Soft drink

{{Short description|Sweetened non-alcoholic drink, often carbonated}} {{Redirect|Soda pop|other uses|Soda pop (disambiguation)}} {{Use American English|date=March 2020}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}} [[File:Tumbler of cola with ice.jpg|thumb|A tumbler of cola served with ice cubes]] [[File:016 Coca-Cola vending machine at Kyoto Station, Japan - コカコーラ自動販売機.JPG|thumb|Soft drink vending machine in Kyoto Station, Japan]]

A '''soft drink''' (see § Terminology for other names) is a class of beverage containing no alcohol, usually (but not necessarily) carbonated, and typically including added sweetener. Flavors can be natural, artificial or a mixture of the two. The sweetener may be a sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, a sugar substitute (in the case of diet sodas), or some combination of these. Soft drinks may also contain caffeine, colorings, preservatives and other ingredients.

Soft drinks are called "soft" in contrast with "hard" alcoholic drinks and non-alcoholic drinks. Small amounts of alcohol may be present in a soft drink, but the alcohol content must be less than 0.5% of the total volume of the drink (ABV) in many countries and localities<ref name="ECFE">{{cite web |title = Electronic Code of Federal Regulations |publisher = United States Government |url = http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=33fc0c0194b58b6fe95208945b5c637a;rgn=div5;view=text;node=27%3A1.0.1.1.5;idno=27;cc=ecfr#27:1.0.1.1.5.8.41.1 |access-date = February 25, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110613055506/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=33fc0c0194b58b6fe95208945b5c637a;rgn=div5;view=text;node=27%3A1.0.1.1.5;idno=27;cc=ecfr#27:1.0.1.1.5.8.41.1 |archive-date = June 13, 2011 }} See §7.71, paragraphs (e) and (f).</ref><ref name="alcoholfree.co.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.alcoholfree.co.uk/community/questions/what-is-meant-by-alcohol-free/ |title=What Is Meant By Alcohol-Free? {{!}} The Alcohol-Free Community |publisher=Alcoholfree.co.uk |date=January 8, 2012 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326092402/https://www.alcoholfree.co.uk/community/questions/what-is-meant-by-alcohol-free/ |url-status=live }}</ref> if the drink is to not be considered alcoholic.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120723070429/http://www.bangordailynews.com/detail/126224.html ''Bangor Daily News'', April 8, 2010]</ref> Examples of soft drinks include lemon-lime drinks, orange soda, cola, grape soda, cream soda, ginger ale and root beer.

Soft drinks may be served cold, over ice cubes, or at room temperature. They are available in many container formats, including cans, glass bottles, and plastic bottles. Containers come in a variety of sizes, ranging from small bottles to large multi-liter containers. Soft drinks are widely available at fast food restaurants, movie theaters, convenience stores, casual-dining restaurants, dedicated soda stores, vending machines and bars from soda fountain machines.

Within a decade of the invention of carbonated water by Joseph Priestley in 1767, inventors in Europe had used his concept to produce the drink in greater quantities. One such inventor, J. J. Schweppe, formed Schweppes in 1783 and began selling the world's first bottled soft drink.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schweppes Holdings Limited |url=https://www.royalwarrant.org/company/schweppes-holdings-limited |access-date=October 13, 2021 |website=Royalwarrant.org |quote=Schweppes was founded in 1783 [..] the world's first ever soft drink, Schweppes soda water, was born. |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174320/https://www.royalwarrant.org/company/schweppes-holdings-limited |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Atlantic"/> Soft drink brands founded in the 19th century include R. White's Lemonade in 1845, Moxie in 1876, Dr Pepper in 1885 and Coca-Cola in 1886. Subsequent brands include Pepsi, Irn-Bru, Sprite, Fanta, 7 Up and RC Cola.

