Siemens Combino

{{short description|Low-floor tram manufactured by Siemens}} {{More citations needed|date=March 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} [[Image:Basel combino (1192395101).jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Combino tram in Basel]]

The '''Siemens Combino''' is a low-floor tram produced by Siemens Mobility (formerly Duewag). The first prototype was produced in 1996 at the Duewag works in Düsseldorf; the trams were later built in Krefeld-Uerdingen.<ref name="taut 2002">{{cite magazine |last=Taplin |first=Michael |date=June 2002 |title=Combino: Orders have now topped the 500 mark |magazine=Tramways & Urban Transit |publisher=Light Rail Transit Association |issn=1460-8324}}</ref>

Due to its modular design using standardised components, and the resulting reduced costs, the Combino was for a time one of the most successful tram types. They were sold in six countries and a further development was sold to two others.

In 2007, a new generation of Combinos was sold to Bern, known as the Combino Classic. This was an updated version of the original design intended to correct defects in the joints between modules.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/bern-order-signals-combino-comeback/32505.article |title=Bern order signals Combino comeback |magazine=Railway Gazette International |date=29 November 2007 |access-date=25 October 2024 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fourteen of these were produced in 2011 with 12 going to Erfurt and two to Nordhausen. Subsequently, the model was again renamed and is now known as the Avenio M.

The original Combino trams were a multi-articulated design with alternating wheeled and suspended sections. For Metro Transportes Sul de Tejo and in Budapest, Siemens developed a new version called the '''Combino Plus''' or '''Combino Supra'''. Unlike the Combino, it does not have suspended sections but rather two axles under each body section. In essence, it is like a train of two axle cars. This design has been developed into the Avenio.

==Technical specifications== thumb|right|alt=Bogie with two individual wheels on each side, without axles linking them, and a lower frame in the centre|Combino bogie

The tram is largely made out of aluminium, with a welded underframe to which the body framework is bolted in sections,<ref name="taut 2002"/> which means that the Combino can easily be adapted to different lengths, widths and gauges. The length of the trams varies from {{convert|20|m|ftin|0}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/65c1d93d1c532628e87351ce |title=Siemens Combino Three Section Tram (Melbourne Class D1) |website=Victorian Collections |date=November 2002 |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref> for the three-section version used in Erfurt, Nordhausen and Melbourne, to a world record {{convert|54|m|ftin|0}} for the six-section Combino Plus in Budapest,<ref name="rj 2012-09-04">{{cite web |url=https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/electric-avenio/ |title=Electric Avenio |work=International Railway Journal |last=Barrow |first=Keith |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref> accommodating between 100 and 250 passengers. All versions are designed to have a {{convert|300|mm|in|1|adj=on}} floor height and a {{convert|10|t|ST|0|adj=on|lk=on}} axle load and can be built as a one-way or a two-way vehicle.<ref name="taut 2002"/>

They usually take 600 V DC overhead power and convert this to 400 V 3-phase AC power for the regenerative low wear motors via 3 IGBT PWM inverters. On board controls, lighting and air conditioning run at 24 V DC.

For Nordhausen, three '''Combino Duo''' trams were built with an additional diesel propulsion system,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nordhausen.de/news/news_lang.php?ArtNr=3348 |title=Straßenbahn "Combino-Duo": Weltneuheit in Nordhausen vorgestellt |language=de |trans-title=Combino-Duo tram: World first introduced in Nordhausen |publisher=Stadt Nordhausen |date=25 March 2004 |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref> courtesy of a BMW M67 3.9-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/retro/sometimes-strange-places-bmw-engines-have-ended |title=The sometimes-strange places BMW engines have ended up |work=Top Gear |last=Jamieson |first=Craig |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref> They are used on a tram-train service along part of the unelectrified Harzquerbahn.

==2004 recall== thumb|alt=View along entirely flat tram aisle. The seats either side are a mixture of single seats and pairs.|Interior of tram in Poznań On March 12, 2004, Siemens admitted to problems concerning the stability of the car bodies and, as a precautionary measure, instructed all public transportation services to take all Combinos with a service distance of more than {{convert|120000|km|mi|0}} out of service.<ref name="RGI-2004">{{cite news| url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/combinos-withdrawn.html| title=Combinos withdrawn| work=Railway Gazette International| date=1 April 2004 |last=Hondius |first=Harry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101231634/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/combinos-withdrawn.html |archive-date=1 January 2012}}</ref> The torsion forces produced when the tram travelled through reverse curves were much higher than anticipated, leading to cracks around the articulations between modules.<ref name="rj 2012-09-04"/> Subsequently, hairline cracks were found in the joints of the aluminium bodies, which could cause the roof to collapse in the case of an accident.

