{{Short description|Tramway routes which share track with main-line railways}} {{Hatnote|This article is about trams sharing tracks with main-line railways. "Tram-train" can also refer to a train of two or more coupled trams operating on a regular tramway.}} {{Distinguish|Train-tram}} {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = Heilbronn Bahnhofsvorplatz Stadtbahn01 2002-09-08.jpg | alt1 = A tram-train on street | caption1 = ''Stadtbahn'' street running, in Heilbronn | image2 = Avg-898-00.jpg | alt2 = A tram-train on railway | caption2 = ''Stadtbahn'' on main-line railway | footer = }}
{{Train topics}}
A '''tram-train''', also known as a '''dual-system tram''',<ref>{{Cite news |last=BATRAK |first=OLEKSANDR |date=2021-12-03 |title=First dual-system tram launched in Hungary |url=https://www.railway.supply/en/first-dual-system-tram-launched-in-hungary/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203101125/https://www.railway.supply/en/first-dual-system-tram-launched-in-hungary/ |archive-date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=Railway Supply |language=en-US}}</ref> is an interoperable urban rail transit system in which specially designed vehicles operate as trams on urban street-level networks and as trains on mainline railway tracks, alongside mainline trains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suburban to City Centre travel: Is tram-train the solution? |url=https://dbesg.deutschebahn.com/esg/news/blog/blog_tram-train_solution-8931022 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=dbesg.deutschebahn.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
By complying with both light rail and heavy rail technical and safety standards, these vehicles can use existing tram infrastructure as well as railway lines and stations, enabling a single service to operate across both networks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Assefa |first=Nuhamin G. |last2=Carra |first2=Martina |last3=Ventura |first3=Roberto |last4=Richiedei |first4=Anna |last5=Barabino |first5=Benedetto |date=2024-10-01 |title=Assessing Tram-Train feasibility via multicriteria approach: The case of Brescia (Italy) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210539524000804 |journal=Research in Transportation Business & Management |volume=56 |article-number=101178 |doi=10.1016/j.rtbm.2024.101178 |issn=2210-5395|hdl=11379/607106 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A tram-train combines the urban accessibility of a tram or light rail with a mainline train's greater speed in the suburbs.<ref name="connections">{{cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Tram-train: Making new connections |url=http://www.tautonline.com/tram-train-making-new-connections/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=tautonline.com |publisher=Tramways & Urban Transit}}</ref>
The modern tram-train concept was pioneered by the German city of Karlsruhe in the late 1980s,<ref name="lessons">{{cite web |title=Uk tram-train: Learning lessons |url=http://www.tautonline.com/uk-tram-train-learning-lessons/ |website=tautonline.com |date=16 February 2019 |publisher=Tramways & Urban Transit|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> resulting in the creation of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn. This concept is often referred to as the Karlsruhe model,<ref name="connections"/> and it has since been adopted in other cities such as Mulhouse in France<ref name="connections"/> and in Kassel, Nordhausen and Saarbrücken in Germany.<ref name="lessons"/> It can be regarded as an evolution of the earlier interurban operations model.
An inversion of the concept is a '''train-tram''' – a mainline train adapted to run on-street in an urban tramway, also known as the Zwickau Model.
==Technology== {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = RBK 703 and KGV 603 Kassel Königsplatz.jpg | alt1 = A tram-train on street | caption1 = Kassel RegioTram dual voltage DC/AC Alstom RegioCitadis next to a KVG Bombardier Flexity Classic tram at Königsplatz | image2 = RBK 755 tram-train approaching Wolfhagen.JPG | alt2 = A tram-train on railway | caption2 = Kassel RegioTram dual mode diesel/electric Alstom RegioCitadis approaching Wolfhagen using diesel power, on main-line railway | footer = }} {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = I09 054 Bf Nordhausen xxx, EVT 202.jpg | alt1 = A tram-train on street | caption1 = A "DUO" Combino on the Nordhausen urban tramway, where it is electrically powered via overhead wires | image2 = Harzquerbahn Merkwürdige Zugkreuzung - geo.hlipp.de -1016.jpg | alt2 = A tram-train at a railway station | caption2 = A "DUO" Combino at Ilfeld station on the HSB rural railway, where it is powered by an onboard diesel engine | footer = }} {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = Řím, Porta Maggiore, úzkorozchodná elektrická jednotka.jpg | alt1 = A tram-train on street | caption1 = A tram-train in Rome, Italy | image2 = Sasstram.jpg | alt2 = A tram-train on street | caption2 = A tram-train in Sassari, Italy | footer = }}
The tram-train often is a type of interurban<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/de/ks/kassel.htm|title=UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Germany > Hessen > Kassel Tram / Straßenbahn}}</ref> — that is, they link separate towns or cities, according to George W. Hilton and John F. Due's definition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilton |first1=George Woodman |last2=Due |first2=John Fitzgerald |title=The Electric Interurban Railways in America |date=2000 |orig-date=1960 |publisher=Stanford University Press |at= Original preface, 1960 page ix}}</ref>
Most tram-trains are standard gauge, which facilitates sharing track with main-line trains. Exceptions include Alicante Tram and Nordhausen, which are metre gauge.