==Terminology== {{See also|Names for soft drinks in the United States}}

The term ''soft drink'' is a category in the beverage industry, and is broadly used in product labeling and on restaurant menus, the term being here a euphemism for a non-alcoholic drink, as against a ''hard drink''. However, in many countries such drinks are more commonly referred to by regional names, including ''pop'', ''cool drink'', ''fizzy drink'', ''cola'', ''soda'', or ''soda pop''.<ref name="dialect">{{cite web|last=Vaux|first=Bert|year=2003|title=105. What is your generic term for a sweetened carbonated beverage?|url=http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_105.html|work=Harvard Dialect Survey|access-date=June 3, 2011|archive-date=May 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524121858/http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_105.html}}</ref><ref name="irish">{{cite web |url=https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/word-lists/funny-irish-words-and-phrases.html |title=Funny Irish Words and Phrases |publisher=Grammar YourDictionary |access-date=March 26, 2013 |archive-date=April 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403122858/http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/word-lists/funny-irish-words-and-phrases.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other less-used terms include ''carbonated drink'', ''fizzy juice'', ''lolly water'', ''seltzer'', ''coke'', ''tonic'', and ''mineral''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kregiel |first=Dorota |date=January 28, 2015 |title=Health Safety of Soft Drinks: Contents, Containers, and Microorganisms |journal=BioMed Research International |language=en |volume=2015 |article-number=e128697 |doi=10.1155/2015/128697 |pmid=25695045 |pmc=4324883 |issn=2314-6133|doi-access=free }}</ref> Due to the high sugar content in typical soft drinks, they may also be called ''sugary drinks''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2013 |title=Sugary Drinks |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-drinks/sugary-drinks/ |access-date=July 10, 2022 |website=Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health |language=en-us |archive-date=July 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710164635/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-drinks/sugary-drinks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the United States, the 2003 Harvard Dialect Survey<ref name=dialect/> tracked the usage of the nine most common names. Over half of the survey respondents preferred the term "soda", which was dominant in the Northeastern United States, California, and the areas surrounding Milwaukee and St. Louis. The term "pop", which was preferred by 25% of the respondents, was most popular in the Midwest and Pacific Northwest, while the genericized trademark "coke", used by 12% of the respondents, was most popular in the Southern United States.<ref name=dialect/> The term "tonic" is distinctive to eastern Massachusetts, although its use is declining.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www3.bostonglobe.com/metro/2012/03/24/boston-word-tonic-gives-way-soda/QpbSyMXlJvvESSVERxb6iP/story.html?arc404=true|title=In Boston, the word 'tonic' gives way to 'soda'|work=BostonGlobe.com|date=March 25, 2012 |access-date=September 8, 2015|archive-date=August 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801020658/http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2012/03/24/boston-word-tonic-gives-way-soda/QpbSyMXlJvvESSVERxb6iP/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the English-speaking parts of Canada, the term "pop" is prevalent, but "soft drink" is the most common English term used in Montreal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/why-do-some-places-say-pop-and-others-say-soda-your-questions-answered/article4186849/|title=Why do some places say 'pop' and others say 'soda'? Your questions answered|work=The Globe and Mail|date=May 18, 2012|access-date=September 8, 2015|last=Hannay|first=Chris|archive-date=October 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016033710/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/why-do-some-places-say-pop-and-others-say-soda-your-questions-answered/article4186849/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, the term "fizzy drink" is common, while in Ireland "mineral" is. "Pop" and "fizzy pop" are used in Northern England, South Wales, and the Midlands<ref name=BestBrit>{{cite web|url=http://www.effingpot.com/food.shtml|title=The Best of British|work=effingpot.com|access-date=September 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829103014/http://www.effingpot.com/food.shtml|archive-date=August 29, 2015}}</ref> while "fizzy drink" is used in Ireland. In Scotland, "fizzy juice" or even simply "juice" is colloquially encountered, as is "ginger".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: sndns1727 |url=https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/sndns1727 |access-date=October 14, 2022}}</ref> In Australia and New Zealand, "soft drink"<ref>For example, in [https://www.smh.com.au/business/cocacola-amatil-admits-cutting-back-on-sugar-as-attitudes-change-on-health-and-investment-20150911-gjkof3.html "Coca-Cola Amatil admits cutting back on sugar as attitudes change on health and investment"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016033710/http://www.smh.com.au/business/cocacola-amatil-admits-cutting-back-on-sugar-as-attitudes-change-on-health-and-investment-20150911-gjkof3.html |date=October 16, 2015 }} – ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', September 11, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015.</ref> or "fizzy drink" is typically used.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fizzy Drinks: Everything you need to know|url=https://www.lifeeducation.org.au/parents/fizzy-drinks-everything-you-need-to-know|access-date=September 11, 2021|website=www.lifeeducation.org.au|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911175406/https://www.lifeeducation.org.au/parents/fizzy-drinks-everything-you-need-to-know|url-status=live}}</ref> In South African English, "cool drink" is any soft drink.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cool-drink|title=Definition of "cool drink"|work=Collins English Dictionary|access-date=March 28, 2026|archive-date=October 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001091515/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cool-drink|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In other languages, various names are used: descriptive names as "non-alcoholic beverages", equivalents of "soda water", or generalized names. For example, the Bohemian variant of the Czech language (but not Moravian dialects) uses "limonáda" for all such beverages, not only those made from lemons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Interesting History of Soft Drinks |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/introduction-to-pop-the-history-of-soft-drinks-1991778 |access-date=July 10, 2022 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420075705/https://www.thoughtco.com/introduction-to-pop-the-history-of-soft-drinks-1991778 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, the Slovak language uses "malinovka" ("raspberry water") for all such beverages, not only for raspberry ones.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=soft drink {{!}} Definition, History, Production, & Health Issues |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/soft-drink |access-date=July 10, 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602075035/https://www.britannica.com/topic/soft-drink |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History== The origins of soft drinks lie in the development of fruit-flavored drinks. In the medieval Middle East, a variety of fruit-flavored soft drinks were widely drunk, such as sharbat, and were often sweetened with ingredients such as sugar, syrup and honey. Other common ingredients included lemon, apple, pomegranate, tamarind, jujube, sumac, musk, mint and ice. Middle Eastern drinks later became popular in medieval Europe, where the word "syrup" was derived from Arabic.<ref>{{cite book|last=Meri|first=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-45596-1|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106|language=en|access-date=March 1, 2018|archive-date=November 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113124948/https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106|url-status=live}}</ref> In Tudor England, 'water imperial' was widely drunk; it was a sweetened drink with lemon flavor and containing cream of tartar. 'Manays Cryste' was a sweetened cordial flavored with rosewater, violets or cinnamon.<ref name="Emmins">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishsoftdrinks.com/write/MediaUploads/Publications/Soft_Drinks_-_Their_Origins_and_History.pdf|title=SOFT DRINKS Their origins and history|author=Colin Emmins|access-date=July 6, 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104125/http://www.britishsoftdrinks.com/write/MediaUploads/Publications/Soft_Drinks_-_Their_Origins_and_History.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another early type of soft drink was lemonade, made of water and lemon juice sweetened with honey, but without carbonated water. The ''Compagnie des Limonadiers'' of Paris was granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks in 1676, making it the first marketed soft drink. Vendors carried tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to Parisians.<ref name="britannica"/>

===<span class="anchor" id="Carbonation_anchor">Carbonated drinks</span>=== [[Image:Soda bubbles macro.jpg|right|thumb|Bubbles of carbon dioxide float to the surface of a carbonated soft drink.]] thumb|Carbonation moving through a drink, disturbing the ice in a glass

'''Carbonated drinks''' or '''fizzy drinks''' are beverages that consist mainly of carbonated water. The dissolution of carbon dioxide ({{CO2}}) in a liquid, gives rise to ''effervescence'' or ''fizz''. Carbon dioxide is only weakly soluble in water; therefore, it separates into a gas when the pressure is released. The process usually involves injecting carbon dioxide under high pressure. When the pressure is removed, the carbon dioxide is released from the solution as small bubbles, which causes the solution to become effervescent, or fizzy.

Carbonated beverages are prepared by mixing flavored syrup with carbonated water. Carbonation levels range up to 5 volumes of {{CO2}} per liquid volume. Ginger ale, colas, and related drinks are carbonated with 3.5 volumes. Other drinks, often fruity ones, are carbonated less.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Crandall, Philip |author2=Chen, Chin Shu |author3=Nagy, Steven |author4=Perras, Georges |author5=Buchel, Johannes A. |author6=Riha, William |year=2000 |chapter=Beverages, nonalcoholic |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |doi=10.1002/14356007.a04_035|isbn=3-527-30673-0}}</ref>

[[File: Priestley Joseph pneumatic trough.jpg|thumb|left|Equipment used by Joseph Priestley in his experiments on gases and the carbonation of water|alt=Engraving of assorted scientific equipment, such as a pneumatic trough. A dead mouse rests under one glass canister.]]

