publisher=Ryuukou-maro.net |access-date=2014-02-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222064122/http://www.ryuukou-maro.net/39.html |archive-date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> specifically Ayumi Hamasaki,<ref name="姫島 2001 page 86">{{cite book | last = 姫島 | first = 貴人| title = ロードガイア| publisher = 文芸社| year = 2001| isbn = 4835511018}}</ref> who debuted at the time. The ''ganguro'' trend faded out afterwards, although its influence can be observed in ''yamanba'' style.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://npn.co.jp/article/detail/22033181/ |title=ガングロはどこへいった - リアルライブ |publisher=Npn.co.jp |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref>
==Characteristics== thumb|right|Two Japanese ''ganguro'' girls in the subway, August 2006 [[File:Ganguro-shinjuku-sept20-2015.jpg|thumb|120px|''Ganguro'' style and a school uniform in Shinjuku, September 2015]] Ganguro appeared as a new fashion style in Japan in the mid-1990s and was prevalent mostly among young women. In ''ganguro'' fashion, a deep tan is combined with hair dyed in shades of red to blonde, or a silver grey known as "high bleached". Black ink is used as eyeliner and white concealer is used as lipstick and eyeshadow. False eyelashes, plastic facial gems, and pearl powder are often added to this. Platform shoes and brightly coloured outfits complete the ''ganguro'' look. Also typical of ''ganguro'' fashion are tie-dyed sarongs, miniskirts, stickers on the face, and many bracelets, rings, and necklaces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=makoto |title=ガングロはビビッドカラーでカラフル！ {{!}} ギャルチャー |url=https://galture.com/fashion/vivid-color.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=galture.com |language=ja}}</ref>
Ganguro falls into the larger subculture of {{Nihongo||ギャル|''gyaru''|from English "gal"}}, a slang term used for various groups of young women, usually referring to overly childish women. Researchers in the field of Japanese studies believe that ''ganguro'' is a form of revenge against traditional Japanese society due to resentment of neglect, isolation, and constraint of Japanese society. This is their attempt at individuality, self-expression, and freedom, in open defiance of school standards and regulations.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
''Ganguro'' can be used to describe girls, or gals, with tan, lightened hair and some brand clothing; they can often be confused with ''Oneegyaru'' (Big Sister Gal) and ''{{lang|ja-latn|Serebu}}'' (Celeb), although ''Oneegyaru'' is usually associated with expensive gal brands and ''{{lang|ja-latn|Serebu}}'' focuses on expensive western fashions.
Fashion magazines like ''Egg'' and ''Ageha'' have had a direct influence on the ''ganguro''. Other popular ''ganguro'' magazines include ''Popteen'' and ''Ego System''. The ''ganguro'' culture is often linked with ''para para'', a Japanese dance style. However, most para para dancers are not ganguro, and most ganguro are not para para dancers, though there are many who are ganguro or gal and dance para para.
One of the most famous early ''ganguro'' girls was known as Buriteri, nicknamed after the black soy sauce used to flavor yellowtail fish in teriyaki cooking. ''Egg'' made her a star by frequently featuring her in its pages during the height of the ''ganguro'' craze. After modeling and advertising for the Shibuya tanning salon "Blacky", social pressure and negative press convinced Buriteri to retire from the ''ganguro'' lifestyle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Macias |first1=Patrick |url=https://archive.org/details/japaneseschoolgi0000maci |title=Japanese Schoolgirl Inferno: Tokyo Teen Fashion Subculture Handbook |last2=Evers |first2=Izumi |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8118-5690-4 |location=San Francisco |page=66 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
===Yamanba {{anchor|Yamanba}}=== {{Redirect|Yamanba|the Noh play|Yamanba (Noh play)|the Japanese yōkai creature|Yama-uba}}{{nihongo|''Yamanba''|ヤマンバ}}, also sometimes shortened to just {{nihongo|''manba''|マンバ}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-20 |title=懐かしのマンバギャルが復活？！現代のカリスマギャル○○○がマンバに！ |url=https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000033.000012773.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=プレスリリース・ニュースリリース配信シェアNo.1｜PR TIMES |language=ja-JP}}</ref><ref name="jmrlsi1" /> is a more extreme style that evolved from ''ganguro''. Old school ''yamanba'' featured deep tans and white lipstick, pastel eye makeup, tiny metallic or glittery adhesives below the eyes, brightly colored circle lenses, vibrant clothing, and incongruous accessories, such as Hawaiian ''leis''. While yamanba faded in popularity it also started to become more extreme, with multicolored and usually synthetic hair. ''Manba'' in 2008 saw a darker tan, and no facial stickers. Hair was usually neon/bright colors, with pink being a favorite. Wool-emulating dreadlocks, extensions, and clips were worn to make the hair appear longer. Clothing remained the same, although ''leis'' were worn less frequently.<ref name="jmrlsi1"/>
The male equivalent is called a Sentaa Guy (''センターガイ''),<ref>{{Cite web |last=makoto |title=センターGUYとは？歴史や特徴を紹介！ {{!}} ギャルチャー |url=https://galture.com/gal-o/guy.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=galture.com |language=ja}}</ref> a pun on the name of a popular pedestrian shopping street near Shibuya Station in Tokyo called {{nihongo|Center Gai|センター街|Sentā-gai}}.
==Etymology== Ganguro practitioners say that the term derives from the phrase {{nihongo|''ganganguro'' or ''gangankuro''|ガンガン黒||exceptionally dark}}. The word ''{{lang|ja-latn|ganguro}}'' can be translated as "burn-black look", and "dark tanning".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD|title=Japanese Schoolgirl Inferno - Tokyo Teen Fashion Subculture Handbook|date=December 31, 2007|publisher=Chronicle Books}}</ref>
The term ''{{lang|ja-latn|yamanba}}'' is derived from Yama-uba, the name of a mountain hag in Japanese folklore whom the fashion is thought to resemble.
==See also== * ''Gals!'' * Gyaru * Kogal * ''Peach Girl'' *Sun tanning
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110813135542/http://jaccofashion.com/shop/ganguro-effect-1033.html The Ganguro Effect] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p002w559 "British followers of Japanese fashion"]—BBC World Service article
{{Japanese subcultures}}
Category:Japanese subcultures Category:Japanese fashion Category:Slang terms for women Category:Female stock characters in anime and manga Category:Gyaru