The problem was acute in Combino cars that had run more than {{Cvt|150000|km|4=0}}. Cracks were reported on the connections between the sidewalls and the roof girders such that the safety of passengers in the wheel-less modules could not be assured in the event of a severe collision. These flaws were reported in many cities that had adopted the Combinos, such as Düsseldorf, Freiburg, Augsburg, Erfurt, Hiroshima, Nordhausen, Basel, Potsdam, Bern, Amsterdam and Melbourne.

Siemens launched a three-stage process of rebuilding the 454 vehicles affected. Under this process the Combino modules were reinforced to give an expected 30-year life.<ref name="rg 2005-10-01">{{cite news| url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//three-stage-programme-puts-combino-trams-back-on-track.html| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101220059/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//three-stage-programme-puts-combino-trams-back-on-track.html| archive-date=1 November 2011| title=Three stage programme puts Combino trams back on track| website=Railway Gazette International| first=Harry| last=Hondius| date=2005-10-01| access-date=2008-11-05}}</ref>

==Operators==

===Overview=== thumb|alt=See caption|Control panel of Poznań Combino Around 500 trams went into service in the following cities:

{| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#000000;" ! Locality ! class="unsortable"|Operator ! class="unsortable"|Type ! Built ! data-sort-type="number"|Number |- | {{flag|Netherlands}} <br /> Amsterdam || Gemeente Vervoerbedrijf || || 2005 || 155<ref name="taut 2002"/> |- | {{flag|Germany}} <br /> Augsburg || Stadtwerke Augsburg|| || 2004 || 41<ref name="taut 2002"/> |- | {{flag|Switzerland}} <br /> Basel || Basler Verkehrsbetriebe BVB || || 2002 || 28<ref name="taut 2002"/> |- | {{flag|Switzerland}} <br /> Bern || Bernmobil (formerly called Städtische Verkehrsbetriebe Bern) || || 2002–2004, 2009–2010 || data-sort-value="36"|15 + 21<ref name="sm 2022-04">{{cite magazine |title=378 Fahrzeuge auf drei Kontinenten |language=de |trans-title=378 vehicles on three continents |last=Kochems |first=Michael |date=April 2022 |pages=54–61 |magazine=Straßenbahn Magazin |publisher=GeraMond |issn=0340-7071}}</ref> |- | rowspan=3 | {{flag|Germany}} <br /> Düsseldorf ||rowspan=3| Rheinbahn||NF10 || 2000–2002 || 36<ref name="sm 2022-03">{{cite magazine |title=286 Fahrzeuge für sieben deutsche Betriebe |language=de |trans-title=286 vehicles for seven German operators |last=Kochems |first=Michael |date=March 2022 |pages=34–41 |magazine=Straßenbahn Magazin |publisher=GeraMond |issn=0340-7071}}</ref> |- | NF8 || 2003 || 15<ref name="sm 2022-03"/> |- | NF8U || 2006–2007, 2010-2012 || 76<ref name="sm 2022-03"/> |- | {{flag|Germany}} <br /> Erfurt || Erfurter Verkehrsbetriebe|| || 2000–2012 || 60<ref name="sm 2022-03"/> |- |- | {{flag|Germany}} <br /> Freiburg im Breisgau || Freiburger Verkehrs || || 1999–2000, 2004–2006 || 19<ref name="sm 2022-03"/> |- | {{flag|Japan}} <br /> Hiroshima || Hiroshima Electric Railway(広島電鉄) ||5000|| 2002 || 12<ref name="taut 2002"/> |- | rowspan=2 | {{flag|Australia}} <br /> Melbourne ||rowspan=2| Yarra Trams || D1 || 2002–2004 || 38<ref>{{cite web| title=D1 Class| url=http://www.vicsig.net/trams/class/D1| work=Vicsig| access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> |- |D2 || 2003 || 21<ref>{{cite web| title=D2 Class| url=http://www.vicsig.net/trams/class/D2| work=Vicsig| access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> |- | rowspan=2|{{flag|Germany}} <br /> Nordhausen || rowspan=2|Stadtwerke Nordhausen Verkehrs- und Stadtreinigungsbetrieb GmbH || || 2000–2011 || 9<ref name="sm 2022-03"/> |- | Combino Duo || 2004 || 3<ref name="sm 2022-03"/> |- | {{flag|Poland}} <br /> Poznań || Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne w Poznaniu Sp. z o.o. || || 2004 || 14<ref name="taut 2002"/> |- | rowspan=2|{{flag|Germany}} <br /> Potsdam || rowspan=2| Verkehrsbetrieb Potsdam (ViP) || || 1998–2001 || 16<ref name="sm 2022-03"/> |- | Prototype, used in Potsdam since 2002 || 1996 || 1<ref name="sm 2022-03"/> |- | {{flag|Germany}} <br /> Ulm || SWU Verkehr || || 2003–2008 || 10<ref name="sm 2022-03"/> |}