In the late 18th century, scientists made important progress in replicating naturally carbonated mineral waters. In 1767, Englishman Joseph Priestley first discovered a method of infusing water with carbon dioxide to make carbonated water<ref>{{cite web |author=Bellis, Mary |date=March 6, 2009 |title=The discovery of oxygen and Joseph Priestley |website=Thoughtco.com |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/joseph-priestley-profile-1992342 |access-date=June 8, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328055514/https://www.thoughtco.com/joseph-priestley-profile-1992342 |archive-date=March 28, 2020}}</ref> when he suspended a bowl of distilled water above a beer vat at a local brewery in Leeds, England. His invention of carbonated water (later known as ''soda water'', for the use of soda powders in its commercial manufacture) is the major and defining component of most soft drinks.<ref name="truetex.com">{{cite web |title=Priestley 1772: Impregnating water with fixed air |website=truetex.com |url=http://www.truetex.com/priestley-1772-impregnating_water_with_fixed_air.pdf |access-date=May 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421011559/http://www.truetex.com/priestley-1772-impregnating_water_with_fixed_air.pdf |archive-date=April 21, 2017}}</ref>

Priestley found that water treated in this manner had a pleasant taste, and he offered it to his friends as a refreshing drink. In 1772, Priestley published a paper entitled ''Impregnating Water with Fixed Air'' in which he describes dripping ''oil of vitriol'' (or sulfuric acid as it is now called) onto chalk to produce carbon dioxide gas and encouraging the gas to dissolve into an agitated bowl of water.<ref name="truetex.com"/>

{{Quote box|width=29%|align=right|quote="Within a decade, inventors in Britain and in Europe had taken Priestley's basic idea—get some "fixed air," mix it with water, shake—and created contraptions that could make carbonated water more quickly, in greater quantities. One of those inventors was named Johann Jacob Schweppe, who sold bottled soda water and whose business is still around today." |source="The great soda-water shake up" (October 2014) ''The Atlantic''.<ref name=Atlantic>{{cite magazine |title=The great soda-water shake up |date=October 2014 |magazine=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-great-soda-water-shake-up/380932/ |access-date=October 13, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624050704/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-great-soda-water-shake-up/380932/ |archive-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref>}} Another Englishman, John Mervin Nooth, improved Priestley's design and sold his apparatus for commercial use in pharmacies. Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid. Bergman's apparatus allowed imitation mineral water to be produced in large amounts. Thomas Henry, an apothecary from Manchester, was the first to sell artificial mineral water to the general public for medicinal purposes, beginning in the 1770s. His recipe for 'Bewley's Mephitic Julep' consisted of 3 drachms of fossil alkali to a quart of water, and the manufacture had to 'throw in streams of fixed air until all the alkaline taste is destroyed'.<ref name=Emmins/>

Johann Jacob Schweppe developed a process to manufacture bottled carbonated mineral water.<ref name=Atlantic/> He founded the Schweppes Company in Geneva in 1783 to sell carbonated water,<ref>{{cite book | author=Morgenthaler, Jeffrey | year=2014 | title=Bar Book: Elements of cocktail technique | publisher=Chronicle Books | page=54 | isbn=978-1-4521-3027-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZkWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 | access-date=November 21, 2020 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513170211/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZkWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 | archive-date=May 13, 2022}}</ref> and relocated his business to London in 1792. His drink soon gained in popularity; among his newfound patrons was Erasmus Darwin. In 1843, the Schweppes company commercialized Malvern Water at the Holywell Spring in the Malvern Hills, and received a royal warrant from King William IV.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage: Meet Jacob Schweppe |url=http://schweppes.eu/heritage/#schweppes-received-the-royal-warrant-of-appointment-by-his-majesty-the-king-from-king-william-iv |access-date=July 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012152023/http://schweppes.eu/heritage/#schweppes-received-the-royal-warrant-of-appointment-by-his-majesty-the-king-from-king-william-iv |archive-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref>

It was not long before flavoring was combined with carbonated water. The earliest reference to carbonated ginger beer is in a ''Practical Treatise on Brewing''. published in 1809. The drinking of either natural or artificial mineral water was considered at the time to be a healthy practice, and was promoted by advocates of temperance. Pharmacists selling mineral waters began to add herbs and chemicals to unflavored mineral water. They used birch bark (see birch beer), dandelion, sarsaparilla root, fruit extracts, and other substances.

===Phosphate soda=== A variant of soda in the United States called "phosphate soda" appeared in the late 1870s. It became one of the most popular soda fountain drinks from 1900 until the 1930s, with the lemon or orange phosphate being the most basic. The drink consists of {{convert|1|USfloz|mL|abbr=on}} fruit syrup, {{tspUS|1/2}} of phosphoric acid, and enough carbonated water and ice to fill a glass. This drink was commonly served in pharmacies.<ref name="Phosphatesin">Phosphates, in Smith, Andrew. The Oxford companion to American food and drink. Oxford University Press US, 2007, ISBN 0-19-530796-8, p.451</ref>

===Mass market and industrialization=== [[File:(1883) SCHWEPPES MINERAL-WATERS.jpg|thumb|An 1883 advertisement for Schweppes Mineral-Waters]]

Soft drinks soon outgrew their origins in the medical world and became a widely consumed product, available cheaply for the masses. By the 1840s, there were more than fifty soft drink manufacturers in London, an increase from just ten in the 1820s.<ref name="History"/> Carbonated lemonade was widely available in British refreshment stalls in 1833,<ref name="History">{{Cite book|title = SOFT DRINKS – Their origins and history|page = 8 and 11|last = Emmins|first = Colin|publisher = Shire Publications Ltd|year = 1991|isbn = 0-7478-0125-8|location = Great Britain|url = http://www.britishsoftdrinks.com/write/MediaUploads/Publications/Soft_Drinks_-_Their_Origins_and_History.pdf|access-date = July 6, 2015|archive-date = March 4, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104125/http://www.britishsoftdrinks.com/write/MediaUploads/Publications/Soft_Drinks_-_Their_Origins_and_History.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> and in 1845, R. White's Lemonade went on sale in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chester homeless charity teams up with lemonade brand|url=https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/chester-homeless-charity-teams-up-12254126|publisher=Cheshire Live|date=October 8, 2017|access-date=October 8, 2017|archive-date=October 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232415/http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/chester-homeless-charity-teams-up-12254126|url-status=live}}</ref> For the Great Exhibition of 1851 held at Hyde Park in London, Schweppes was designated the official drink supplier and sold over a million bottles of lemonade, ginger beer, Seltzer water and soda-water.<ref name="History"/> There was a Schweppes soda water fountain, situated directly at the entrance to the exhibition.<ref name="Emmins" />