Tram-train vehicles are dual-equipped to suit the needs of both tram and train operating modes, with support for multiple electrification voltages if required and safety equipment such as train stops and other railway signalling equipment. The Karlsruhe and Saarbrücken systems use "PZB" or "Indusi" automatic train protection, so that if the driver passes a signal at a stop the emergency brakes are applied.
==History== The idea is not new; in the early 20th century, interurban streetcar lines often operated on dedicated rights-of-way between towns, while running on street trackage in town. The difference between modern tram-trains and the older interurban and radial railways is that tram-trains are built to meet mainline railway standards, rather than ignoring them. A few interurban services did share tracks with mainline steam railroads, such as the Daisy Line or East Bay Electric Lines.
In 1924, in Hobart, Australia, sharing of tracks between trams and trains was proposed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23715670 |title=TRAMS AND TRAINS. |newspaper=The Mercury |location=Hobart, Tasmania |date=12 February 1924 |access-date=21 April 2012 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
== List of tram-train systems == ===Asia=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! width="60px" | Country ! width="100px"| Location ! width="220px"| System ! width="35px" | Year opened ! width="25px" | Lines ! width="30px" | Stations ! width="40px" | Length ! width="380px" class="unsortable" |Notes |- | {{flag|Japan}} | Fukui | Fukui Fukubu Line | 1924 | 1 | 23 | {{convert|21.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |}
=== Europe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! width="60px" | Country ! width="100px"| Location ! width="220px"| System ! width="35px" | Year opened ! width="25px" | Lines ! width="30px" | Stations ! width="40px" | Length ! width="380px" class="unsortable" |Notes |- | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Austria}} | Gmunden | Traunsee Tram | 21 March 1912 | 1 | - | {{convert|17.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} | Since (1 September 2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stern-verkehr.at/portfolio/traunseetram/ |title = TRAUNSEETRAM - Stern & Hafferl Verkehr}}</ref> it has been connected to the Gmunden Tramway as part of the '''Traunseetram''' tram-train service.<ref name="rgi 2018-09-03">{{cite web |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/metre-gauge-lines-in-gmunden-connected-at-last/47099.article |title=Metre-gauge lines in Gmunden connected at last |work=Railway Gazette International |date=3 September 2018 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> |- | Vienna | Badner Bahn | 1873 | 1 | 36 | {{convert|30.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} | Baden bei Wien |- | {{flag|Denmark}} | Aarhus | Aarhus Letbane | 21 December 2017 | 2 | 51 | {{convert|110|km|mi|abbr=on}} | Tram-train and light rail<ref name=rgi20120510>{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/aarhus-tram-train-project-gets-the-go-ahead.html |title=Aarhus tram-train project gets the go-ahead |date=10 May 2012 |publisher=Railway Gazette International |archive-date=1 March 2020 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301085800/https://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/aarhus-tram-train-project-gets-the-go-ahead.html }}</ref> |- | rowspan="9" | {{flag|France}} | rowspan="2" | Lyon | Rhônexpress | 9 August 2010 | 1 | 4 | {{convert|23|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | Tram-train de l'ouest lyonnais | 22 September 2012 | 2 | 23 | {{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | Mulhouse | {{ill|Tram-train Mulhouse Vallée de la Thur|fr|lt=Mulhouse Thur Valley Tram-Train}} | 12 December 2010 | Line 3 | 18 | {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} | Tram of Mulhouse tramway and Mulhouse Thur Valley Tram-train<ref name=tre184>{{cite news | first = David | last = Haydock | title = France's first real tram train | work = Today's Railways | publisher = Platform 5 Publishing Ltd | pages = 37–40 | date = April 2011}}</ref> |- | Nantes | Nantes tram-train | 15 June 2011 | 2 | 18 | {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | rowspan="5" | Paris, Île-de-France | Île-de-France tramway Line 4 | 20 November 2006 | line 4 | 20 | {{convert|13.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | Île-de-France tramway Line 11 Express | 1 July 2017 | Line 11 | 7 | {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | Île-de-France tramway Line 12 Express | 10 December 2023 | Line 12 | 16 | {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | Île-de-France tramway Line 13 Express | 6 July 2022 | Line 13 | 12 | {{convert|18.