Temperate perch

{{Short description|Family of fishes}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Temperate perches | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Early Paleocene|present|earliest=Maastrichtian}} | image = Perca trucha (Percichthys trucha).JPG | image_caption = ''Percichthys trucha'' | taxon = Percichthyidae | authority = D. S. Jordan & C. H. Eigenmann, 1890<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue =2 | pages = 001–230}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase family | family = Percichthyidae| month = December | year = 2019}}</ref> | subdivision = see text | synonyms = Gadopsidae }}

[[File:Murray cod02 melb aquarium.jpg|thumb|Murray cod (''Maccullochella peelii peelii'')]] '''Percichthyidae''', the '''temperate perches,''' are a family of freshwater ray-finned fish found in Australia and southern South America. Formerly placed in the order Perciformes, they are now placed in the order Centrarchiformes.

The name Percichthyidae derives from the Latin ''perca'' for perch and Ancient Greek ἰχθύς, ''ichthys'' for fish.

== Evolution == Potential percichthyid fossil remains are known from the Early Paleocene of the El Molino Formation of Bolivia; these remains have been described as resembling those of the fossil ''Percichthys hondoensis'' from the Eocene of Argentina. One articulated specimen is known from the Paleocene portion of the formation, but other remains are known from the Maastrichtian beds of the formation, indicating that percichthyids could have potential Cretaceous origins. However, the condition of this material is unclear. Another fossil percichthyid, ''Percichthys lonquimayiensis'' from Chile, was initially dated to the Paleocene, but further studies have found it to be from the Miocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Matt |last2=V. Andrews |first2=James |last3=Saad |first3=Hadeel |last4=El-Sayed |first4=Sanaa |date=2023-06-16 |title=The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018 |url=https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=7048 |journal=Geologica Belgica |language=en |doi=10.20341/gb.2023.002 |issn=1374-8505|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Potential percichthyid scales have been recovered from the Miocene-aged fossil deposits of Foulden Maar in New Zealand. If these are of percichthyids, this suggests they had a wider distribution during the Neogene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McDowall |first=R. M. |last2=and Lee |first2=D. E. |date=2005-06-01 |title=Probable perciform fish scales from a Miocene freshwater lake deposit, Central Otago, New Zealand |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03014223.2005.9517788 |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=339–344 |doi=10.1080/03014223.2005.9517788 |issn=0303-6758}}</ref> They also appear to have ranged as far north as the Neotropics during the Oligocene/Miocene, with the fossil genus ''Santosius'' known from Brazil.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Arratia |first=Gloria |last2=Quezada-Romegialli |first2=Claudio |date=2019-04-25 |title=The South American and Australian percichthyids and perciliids. What is new about them? |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/ni/a/4NnD4LzmJhR66NRC6ZT79mC/?lang=en |journal=Neotropical Ichthyology |language=en |volume=17 |article-number=e180102 |doi=10.1590/1982-0224-20180102 |issn=1679-6225|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Modern percichthyids have a significant disjunct distribution, being found in Australia and southern South America. All extant members of the group only inhabit freshwater habitats, and it is thus unlikely they ever evolved marine habits. For this reason, it is likely that the modern distribution of percichthyids derives from dispersal over the Antarctic land bridge between South America and Australia, which existed up to the end of the Eocene. This suggests that percichthyids likely inhabited Antarctica as well.<ref name=":0" />

=== Classification === The temperate perches are closely related to the freshwater sunfish of North America, with both belonging to the suborder Centrarchoidei. They were previously also thought to be allied with the temperate basses of the family Moronidae and the seabasses in the family Serranidae, but are now thought to not be closely related.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Fricke |first=R. |last2=Eschmeyer |first2=W. N. |last3=Van der Laan |first3=R. |date=2025 |title=ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION |url=https://www.calacademy.org/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes-classification |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=California Academy of Sciences |language=en}}</ref>

Almost 40 species of percichthyids are now recognised, grouped in 11–12 genera. Most but not all are exclusively freshwater fishes. They are mainly found in Australia, but species are also found in southern South America (''Percichthys'').