Mixer drinks became popular in the second half of the century. Tonic water was originally quinine added to water as a prophylactic against malaria and was consumed by British officials stationed in the tropical areas of South Asia and Africa. As the quinine powder was so bitter people began mixing the powder with soda and sugar, and a basic tonic water was created. The first commercial tonic water was produced in 1858.<ref>{{cite web|last=Raustiala|first=Kal|title=The Imperial Cocktail|url=https://slate.com/technology/2013/08/gin-and-tonic-kept-the-british-empire-healthy-the-drinks-quinine-powder-was-vital-for-stopping-the-spread-of-malaria.html|work=Slate|date=August 28, 2013|publisher=The Slate Group|access-date=August 30, 2013|archive-date=August 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828120157/http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/foreigners/2013/08/gin_and_tonic_kept_the_british_empire_healthy_the_drink_s_quinine_powder.single.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The mixed drink gin and tonic also originated in British colonial India, when the British population would mix their medicinal quinine tonic with gin.<ref name="Emmins" />

[[File:Image-Codd bottle.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Codd-neck bottle invented in 1872 provided an effective seal, preventing the soft drinks from going 'flat'.]] A persistent problem in the soft drinks industry was the lack of an effective sealing of the bottles. Carbonated drink bottles are under great pressure from the gas, so inventors tried to find the best way to prevent the carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. The bottles could also explode if the pressure was too great. Hiram Codd devised a patented bottling machine while working at a small mineral water works in the Caledonian Road, Islington, in London in 1870. His Codd-neck bottle was designed to enclose a marble and a rubber washer in the neck. The bottles were filled upside down, and pressure of the gas in the bottle forced the marble against the washer, sealing in the carbonation. The bottle was pinched into a special shape to provide a chamber into which the marble was pushed to open the bottle. This prevented the marble from blocking the neck as the drink was poured.<ref name="Emmins" /> R. White's, by now the biggest soft drinks company in London and south-east England, featured a wide range of drinks on their price list in 1887, all of which were sold in Codd's glass bottles, with choices including strawberry soda, raspberry soda, cherryade and cream soda.<ref>{{cite news |title="Secret lemonade drinker": the story of R White's and successors in Barking and Essex. |url=http://barkinghistoricalsociety.co.uk/secret-lemonade-drinker.html |access-date=October 14, 2021 |agency=Barking and District Historical Society |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026151404/https://barkinghistoricalsociety.co.uk/secret-lemonade-drinker.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

thumb|upright=0.75|New York in 1890. A street sign "SODA" is visible at the bottom left part of the image. In 1892, the "Crown Cork Bottle Seal" was patented by William Painter, a Baltimore, Maryland machine shop operator. It was the first bottle top to successfully keep the bubbles in the bottle. In 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first operated by Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,400 bottles a day to about 58,000 bottles a day.

In America, soda fountains were initially more popular, and many Americans would frequent the soda fountain daily. Beginning in 1806, Yale University chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman sold soda waters in New Haven, Connecticut. He used a Nooth apparatus to produce his waters. Businessmen in Philadelphia and New York City also began selling soda water in the early 19th century. In the 1830s, John Matthews of New York City and John Lippincott of Philadelphia began manufacturing soda fountains. Both men were successful and built large factories for fabricating fountains. Due to problems in the U.S. glass industry, bottled drinks remained a small portion of the market throughout much of the 19th century. (However, they were known in England. In ''The Tenant of Wildfell Hall'', published in 1848, the caddish Huntingdon, recovering from months of debauchery, wakes at noon and gulps a bottle of soda-water.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEVaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22tenant+of+Wildfell+Hall%22&pg=PA198 |title=''Wildfell Hall'', ch. 30 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |year=1922 |last1=Brontë |first1=Anne |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415235737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEVaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22tenant+of+Wildfell+Hall%22&pg=PA198 |url-status=live }}</ref>)

In the early 20th century, sales of bottled soda increased greatly around the world, and in the second half of the 20th century, canned soft drinks became an important share of the market. During the 1920s, "Home-Paks" were invented. "Home-Paks" are the familiar six-pack cartons made from cardboard. Vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s. Since then, soft drink vending machines have become increasingly popular. Both hot and cold drinks are sold in these self-service machines throughout the world.

==Consumption== Per capita consumption of soda varies considerably around the world. As of 2014, the top consuming countries per capita were Argentina, the United States, Chile, and Mexico. Developed countries in Europe and elsewhere in the Americas had considerably lower consumption. Annual average consumption in the United States, at 153.5 liters, was about twice that in the United Kingdom (77.7) or Canada (85.3).<ref name="npr-consumption">{{cite news|last=Silver|first=Marc|title=Guess Which Country Has The Biggest Increase In Soda Drinking|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/06/19/415223346/guess-which-country-has-the-biggest-increase-in-soda-drinking|publisher=National Public Radio|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=March 2, 2019|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427022755/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/06/19/415223346/guess-which-country-has-the-biggest-increase-in-soda-drinking|url-status=live}}</ref>

In recent years, soda consumption has generally declined in the West. According to one estimate, per capita consumption in the United States reached its peak in 1998 and has continually fallen since.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Holodny|first=Elena|title=The epic collapse of American soda consumption in one chart|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/americans-are-drinking-less-soda-2016-3|access-date=May 13, 2021|website=Business Insider|language=en-US|archive-date=April 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416014207/https://www.businessinsider.com/americans-are-drinking-less-soda-2016-3|url-status=live}}</ref> A study in the journal ''Obesity'' found that from 2003 to 2014 the proportion of Americans who drank a sugary beverage on a given day fell from approximately 62% to 50% for adults, and from 80% to 61% for children.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bakalar|first=Nicholas|date=November 14, 2017|title=Americans Are Putting Down the Soda Pop|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/14/health/soda-pop-sugary-drinks.html|access-date=May 13, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326235423/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/14/health/soda-pop-sugary-drinks.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The decrease has been attributed to, among other factors, an increased awareness of the dangers of obesity, and government efforts to improve diets.