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | Île-de-France tramway Line 14 | March 2025 | Line 14 | 5 | {{convert|9.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | rowspan="5" | {{flag|Germany}} | Chemnitz | City-Bahn Chemnitz | 10 March 1997 | 4 | - | - | |- | Karlsruhe | Karlsruhe Stadtbahn | 25 September 1992 | 12 | 190 | {{convert|262.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | Kassel | Kassel RegioTram | 2006 | 3 | - | {{convert|184|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | Nordhausen | Trams in Nordhausen | 25 August 1900 | 3 | 32 | {{convert|22.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | Saarbrücken | Saarbahn | 24 October 1997 | 1 | 43 | {{convert|44.0|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | {{flag|Hungary}} | Szeged, Hódmezővásárhely | Szeged-Hódmezővásárhely tram-train | 29 November 2021 | 1 | | {{convert|31.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | rowspan="3" | {{flag|Italy}} | Bergamo | Bergamo–Albino light rail | 24 April 2009 | 1 | 16 | {{convert|12.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | Rome | Rome–Giardinetti railway | 1916 | 1 | 19 | {{convert|5.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} | Closed; 2015 (Centocelle-Giardinetti) |- | Sassari | Metrosassari | 27 October 2006 | 1 | 8 | {{convert|4.331|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | {{flag|Netherlands}} | The Hague-Rotterdam | RandstadRail | 29 October 2006 | 4 | 73 | {{convert|71|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Portugal}} | rowspan="2" | Porto | Porto Metro Line B/Bx - (Estádio do Dragão – Póvoa de Varzim) | 13 March 2005 | 1 | 36 | {{convert|33.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} | rowspan="2" | Bombardier Flexity Swift light rail |- | Porto Metro Line C - (Campanhã – Ismai) | 30 July 2005 | 1 | 24 | {{convert|19.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} |- | rowspan="4" | {{flag|Spain}} | rowspan="2" | Alicante | Alicante Tram Line 1 (Alicante Metropolitan Tram - Luceros – Benidorm) | 30 July 2007 | 1 | 20 | {{convert|19.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | Alicante Metropolitan Tram - Luceros – El Campello | 2003 | 1 | 17 | {{convert|14.404|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | Mallorca | Mallorca rail network, Serveis Ferroviaris de Mallorca | 1994 | 3 | 29 | {{convert|85|km|mi|abbr=on}} | Ferrocarril de Sóller |- | Cádiz | Cádiz Bay tram-train | 26 October 2022 | 1 | 21 | {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |- | rowspan="2" | {{flag|United Kingdom}} | Sheffield - Rotherham | South Yorkshire Supertram | 25 October 2018 | 1 | 14 | {{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=on}} | Tram-Train (Black) Route |- | Cardiff & South Wales Valleys | South Wales Metro | 2026 | 9 | 94 | {{convert|169.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |}
===North America=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! width="60px" | Country ! width="100px"| Location ! width="220px"| System ! width="35px" | Year opened ! width="25px" | Lines ! width="30px" | Stations ! width="40px" | Length ! width="380px" class="unsortable" |Notes |- | rowspan="3" | {{flag|Canada}} | rowspan="2" | Ottawa | Line 2 (O-Train) | 15 October 2001 | 1 | 11 | {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} | O-Train, Diesel light |- | Line 4 (O-Train) | 6 January 2025 | 1 | 3 | {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} | O-Train, Diesel light |- | Waterloo Region | Ion rapid transit<ref name="Record-2017-06-26">{{cite web |url=https://www.therecord.com/news-story/7391067-derail-switches-installed-to-protect-ion-infrastructure-from-oversized-freight-trains/ |title=Derail switches installed to protect Ion infrastructure from oversized freight trains |publisher=Waterloo Region Record |first=Johanna |last=Weidner |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=January 1, 2018 }}</ref> | 21 June 2019 | 1 | 19 | {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} | Light rail |- | {{flag|Mexico}} | Puebla | Puebla–Cholula Tourist Train | 23 January 2017 | 1 | 2 | {{convert|17.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} | (Closed; 31 December 2021; trains now sold to Tren Interoceánico) |- | {{flag|United States}} | San Diego, California | San Diego Trolley | 26 July 1981 | 4 | 62 | {{convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |}
