{{Short description|Species of bird}} {{Speciesbox | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Nucifraga caryocatactes'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T103727252A87382835 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103727252A87382835.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | image = Nucifraga caryocatactes Davos 1.jpg | image_caption = ''N. c. caryocatactes'' near Lake Davos | image2 = Spotted Nutcracker call.wav | image2_caption = Calls in Savoie, French Alps | genus = Nucifraga | species = caryocatactes | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) | range_map = Map of distribution of Nucifraga caryocatactes.png | synonyms = *''Corvus caryocatactes'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} }}
The '''northern nutcracker''' ('''''Nucifraga caryocatactes'''''), previously known as the '''spotted nutcracker''' and '''Eurasian nutcracker''', is a passerine bird in the crow family Corvidae. It is slightly smaller than the Eurasian jay but has a much larger bill and a slimmer looking head without any crest. The feathering over its body is predominantly chocolate brown with distinct white spots and patches. The wings and upper tail are black with a greenish-blue gloss.
The northern nutcracker is one of four species of nutcracker currently accepted. The southern nutcracker (''Nucifraga hemispila'') and the Kashmir nutcracker (''Nucifraga multipunctata'') were formerly considered as subspecies of the northern nutcracker. The species complex was known by the English name "spotted nutcracker". The fourth and most distinct member of the genus, Clark's nutcracker (''Nucifraga columbiana''), occurs in western North America.
==Taxonomy== The northern nutcracker was one of many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', where it was given the binomial name ''Corvus caryocatactes''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. | publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). | year=1758| page=105 |language=la}}</ref> It was later assigned to the genus ''Nucifraga'' that was erected by Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | language=fr, la | at=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010428 Vol. 1, p. 30], [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36011242 Vol. 2, p. 58] | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1962 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=15 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=256 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14485629 }}</ref> The scientific name is a reduplication; ''nucifraga'' is a Neo-Latin translation of German ''Nussbrecher'', "nut-breaker" based on Latin ''nucis'' "nut", and ''frangere'' "to shatter",<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page= 276}}</ref> and ''caryocatactes'' based on Greek: ''karuon'' "nut", and ''kataseio'' "to shatter".<ref name=BTO>{{cite web |url=http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob15570.htm |title=BTO Web: BirdFacts > crows > Nutcracker|date=16 July 2010 }}</ref> The common English name ''nutcracker'' first appears in 1693 in a translation of a German travel guide,<ref name=OED>{{Cite OED |Nutcracker}}</ref><ref>John Ray. ''A Collection of Curious Travels and Voyages.''. Vol. II xi. 181.</ref> where it is a calque on the German name ''Nußknacker'',<ref>See, for example, Brehms Thierleben. ''Allgemeine Kunde des Thierreichs, Fünfter Band, Zweite Abtheilung: Vögel, Zweiter Band: Raubvögel, Sperlingsvögel und Girrvögel.'' Leipzig: Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, 1882. S. 446-450.</ref> as the bird was not recorded in Britain until 1753.<ref name=BTO/> Other Germanic languages have etymologically related names: Danish: ''nøddekrige''; Dutch: ''notenkraker''; Norwegian: ''nøttekråke''; Swedish: ''nötkråka''.
===Subspecies=== thumb|''N. c. macrorhynchos'' in Russia
Four subspecies are accepted:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=August 2024 | title=Crows, mudnesters, birds-of-paradise | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/crows/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=17 September 2024 }}</ref>
* ''N. c. caryocatactes'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – Europe * ''N. c. macrorhynchos'' C. L. Brehm, 1823 – Ural Mts. to east Siberia and northeast China * ''N. c. rothschildi'' E. J. O. Hartert, 1903 – Kazakhstan to northwest China * ''N. c. japonica'' E. J. O. Hartert, 1897 – Kuril Islands and north Japan
==Description== Northern nutcracker ranges from 32–38 cm in length (from tip of beak to tip of tail) and has a wingspan ranging from 49–53 cm. It is a dark brown, broad-winged, short-tailed corvid. Body plumage is mid-to-dark chocolate brown, heavily spotted with white on face, neck, mantle and underparts. It has a large white loral spot, a white eye-ring, blackish-brown cap extending onto the nape, dark blackish wings with a greenish-blue gloss, all white vent, and dark tail with white corners above and a white terminal band on the undertail. In flight, broad wings, white vent and short tail are noticeable; the flight undulating. The black bill is slender to stout and rather long, sharply pointed, and varies in size amongst races. The iris, legs and feet are black.<ref name=Collins>Svensson, L., Mullarney, K., & Zetterström, D. (2009) ''Collins Bird Guide'', ed. 2. {{ISBN|0-00-219728-6}}, pages 376-377</ref>
The voice is loud and harsh, somewhat similar to that of the Eurasian jay but slightly lower pitched and more on a single tone. It is described as ''kraak-kraak-kraak-kraak''.