At the same time, soda consumption has increased in some low- or middle-income countries such as Cameroon, Georgia, India and Vietnam as soda manufacturers increasingly target these markets and consumers have increasing discretionary income.<ref name="npr-consumption"/>

==Production== Carbonated soft drinks result from the dilution of flavored syrups with carbonated water, typically at a 1:5 ratio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-04 |title=How Is Soda Made: Water, Syrup, and Carbonation |url=https://scienceinsights.org/how-is-soda-made-water-syrup-and-carbonation/ |access-date=2026-05-16 |website=ScienceInsights |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Make the Best Tasting Fountain Soda: Ratio, Temperature & Maintenance |url=https://www.bernicks.com/blog/the-secret-to-the-best-soda |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=Bernick's |language=en-us}}</ref> The process of mixing the two ingredients may occur at bottling plants, soda fountains, or manually at soda shops and households. Food-grade carbon dioxide used in carbonation often comes from ammonia plants.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 21, 2018 |title=CO2 shortage: Food industry calls for government action |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44559669 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523150103/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44559669 |archive-date=May 23, 2021 |access-date=June 24, 2018 |agency=BBC}}</ref>

=== Production of syrups === [[File:7-Up_Bottlers_Flavor_jug.jpg|alt=A large green jug|thumb|A mid-20th century jug of bottler's flavor for 7-Up. The syrup-like concentrate lacked sugar and was sold to franchisees in such glass containers to produce the soft drink for retail sale.]] Commercially produced soft drink syrups derive their flavors from a mixture of food-grade essential oils blended with an emulsifier such as alcohol or gum arabic, extracts, citric acid or phosphoric acid, food coloring, and a sweetener.<ref>{{Cite web |title=(PDF) Essential Oils as Flavors in Carbonated Cola and Citrus Soft Drinks |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301257094_Essential_Oils_as_Flavors_in_Carbonated_Cola_and_Citrus_Soft_Drinks |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230307143700/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301257094_Essential_Oils_as_Flavors_in_Carbonated_Cola_and_Citrus_Soft_Drinks |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2026-05-16 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lab-Cola |url=https://zephyrsai.github.io/labcola/ |access-date=2026-05-16 |website=zephyrsai.github.io}}</ref><ref name=":0">Pendergrast, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bSAChoqpnHUC&q=Pemberton+recipe pp. 456–57] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408084921/https://books.google.com/books?id=bSAChoqpnHUC&q=Pemberton+recipe|date=April 8, 2023}}.</ref><ref name=":3">[http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/427/original-recipe/recipe The Recipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217180930/http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/427/original-recipe/recipe|date=February 17, 2011}} and [http://www.thisamericanlife.org/sites/default/files/TAL_original_recipe.pdf image] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230160957/https://www.thisamericanlife.org/sites/default/files/TAL_original_recipe.pdf|date=December 30, 2021}} (pdf), ''This American Life''. See [http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/427/original-recipe Radio episode and notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005053328/http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/427/original-recipe|date=October 5, 2011}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Luca |first=Martina De |date=2023-11-08 |title=Gum arabic: the secret emulsifier behind soft drinks |url=https://www.essedielleenologia.com/en/gum-arabic/gum-arabic-soft-drinks/ |access-date=2026-05-16 |website=essedielle |language=en-GB}}</ref> Regular versions use sugars, while diet versions utilize artificial sweeteners or natural low glycemic alternatives such as aspartame, saccharin, sucralose, cyclamates, acesulfame potassium ("Ace K"), sugar alcohols, stevia, and monk fruit extract. However, most sugar substitutes carry a marked aftertaste often described as "bitter" or "metallic," preventing diet soft drinks from offering a palatably identical substitute.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Kowitt |first=Beth |name-list-style=vanc |date=2017-02-22 |title=The Hunt for the Perfect Sugar |url=https://fortune.com/2017/02/22/sugar-stevia-low-calorie-sweetener/ |access-date=2019-11-07 |work=Fortune}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Stanford |first=Duane |name-list-style=vanc |date=2015-03-19 |title=Scientists Are Racing to Build a Better Diet Soda |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-19/coke-pepsi-seek-diet-soda-s-perfect-sweetener |access-date=2019-11-07 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek}}</ref>

The ingredients in multinational soft drinks may vary by region according to cost, health concerns, and cultural preferences. The sweetener in mainstream soft drinks varies between high fructose corn syrup, cane sugar, and beet sugar based on regional availability.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Molly |date=2020-05-15 |title=Why Coke Tastes Different In Other Countries |url=https://www.mashed.com/209853/why-coke-tastes-different-in-other-countries/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Mashed |language=en-US}}</ref> However, Coca-Cola has replaced its high fructose corn syrup with cane sugar in its American product at the request of the second Trump administration, which claims that cane sugar provides a healthier alternative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Compton |first=Sophia |date=2025-10-22 |title=Coca-Cola officially rolls out cane sugar soda across US markets following Trump's urging: report |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/retail/coca-cola-officially-rolls-cane-sugar-soda-us-markets-following-trumps-urging-report |access-date=2026-05-16 |website=FOXBusiness |language=en-US}}</ref> The ingredients in Fanta Orange also greatly differ between its American, British, and Italian versions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=People can’t believe the difference between American and European Fanta |url=https://www.today.com/food/trends/fanta-color-difference-us-vs-europe-rcna105799 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=TODAY.com |language=en}}</ref> The American version does not have orange juice and contains high fructose corn syrup, Yellow 6, and Red 40, while the British and Italian versions use sugar and orange juice; the British version only uses natural food extracts as coloring, while the Italian version does not use any added food coloring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fanta Flavors and Products {{!}} Coca-Cola US |url=https://www.coca-cola.com/us/en/brands/fanta/products |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Coca-Cola |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fanta - Fruit Flavours & Ingredients {{!}} Coca-Cola GB |url=https://www.coca-cola.com/gb/en/brands/fanta |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Coca-Cola |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In contrast, small-scale soft drink production typically utilizes ingredients typically found within grocery stores, such as fresh fruit, juices, herbs, and spices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoeffner |first=Melissa Kravitz |date=September 6, 2025 |title=How to Make Homemade Soda That’s Tastier and Better for You Than Store-Bought |url=https://www.marthastewart.com/how-to-make-homemade-soda-11802026 }}</ref> Soft drink recipes designed for home kitchens often substitute essential oils and acids for the raw ingredients that these additives derive from.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russock |first=Caroline |date=January 11, 2026 |title=Natural Cola Soda |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/drink-the-book-natural-cola-homemade-coke-soda }}</ref> Small-scale soft drink production may use fermentation derived from yeast, kombucha, and kefir grains to induce carbonation as an alternative to adding carbonated water.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-31 |title=Marge's Homemade Pepsi |url=https://www.cartooncuisine.com/the-simpsons/marges-homemade-pepsi/ |access-date=2026-05-23 |website=Cartoon Cuisine |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parrish |first=Emillie |date=2021-12-30 |title=A Guide To Fermented Soda Pop |url=https://www.fermentingforfoodies.com/homemade-fermented-soda-pop/ |access-date=2026-05-23 |website=Fermenting for Foodies |language=en-US}}</ref>