===South America=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! width="60px" | Country ! width="100px"| Location ! width="220px"| System ! width="35px" | Year opened ! width="25px" | Lines ! width="30px" | Stations ! width="40px" | Length ! width="380px" class="unsortable" |Notes |- | {{flag|Colombia}} | Bogotá | RegioTram | - | - | 17 | {{convert|39.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |}
==Proposed systems==
===Africa=== * The October 6th Tram system (The O6T), Cairo, Egypt
===Asia=== * Haifa–Nazareth, Israel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162298992.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629120537/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162298992.html|archive-date=2014-06-29|title=Tram-Train for Haifa-Nazareth.(Transit News)}}</ref> * Keelung Light Rail Transit (Nangang-Keelung), Taiwan{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
===Europe=== * Braunschweig, Germany * Bratislava, Slovakia * Cardiff, United Kingdom. Wales & Borders franchise: South Wales Valley Lines (2022 - 2023) - rolling stock currently under construction. * Debrecen, Hungary<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tram-trains may also run between Debrecen and Oradea in the future |url=https://www.debrecen.hu/en/local/news/tram-trains-may-also-run-between-debrecen-and-oradea-in-the-future |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.debrecen.hu |language=en}}</ref> * Erlangen, Germany – an extension of Straßenbahn Nürnberg not initially planned to use mainline rail tracks but proposed to do so in the future. The planned line to Herzogenaurach replicates a former mainline rail line * Faro, Portugal * Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland * Greater Manchester, United Kingdom. Proposed extensions to the Manchester Metrolink network.<ref name="connections"/><ref name="stalybridge">{{cite web|url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/news/metrolink-heads-to-stalybridge-and-middleton-in-2040-expansion/ |title=Metrolink heads to Stalybridge and Middleton in 2040 expansion|date=7 January 2019|author=Place North West|access-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301044640/https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/news/metrolink-heads-to-stalybridge-and-middleton-in-2040-expansion/|archive-date=1 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> * Grenoble, France * Groningen, Netherlands * Kiel, Germany * Kyiv, Ukraine * Košice, Slovakia<ref>{{cite web|title=Planovane-modernizacie-elektrickovych-trati-MET-a-Integrovany-dopravny-system-IDS|url=https://imhd.sk/ke/media/mn/00001130/Planovane-modernizacie-elektrickovych-trati-MET-a-Integrovany-dopravny-system-IDS-20150119.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208230004/http://imhd.sk/ke/media/mn/00001130/Planovane-modernizacie-elektrickovych-trati-MET-a-Integrovany-dopravny-system-IDS-20150119.pdf|archive-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> (in planning phase) * León, Spain * Liberec — Jablonec nad Nisou, Czech Republic * Linköping, Sweden * Linz, Austria (in planning phase) * Manresa, Spain * Metro de Sevilla. Seville has one metro line and one tram line that are not connected, but the long-term intention is to link the metro and tram systems. * Oradea, Romania - The first Romanian tram-train will be in Oradea, featuring several lines, and connecting the city to the villages near, like Borș, Băile Felix or Sântandrei. The tram-train in Oradea is in planning phase, some parts of the project already accepted by the local government. * Riga, Latvia * RijnGouweLijn, Netherlands * Sevastopol<ref>{{cite news |title=Agency Strategic Initiative|url=https://idea.asi.ru/attachments/6/99/943a5f-804a-4e4f-9271-f0422b44dbd6/%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AC_-_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%96%D0%94_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_-_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92.%D0%92__%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%98_.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826225208/https://idea.asi.ru/attachments/6/99/943a5f-804a-4e4f-9271-f0422b44dbd6/%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AC_-_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%96%D0%94_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_-_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92.%D0%92__%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%98_.pdf|archive-date=2021-08-26}}</ref> * Strasbourg, France * Szeged, Hungary. Two other destinations are being considered as of January 2022 besides the Szeged - Hódmezővásárhely line, which entered operation in November 2021. The Szeged - Subotica (Serbia) line is in early planning phase.