More recently the Chinese perches have been classified in the separate family Sinipercidae while the genus ''Percilia'' has been found not to be closely related to either that family or the Percichthyidae and has been placed in its own monotypic family Perciliidae.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |page=442 |publisher=Wiley |ISBN= 978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }}</ref> The two catadromous species in ''Percalates'' are found in Australia and were previously placed in ''Macquaria'', but phylogenetic analyses have found them to be the most basal members of the whole order.<ref name="Lavoue">{{cite journal |author1=Sébastien Lavoué |author2=Kouji Nakayama |author3=Dean R. Jerry |author4=Yusuke Yamanoue |author5=Naoki Yagishita |author6=Nobuaki Suzuki |author7=Mutsumi Nishida |author8=Masaki Miya |display-authors=3 |year=2014 |title=Mitogenomic phylogeny of the Percichthyidae and Centrarchiformes (Percomorphaceae): comparison with recent nuclear gene-based studies and simultaneous analysis |journal=Gene |volume=549 |issue=1 |pages=46–57 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.033}} Abstract</ref>

The following 8 genera are classified within the family Percichthyidae:<ref name = Nelson5/><ref name = Fishbase/>

* ''Bostockia'' Castelnau, 1873 * ''Gadopsis'' Richardson, 1848 * ''Guyu'' Pusey & Kennard, 2001 * ''Maccullochella'' Whitley, 1929 * ''Macquaria'' Cuvier, 1830 * ''Nannatherina'' Regan, 1906 * ''Nannoperca'' Günther, 1861 * ''Percichthys'' Girard, 1855 In addition, two extinct genera are known exclusively from fossil remains:<ref name=":0" />

* †''Plesiopercichthys'' Agnolin ''et al''., 2014 (Pliocene of Argentina) * †''Santosius'' Arratia, 1982 (latest Oligocene/earliest Miocene of Brazil)

==Species== Australia has the greatest number of percichthyid species, where they are represented by the Australian freshwater cods (''Maccullochella'' spp.), which are Murray cod, Mary River cod, eastern freshwater cod, and trout cod, by the Australian freshwater blackfishes (''Gadopsis'' spp.), which are river blackfish and two-spined blackfish, and by the Australian freshwater perches which are golden perch, Macquarie perch (''Macquaria'' spp.), and Australian bass, and estuary perch (''Percalates'' spp.).

Several other Australian freshwater species also sit within the family Percichthyidae, while research using mitochondrial DNA suggests the species of the family Nannopercidae are in reality percichthyids, as well. Australia is unique in having a freshwater fish fauna dominated by percichthyids and allied families/species. This in contrast to Europe and Asia, whose fish faunas are dominated by members of the Cyprinidae carp family. (Australia does not have a single naturally occurring cyprinid species; unfortunately, the illegal introduction of carp has now established the family's presence in Australia.)

A single genus occurs outside Australia, ''Percichthys'' in southern South America.

A number of species are or have been important food species; some of these (e.g. the Murray cod, ''Maccullochella peelii peelii'') have become threatened through overfishing and river regulation, while others are now farmed to some extent. Some smaller species (e.g. Balston's pygmy perch, ''Nannatherina balstoni'') are popular in aquaria.

The extremely rare Bloomfield River cod, ''Guyu wujalwujalensis'', is only found in a short stretch of the Bloomfield River in north Queensland.

==Timeline==

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bar:eratop from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q.

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bar:era from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q.

</timeline>

==See also== *''Howella''

==References== {{Reflist}} * {{ITIS |id=170315 |taxon=Percichthyidae |accessdate=8 February 2011}} * {{cite journal | last = Sepkoski | first = Jack | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 364 |page=560 | year = 2002 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | access-date = 2011-05-19 }}

==External links== {{Commons category|Percichthyidae}} *[http://www.fishbase.se/Summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=288 Fishbase, Family Percichthyidae - Temperate perches]

* Category:Taxa named by David Starr Jordan Category:Taxa named by Carl H. Eigenmann