Some soft drinks contain measurable amounts of alcohol from natural fermentation, extracts containing alcohol, and the use of alcohol as an emulsifier.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web |date=November 8, 2004 |title=[myMasjid.com.my] Alcohol: In soft drinks |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/mymasjid%40yahoogroups.com/msg00028.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428220855/https://www.mail-archive.com/mymasjid%40yahoogroups.com/msg00028.html |archive-date=April 28, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2009 |publisher=Mail-archive.com}}</ref> In the United States, soft drinks and other products not subject to alcohol regulations such as non-alcoholic beer may legally contain up to 0.5% alcohol by volume.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-18 |title=Legal Definition of Intoxicating Liquor: The 0.5% Rule |url=https://legalclarity.org/legal-definition-of-intoxicating-liquor-the-0-5-rule/ |access-date=2026-05-23 |website=LegalClarity |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Distribution === [[File:Soda_fountain_in_China_01.jpg|thumb|A Coca-Cola soda fountain in Hainan, China, April 2010]] Soft drinks sold in aluminum cans and plastic bottles originate from bottling plants where bottling lines carbonate water, mix the carbonated water with premade syrup, fill cans or bottles with the drink, and package them for commercial distribution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=luye |date=2024-08-13 |title=Coca-cola Production Process Steps - Luye Packaging |url=https://www.luyepackaging.com/coca-cola-production-process-steps/ |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=Water Filling Machine {{!}} Juice, Tea, Milk Filling Equipment {{!}} Carbonated Drink Filling Machine {{!}} Beer, Wine Beverage Filling Equipment {{!}} Luye Machinery is a Manufacturer and Supplier of High Quality Packing Machine and Production Line |language=en}}</ref>

Soda fountains dispense soft drinks by mixing syrups pumped from disposable and interchangeable receptacles known as bag-in-box containers, which simulates the bottling process on a much smaller scale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bag in Box Soda |url=https://www.webstaurantstore.com/45143/soda.html?filter=style:bag-in-box |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=WebstaurantStore |language=en}}</ref> Prior to the widespread adoption of automated soda fountains in the 1960s, restaurants employed a worker known as a soda jerk or soda clerk who manually mixed pumped syrup with carbonated water with an iced tea spoon in each glass served.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-04 |title=Soda Jerks: The Forgotten Art of Serving Drinks and Delish Soda Flavors |url=https://culturacolectiva.com/en/lifestyle/travel/food/soda-jerks-history/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:SodaStream Crystal 2.0.jpg|thumb|Two soda machines manufactured by SodaStream]] Soda machines such as SodaStream carbonate water on a much smaller scale than soda fountains.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Best, Bubbliest Soda Makers for On-Demand Sparkling Water |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/the-best-soda-machines |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250902004521/https://www.seriouseats.com/the-best-soda-machines |archive-date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2026-05-29 |work=Serious Eats |language=en}}</ref> During the 19th century, the gasogene produced carbonated water by mixing tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate, but it had a tendency to explode and utilized a surrounding mesh to protect consumers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bottlebooks.com/Siphons/mixing_it_up.htm|title=Mixing it up: A Look at the Evolution of the Siphon-Bottle|access-date=2006-01-06|archive-date=2018-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822114507/http://www.bottlebooks.com/Siphons/mixing_it_up.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> A machine known as Keurig Kold that mixed carbonated water with flavor pods containing syrup from Coca-Cola Company and Dr Pepper Snapple Group brands existed from 2015 to 2016, but ended production following poor sales.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-23 |title=The Rise and Fall of Keurig Kold: When Was It Discontinued? - HomeDiningKitchen |url=https://homediningkitchen.com/when-was-keurig-kold-discontinued/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=homediningkitchen.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Small scale soft drink production may also utilize premade carbonated water, which may be stored in soda siphons.<ref name="seltzerman">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/nyregion/26seltzer.html|title=Seltzer Man Is Out of Action, and Brooklyn Thirsts|author=Corey Kilgannon|year=2009|access-date=2009-09-26|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

==Producers== {{Further|List of soft drink producers}} [[File:Hartwall Jaffa Greippi & Appelsiini.jpg|thumb|upright|Hartwall Jaffa soft drinks]] Market control of the soft drink industry varies on a country-by-country basis. However, PepsiCo and the Coca-Cola Company remain the two largest producers of soft drinks in most regions of the world. In North America, Keurig Dr Pepper and Jones Soda also hold a significant amount of market share.

==Health concerns== {{update|section|date=November 2020}} {{more medical citations needed|section|date=November 2020}} The over-consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks is associated with obesity,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bes-Rastrollo|first1=M|last2=Sayon-Orea|first2=C|last3=Ruiz-Canela|first3=M|last4=Martinez-Gonzalez|first4=MA|title=Impact of sugars and sugar taxation on body weight control: A comprehensive literature review.|journal=Obesity|date=July 2016|volume=24|issue=7|pages=1410–26|pmid=27273733|doi=10.1002/oby.21535|doi-access=free| issn=1930-7381}}</ref><ref name="Malik, Schulze, & Hu (2006)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB |title=Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=274–88 |year=2006 |pmid=16895873 |pmc=3210834 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.2.274}}</ref><ref name="Vartanian, Schwartz, & Brownell (2007)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD |title=Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=667–75 |year=2007 |pmid=17329656 |pmc=1829363 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2005.083782 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Woodward-Lopez G, Kao J, Ritchie L |title=To what extent have sweetened beverages contributed to the obesity epidemic? |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=499–509 |year=2011 |pmid=20860886 |doi=10.1017/S1368980010002375 |doi-access=free }}</ref> hypertension,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Y|last2=Je|first2=Y|title=Prospective association of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage intake with risk of hypertension.|journal=Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases|date=April 2016|volume=109|issue=4|pages=242–53|doi=10.1016/j.acvd.2015.10.005|pmid=26869455|doi-access=free}}</ref> type 2 diabetes,<ref name=bmj>{{cite journal |vauthors=Imamura F, O'Connor L, Ye Z, Mursu J, Hayashino Y, Bhupathiraju SN, Forouhi NG |title=Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction |journal=BMJ |volume=351 |article-number=h3576 |year=2015 |pmid=26199070 |pmc=4510779 |doi=10.1136/bmj.h3576 }}</ref> dental caries, and low nutrient levels.<ref name="Vartanian, Schwartz, & Brownell (2007)"/> A few experimental studies reported the role sugar-sweetened soft drinks potentially contribute to these ailments,<ref name="Malik, Schulze, & Hu (2006)"/><ref name="Vartanian, Schwartz, & Brownell (2007)"/> though other studies show conflicting information.<ref name="Gibson (2008)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gibson S |title=Sugar-sweetened soft drinks and obesity: a systematic review of the evidence from observational studies and interventions |journal=Nutrition Research Reviews |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=134–47 |year=2008 |pmid=19087367 |doi=10.1017/S0954422408110976 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wolff E, Dansinger ML |title=Soft drinks and weight gain: how strong is the link? |journal=Medscape Journal of Medicine |volume=10 |issue=8 |page=189 |year=2008 |pmid=18924641 |pmc=2562148 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Trumbo PR, Rivers CR |title=Systematic review of the evidence for an association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and risk of obesity |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=72 |issue=9 |pages=566–74 |year=2014 |pmid=25091794 |doi=10.1111/nure.12128 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230798 |access-date=September 29, 2020 |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416011419/https://zenodo.org/record/1230798 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> According to a 2013 systematic review of systematic reviews, 83.3% of the systematic reviews without reported conflict of interest concluded that sugar-sweetened soft drinks consumption could be a potential risk factor for weight gain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bes-Rastrollo|first1=Maira|last2=Schulze|first2=Matthias B.|last3=Ruiz-Canela|first3=Miguel|last4=Martinez-Gonzalez|first4=Miguel A.|date=December 31, 2013|title=Financial Conflicts of Interest and Reporting Bias Regarding the Association between Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews|journal=PLOS Medicine|language=en|volume=10|issue=12|article-number=e1001578|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001578|issn=1549-1676|pmc=3876974|pmid=24391479 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Obesity and weight-related diseases===