==Behaviour== ===Feeding=== thumb|A ''Pinus cembra'' cone stripped of its scales and seeds by a foraging nutcracker
The most important food resources for this species are the seeds (pine nuts) of various pines (''Pinus'' sp.), principally the cold-climate (far northern and high altitude) species of white pine (''Pinus'' subgenus ''Strobus'') with large seeds: Swiss pine (''P. cembra''), Korean pine (''P. koraiensis''), Japanese white pine (''P. parviflora'', Macedonian pine (''P. peuce''), Siberian dwarf pine (''P. pumila''), and Siberian pine (''P. sibirica''). In some regions, where none of these pines occur, the seeds of spruce (''Picea'' sp.) and hazel nuts (''Corylus'' sp.) form an important part of the diet too. The forms that take hazel nuts have thicker bills for cracking their hard shells, with a special ridge on the inside of the bill edge near the base. If the shell is too hard, it holds the nut between its feet and hacks at it with its bill like a chisel.<ref name=Lanner>{{cite book |last1=Lanner |first1=Ronald M. |title=Made for each other: A symbiosis of birds and pines |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-508-903-0}}</ref>
A special adaptation is found in the tongue of the nutcracker. The tip of the tongue forks with two long pointed appendages which are keratinised into nail like surfaces. This is thought to help them handle and shell conifer seeds.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2108/zsj.27.589|title=Functional Morphology of the Tongue in the Nutcracker (''Nucifraga caryocatactes'')|journal=Zoological Science |volume=27|issue=7|pages=589–594|year=2010|last1=Jackowiak|first1=Hanna|last2=Skieresz-Szewczyk|first2=Kinga|last3=Kwieciński|first3=Zbigniew|last4=Trzcielińska-Lorych|first4=Joanna|last5=Godynicki|first5=Szymon|pmid=20608848 |s2cid=44736491 |url=http://www.zoo.poznan.pl/images/publikacje/2010.%20Functional%20Morphology%20of%20the%20Tongue%20in%20the%20Nutcracker.pdf}}</ref>
Surplus seed is always stored for later use and it is this species that is responsible for the sowing of new trees of their favoured pines, including the re-establishment of the Swiss pine (''Pinus cembra'') over large areas in the Alps of central Europe where it had formerly been cleared by human overcutting.<ref name=Lanner/>
Various insects are also taken, and also small birds, their eggs and nestlings, small rodents and carrion such as roadkill. It digs out bumble bee and wasp nests avidly to get at the grubs.<ref name=Lanner/>
===Breeding=== Nutcracker pairs stay together for life and their territory expands between 20 and 30 hectares. Nesting is always early in this species across its whole range, so as to make the best use of pine nuts stored the previous autumn. The nest is usually built high in a conifer (sometimes broadleaved trees are used) and usually on the sunny side. There are normally 2-4 eggs laid and incubated for 18 days. Both sexes feed the young which are usually fledged by about 23 days and stay with their parents for many months, following them to learn the food storage techniques essential for survival in their harsh environment.<ref name=Lanner/>
<gallery widths=200 heights=200> File:Nucifraga caryocatactes caryocatactes MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.170.8.jpg|Egg of northern nutcracker File:Nucifraga caryocatactes (juvenile).jpg|Juvenile ''N. c. japonica'' in Ōshika, Nagano Prefecture, Japan </gallery>
==Distribution== The northern nutcracker has an extensive range forming a broad swathe east–west from Scandinavia right across northern Europe, Siberia and to eastern Asia, including Japan, inhabiting the huge taiga conifer forests in the north.<ref name=Lanner/>
Disjunct populations occur in mountain conifer forests further south, in the mountains of central and southeast Europe in the Alps, the Carpathians and the Balkan Peninsula mountains. See subspecies list above for race distributions. Some of the populations can be separated on bill size.<ref name=Collins/>
This species has a large range, extending over 10,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> globally. It also has a large global population, with an estimate of between 800,000-1,700,000 individuals in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=5754 |title=BirdLife International. Data Zone. Species factsheet: Nucifraga caryocatactes. Downloaded 20/11/2008}}</ref>
Northern nutcrackers are not migratory, but will erupt out of range when a cone crop failure leaves them short of a food supply, the thin-billed eastern race ''N. c. macrorhynchos'' being the most likely subspecies to do this.<ref name=Collins/> Britain records very sporadic vagrants, but in 1968 over 300 nutcrackers visited Britain as part of a larger irruption into western Europe, probably due to a spell of early cold weather in Siberia.<ref name="BTO"/>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Nucifraga caryocatactes|<br/>Spotted nutcracker<br/>(''Nucifraga caryocatactes'')}} * [https://search.macaulaylibrary.org/catalog?taxonCode=eurnut3 Spotted nutcracker videos, photos & sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection
{{Taxonbar |from=Q184820}}
Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Birds described in 1758 Category:Birds of Eurasia Category:Birds of Russia Category:Nucifraga