Twenty-two trams were ordered for a planned tram network in Verona and ten for the Alicante tram network, but the contracts were cancelled because of the technical problems noted in this article.<ref name="rg 2005-10-01"/>

The prototype Combino tram was also demonstrated on tram networks in other cities,<ref name="taut 2002"/> including Barcelona in 1997.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Unifying Barcelona's tramways |last=Cabrera |first=Eduard |pages=269–272 |date=July 2021 |magazine=Tramways & Urban Transit |publisher=Light Rail Transit Association |issn=1460-8324 |url=https://ce.atm.cat/documents/20121/150817/269-272_TAUT2107_Barcelona+v2.pdf}}</ref>

===Potsdam=== In 1997 the public transportation authorities of the city of Potsdam were the first to purchase Combino cars when they ordered a total of 48 cars, each {{convert|30.5|m|ftin|0}} long to be delivered from 1998 to 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/siemens-wins-first-combino-order/26113.article |title=Siemens wins first Combino order |work=Railway Gazette International |date=1 February 1997 |access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref> The advantages of its low-floor technology were stressed during the introduction. A total of 48 cars were to be bought through 2009. The order from Potsdam was of great importance for advertising the Combino in other cities. Cars from Potsdam were frequently used for demonstrations.

After a short period of service, many inhabitants of Potsdam noticed noises during the operation of the cars louder than those of the previously used Tatra cars. In March 2004, the 16 Potsdam cars were taken out of service. As a replacement, several Tatra cars which had been given to museums were taken back into service. The shortage was aggravated by the fact that several old cars had been sold to Hungary just a month before. In June 2004, Potsdam and Siemens "amicably" declared that the at the time 32 outstanding cars were not going to be delivered. This decision is likely to have consequences for other cities.

Between 2017 and 2019 eight of the Potsdam Combinos were extended with an extra two modules, increasing their length to {{convert|42|m|ftin|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/modes/potsdam-receives-lengthened-tram/45141.article |title=Potsdam receives lengthened tram |work=Railway Gazette International |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref>

===Amsterdam=== [[Image:Combino lijn 1 Spui Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|right|alt=See caption|Two Combinos in Amsterdam ]] In June 2004, the first Amsterdam Combinos passed the mileage threshold of {{Cvt|120000|km|4=0}} and were taken out of service. Earlier, Siemens technicians had identified stress fractures in the door segments of two of Amsterdam's oldest cars. But, according to Siemens, those turned out not to be dangerous, which is why the cars continued to be used. At the end of April 2004, it was decided not to call upon the twelve undelivered cars which were outstanding at that time.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===Kaohsiung Demonstrator=== thumb|alt=See caption|Combino demonstrator tram in Kaohsiung A D2-class Melbourne tram was borrowed by Siemens for a demonstrator in Kaohsiung for a three-month period in 2003–2004.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hsr.gov.tw/homepage.nsf/b01b307e47b27ced48256c6e00129254/6e43f310d0f0d4bf48256e9f001f7497!OpenDocument| title=Director General Ho visited the Kaohsiung Light Rail Test-Ride Activity| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023162626/http://www.hsr.gov.tw/homepage.nsf/b01b307e47b27ced48256c6e00129254/6e43f310d0f0d4bf48256e9f001f7497%21OpenDocument| archive-date=2016-10-23}}</ref>

The city did not follow through with purchasing the cars or building a line after the trial. In 2013 the city began construction of the Circular LRT line, which utilises CAF Urbos vehicles.