From 1977 to 2002, Americans doubled their consumption of sweetened beverages<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nielsen |first1=S. |last2=Popkin |first2=B. |year=2004 |title=Changes in beverage intake between 1977 and 2001. |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=205–210 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2004.05.005 |pmid=15450632 |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c13c2b93-6d08-459d-8613-c7d0c21eee14 |access-date=September 29, 2020 |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926145348/https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/w66345622 |url-status=live }}</ref>—a trend that was paralleled by doubling the prevalence of obesity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Flegal |first1=K.M. |last2=Carroll |first2=M.D. |last3=Ogden |first3=C.L. |last4=Johnson |first4=C.L. |year=2002 |title=Prevalence and trends in overweight among US adults, 1999–2000 |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=288 |issue=14 |pages=1723–1727 |doi=10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 |pmid=12365955 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with weight and obesity, and changes in consumption can help predict changes in weight.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/data-statistics/sugar-sweetened-beverages-intake.html| title=Get the Facts: Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Consumption| website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| date=February 27, 2017| access-date=September 11, 2020| archive-date=June 23, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623105802/https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/data-statistics/sugar-sweetened-beverages-intake.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

The consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks can also be associated with many weight-related diseases, including diabetes,<ref name=bmj/> metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk factors.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link7=Gerald Berenson |vauthors=Yoo S, Nicklas T, Baranowski T, Zakeri IF, Yang SJ, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS |title=Comparison of dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=841–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15447888 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/80.4.841|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Dental decay=== thumb|Chilled soft drinks in a cooler in Brazil Most soft drinks contain high concentrations of simple carbohydrates: glucose, fructose, sucrose and other simple sugars. If oral bacteria ferment carbohydrates and produce acids that may dissolve tooth enamel and induce dental decay, then sweetened drinks may increase the risk of dental caries. The risk would be greater if the frequency of consumption is high.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Marshall TA, Levy SM, Broffitt B, Warren JJ, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Burns TL, Stumbo PJ |title=Dental caries and beverage consumption in young children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=112 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=e184–91 |year=2003 |pmid=12949310 |doi=10.1542/peds.112.3.e184 |s2cid=2444019 |doi-access= }}</ref>

A large number of soda pops are acidic as are many fruits, sauces, and other foods. Drinking acidic drinks over a long period and continuous sipping may erode the tooth enamel. A 2007 study determined that some flavored sparkling waters are as erosive or more so than orange juice.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The erosive potential of flavoured sparkling water drinks |journal=International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=86–91 |publisher=British Paedodontic Society and the International Association of Dentistry for Children |date=March 2007 |pmid=17263857 |first1=Catronia J. |last1=Brown |first2=Gay |last2=Smith |first3=Linda |last3=Shaw |first4=Jason |last4=Parry |first5=Anthony J. |last5=Smith |doi=10.1111/j.1365-263X.2006.00784.x }}</ref>

Using a drinking straw is often advised by dentists as the drink does not come into as much contact with the teeth. It has also been suggested that brushing teeth right after drinking soft drinks should be avoided as this can result in additional erosion to the teeth due to mechanical action of the toothbrush on weakened enamel.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bassiouny MA, Yang J |title=Influence of drinking patterns of carbonated beverages on dental erosion |journal=General Dentistry |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=205–10 |year=2005 |pmid=15960479}} *{{cite press release |date=June 17, 2005 |title=Saved By A Straw? Sipping Soft Drinks And Other Beverages Reduces Risk Of Decay |website=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050616060426.htm |access-date=February 28, 2018 |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081754/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050616060426.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Bone density and bone loss=== A 2006 study of several thousand men and women, found that women who regularly drank cola-based sodas (three or more a day) had significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) of about 4% in the hip compared to women who did not consume colas.<ref name="tucker">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP |title=Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=936–42 |year=2006 |pmid=17023723 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.4.936|doi-access=free }}</ref> The study found that the effect of regular consumption of cola sodas was not significant on men's BMD.<ref name=tucker/>

===Benzene=== {{Main|Benzene in soft drinks}} In 2006, the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency published the results of its survey of benzene levels in soft drinks,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2006/mar/benzenesurvey |title=of benzene levels in soft drinks |publisher=Food.gov.uk |date=March 31, 2006 |access-date=June 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006234546/http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2006/mar/benzenesurvey |archive-date=October 6, 2008 }}</ref> which tested 150 products and found that four contained benzene levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water.