<ref>{{cite web | title=Jöhet a Szeged-Szabadka tram-train, megjelent a tender – Szegedi hírek | website=Szeged365 | date=2021-12-02 | url=https://szeged365.hu/2021/12/02/johet-a-szeged-szabadka-tram-train-megjelent-a-tender/ | language=hu | access-date=2022-01-04}}</ref> A preparatory study was also completed for the Szeged - Makó line,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.szegedvaros.hu/letoltesek/doc_download/2897-szeged-mako-elvarosi-koezoessegi-koezlekedes-vizsgalata.html |title=Szeged-Makó elővárosi közösségi közlekedés vizsgálata - Döntéselőkészítő Tanulmány (Közlekedés - Pro-Urbe - V-Plan - Uvaterv - Unitef) |access-date=2012-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305155241/http://www.szegedvaros.hu/letoltesek/doc_download/2897-szeged-mako-elvarosi-koezoessegi-koezlekedes-vizsgalata.html |archive-date=2016-03-05 }}</ref> but the estimated costs were high, and it is also dependent on a new road-rail bridge over the river Tisa only in planning phase as of now. * TramCamp, Camp de Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain<ref name="mri 2025-07-31">{{cite web |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/light-rail-and-tram/battery-equipped-trams-with-local-styling-ordered-for-tramcamp-line/69305.article |title=Battery-equipped trams with local styling ordered for TramCamp line |website=Metro Report International |date=31 July 2025 |access-date=3 August 2025}}</ref>{{Dubious|TramCamp|date=September 2025|reason=Possible change of plans: tramway rather than tram-train}} * Wrocław, Poland (2005) — 600 V DC/3 kV DC * Turku, Finland * West Midlands conurbation, United Kingdom. Proposed extensions to the West Midlands Metro to Stourbridge and Walsall.
===Oceania=== * Adelaide, South Australia – On June 5, 2008, the Government of South Australia announced plans for train-tram operation on the Adelaide Metro's Outer Harbor/Grange train lines and City West-Glenelg tramline extension as part of a 10-year A$2 billion public transport upgrade.<ref>[http://www.adelaidemetro.com.au/general/pdfs/OMPbudget.pdf Adelaidemetro.com.au<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721062628/http://www.adelaidemetro.com.au/general/pdfs/OMPbudget.pdf |date=July 21, 2008 }}</ref> *Hobart, Tasmania
===South America=== * Bogotá Commuter Rail (RegioTram), Colombia * Cali, Colombia<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/cali/el-tren-tranvia-ya-tiene-la-firma-para-arrancar-209212| title = El tren tranvía ya tiene la firma para arrancar - Cali - Colombia - ELTIEMPO.COM| date = 25 April 2018}}</ref>
==Vehicles== Models of tram designed for tram-train operation include: * Alstom's RegioCitadis and Citadis Dualis, derived from the Citadis * Bombardier Flexity Link and Bombardier Flexity Swift * Siemens S70 * Stadler Citylink
== Interurban == [[File:Zwickau TrainTram.jpg|thumb|The ''Zwickau Model'' has lightweight diesel trains running through urban streets.]] thumb|A train running on the street section of Keishin line {{See also|Street running train}} === Europe === * Chur: Chur–Arosa railway line * Bad Doberan: Molli railway * Helsingør: Hornbæk Line * Zwickau: Trams in Zwickau, with an on-board diesel generator (light-weight RegioSprinter diesel railbuses that also operate on street tramway)
=== Japan === * Kyoto: Keihan Electric Railway - Keishin Line that having sections which trains runs on street level.
=== North America === *Austin, Texas: Capital MetroRail – commuter rail that shares more commonality with train-tram operation, with downtown street running and usage of mainline track. Uses diesel multiple units.
== See also == * Grooved rail * Interurban * Light rail * Stadtbahn
== References == {{Reflist|30em}}
== External links == * [http://www.lightrail.nl/TramTrain TramTrain - the 2nd generation: Searching for the 'ideal' TramTrain-city] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110207170146/http://www.draemmli.info/report-mulhouse_e.html New TramTrain for Mulhouse - Reportage and images]}} ''(English/German)'' * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316133445/http://www.draemmli.info/report-tramtrain_e.html Construction of the TramTrain system in Mulhouse with images]}} ''(English/German)'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231102256/http://kasig.com/ tram-train of Karlsruhe transformed in a subway in the center] * [http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/road/Hopes-rise-for-tramtrains-pilot.2962865.jp Leeds City Region proposal ] * [https://www.ihs.com/products/janes-urban-transport-systems.html (Jane's) Urban Transit Systems]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Trams}} {{Public transport}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Electric public transport Category:Passenger rail transport