===Poznań=== [[File:Combino Poznan RB.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Combino in Poznań]] Poznań announced in 2002 a tender for low-floor trams. Siemens won the contract with Combino. Poznań ordered 14 trams, each consisting of five modules, three double doors and three bogies, identical to the Amsterdam version. The first Combino entered service at the end of 2003. Due to flaws in construction, not all trams were in active service. An agreement between Poznań and Siemens provided that the city would pay the fraction (31%) of trams' cost only after the refit of all 14 Combinos. Combinos were usually used on the Poznański Szybki Tramwaj (Poznań Fast Tram) (light rail), that is on lines 14, 15 and 16 until they got replaced by Solaris Tramino trams. Starting from then Combinos are used on different lines to provide access to low-floor trams in other parts of Poznań.

==Siemens Combino Supra== {{Main|Siemens Avenio}} The original Combino model (Combino MkI) is produced on request but sold as ''Avenio M''. To Budapest (Hungary) and Almada (Portugal), Siemens provided trams based on an older ADtranz design,{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} under the name Combino Supra. These Combinos have thin stainless steel rather than aluminium carbodies. Siemens also expressed a desire to sell the Viennese Ultra Low Floor (ULF), another 100%-low-floor model, to other cities. The first two Combino Supras were delivered on 14 March 2006 to Budapest.

After serious initial teething problems in Budapest, which involved problems with the door mechanism and led the trams being taken out of service, the Combino Supra trams there began regular service during 2006.<ref name="rgi 2007-03-01"/> After they had been repaired, Budapest's government decided that they would return them to Siemens. However, this did not happen because of contractual terms. The local public transport company began using them in 2007 and they eventually began working successfully again.

===Overview=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#000000;" ! Locality ! class="unsortable"|Operator ! class="unsortable"|Type ! Built ! data-sort-type="number"|Number |- |{{flagicon|Hungary}} Hungary, Budapest |Budapesti Közlekedési Zrt. |NF12B (Combino Supra) |2006–2007 |40<ref name="rgi 2007-03-01">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/in-depth/combino-plus-takes-off-after-false-start/31807.article |title=Combino Plus takes off after false start |magazine=Railway Gazette International |last=Hondius |first=Harry |date=1 March 2007 |access-date=23 October 2024 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Portugal}} Portugal, Almada | Metro Transportes do Sul |Combino Supra |2005 |24<ref>{{cite web |title=Tram System - Combino Plus MST, Metro Sul do Tejo, Almada, Portugal |publisher=Siemens AG |date=2012 |url=https://www.trampicturebook.de/tram/download/siemens/combino-mst-almada-en.pdf |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref> |}

==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Two Amsterdam Combino trams leaving Centraal, 2023.jpg|Two Siemens Combino trams in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Image:Strassenbahn Augsburg 18-08-2007.jpg|Siemens Combino tram in Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany. Image:Combino Erfurt1.JPG|Combino tram in Erfurt, Thuringia, Germany. Image:Combino VAG auf Rasengleis.jpg|Freiburg Combino on green track. Image:D-class Melbourne tram. (21123049648).jpg|Combino D1-class in Melbourne, Australia. Image:PotsdamTram1.jpg| Combino tram in Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany. Image:Siemens Combino PST RB1.JPG|Combino tram in Poznań, Poland on the PST LRT line. </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons and category}} * [http://www.kaemena360.com/home/regional-trains/siemens-combino-low-floor.html Interactive 360° tour through a Combino Plus tram] {{Siemens trams and light rail vehicles}} Category:Duewag tram vehicles Category:Tram vehicles of Germany Category:Tram vehicles of Hungary Category:Melbourne tram vehicles Category:Tram vehicles of Japan Category:Tram vehicles of the Netherlands Category:Tram vehicles of Poland Category:Tram vehicles of Switzerland Combino Category:Articulated passenger trains Category:600 V DC multiple units