The United States Food and Drug Administration released its own test results of several soft drinks containing benzoates and ascorbic or erythorbic acid. Five tested drinks contained benzene levels above the Environmental Protection Agency's recommended standard of 5 ppb. As of 2006, the FDA stated its belief that "the levels of benzene found in soft drinks and other beverages to date do not pose a safety concern for consumers".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/benzqa.html |title=US FDA/CFSAN – Questions and Answers on the Occurrence of Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages |access-date=March 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326000127/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/benzqa.html |archive-date=March 26, 2008 }}</ref>

===Kidney stones=== A study published in the ''Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology'' in 2013 concluded that consumption of soft drinks was associated with a 23% higher risk of developing kidney stones.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Gambaro G, Curhan GC |title=Soda and other beverages and the risk of kidney stones |journal=Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=1389–95 |year=2013 |pmid=23676355 |pmc=3731916 |doi=10.2215/CJN.11661112 }}</ref>

=== Mortality, circulatory and digestive diseases === In a 2019 study of 451,743 Europeans, those who had a consumption of soft drinks of two or more a day,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laura |first=Reiley |date=4 September 2019 |title=It doesn't matter if it's sugary or diet: New study links all soda to an early death |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/04/it-doesnt-matter-if-its-sugary-or-diet-new-study-links-all-soda-an-early-death/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> had a greater chance of all-cause mortality than those who drank less than one per month. People who drank artificially sweetened drinks had a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, and people who drank sugar-sweetened drinks with digestive diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mullee |first1=Amy |last2=Romaguera |first2=Dora |last3=Pearson-Stuttard |first3=Jonathan |last4=Viallon |first4=Vivian |last5=Stepien |first5=Magdelena |last6=Freisling |first6=Heinz |last7=Fagherazzi |first7=Guy |last8=Mancini |first8=Francesca Romana |last9=Boutron-Ruault |first9=Marie-Christine |last10=Kühn |first10=Tilman |last11=Kaaks |first11=Rudolf |last12=Boeing |first12=Heiner |last13=Aleksandrova |first13=Krasimira |last14=Tjønneland |first14=Anne |last15=Halkjær |first15=Jytte |display-authors=3 |date=3 September 2019 |title=Association Between Soft Drink Consumption and Mortality in 10 European Countries |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=179 |issue=11 |pages=1479–1490 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2478 |pmc=6724165 |pmid=31479109 |hdl=2445/168063}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Inserro |first1=Allison |title=Large European Study Links Soda Consumption to Greater Risk of Mortality, Including From Parkinson |url=https://www.ajmc.com/view/large-european-study-links-soda-consumption-to-greater-risk-of-mortality-including-from-parkinson |website=The American Journal of Managed Care |access-date=29 April 2024 |date=3 September 2019}}</ref>

==Government regulation== ===Schools=== Since at least 2006, debate on whether high-calorie soft drink vending machines should be allowed in schools has been on the rise. Opponents of the soft drink vending machines believe that soft drinks are a significant contributor to childhood obesity and tooth decay, and that allowing soft drink sales in schools encourages children to believe they are safe to consume in moderate to large quantities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12604166|title=Non-diet sodas to be pulled from schools|agency=Associated Press|date=May 5, 2006|access-date=November 10, 2019|archive-date=September 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915141452/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12604166|url-status=live}}</ref> Opponents also argue that schools have a responsibility to look after the health of the children in their care, and that allowing children easy access to soft drinks violates that responsibility.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bmsg.org/node/210|title=Issue 17: Debates from four states over selling soda in schools|agency=Berkeley Media Studies Group|date=November 1, 2008|access-date=January 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012052146/http://www.bmsg.org/node/210|archive-date=October 12, 2013}}</ref> Vending machine proponents believe that obesity is a complex issue and soft drinks are not the only cause.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailydemocrat.com/2013/05/29/states-soda-tax-plan-falls-flat/|location=California, United States|title=State's soda tax plan falls flat|agency=Daily Democrat|date=May 29, 2013|access-date=July 20, 2013|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728170407/https://www.dailydemocrat.com/2013/05/29/states-soda-tax-plan-falls-flat/|url-status=live|newspaper=Daily Democrat}}</ref> A 2011 bill to tax soft drinks in California failed, with some opposing lawmakers arguing that parents—not the government—should be responsible for children's drink choices.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://abc7.com/archive/8093976/|work=ABC News Los Angeles|title=Soda tax nixed in state assembly committee|date=April 25, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010135242/http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news%2Fstate&id=8093976|archive-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref>

On May 3, 2006, the Alliance for a Healthier Generation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthiergeneration.org/|title=Alliance for a Healthier Generation|work=HealthierGeneration.org|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-date=September 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901153305/http://www.healthiergeneration.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Cadbury Schweppes, the Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, and the American Beverage Association announced new guidelines<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthiergeneration.org/schools.aspx?id=108|title=Schools|last=Clockwork.net|work=HealthierGeneration.org|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901153305/http://www.healthiergeneration.org/schools.aspx?id=108|archive-date=September 1, 2010}}</ref> that will voluntarily remove high-calorie soft drinks from all U.S. schools.

On May 19, 2006, the British education secretary, Alan Johnson, announced new minimum nutrition standards for school food. Among a wide range of measures, from September 2006, school lunches will be free from carbonated drinks. Schools will also end the sale of junk food (including carbonated drinks) in vending machines and tuck shops.

In 2008, Samantha K Graff published an article in the ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' regarding the "First Amendment Implications of Restricting Food and Beverages Marketing in Schools". The article examines a school district's policy regarding limiting the sale and marketing of soda in public schools, and how certain policies can invoke a violation of the First Amendment. Due to district budget cuts and loss in state funding, many school districts allow commercial businesses to market and advertise their product (including junk food and soda) to public school students for additional revenue. Junk food and soda companies have acquired exclusive rights to vending machines throughout many public school campuses. Opponents of corporate marketing and advertising on school grounds urge school officials to restrict or limit a corporation's power to promote, market, and sell their product to school students. In the 1970s, the Supreme Court ruled that advertising was not a form of free expression, but a form of business practices which should be regulated by the government. In the 1976 case of ''Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/425/748/|title=Va. Pharmacy Bd. v. Va. Consumer Council 425 U.S. 748 (1976)|work=Justia.com|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-date=January 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131185729/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/425/748/|url-status=live}}</ref> the Supreme Court ruled that advertising, or "commercial speech", to some degree is protected under the First Amendment. To avoid a First Amendment challenge by corporations, public schools could create contracts that restrict the sale of certain product and advertising. Public schools can also ban the selling of all food and drink products on campus, while not infringing on a corporation's right to free speech.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Graff |first=S. K. |title=First Amendment Implications of Restricting Food and Beverage Marketing in Schools |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=615 |issue=1 |year=2008 |pages=157–77 |jstor=25097981 |doi=10.1177/0002716207308398 |s2cid=154286599 }}</ref>

On December 13, 2010, President Obama signed the Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act of 2010<ref name="Hunger-Free Kids Act">{{cite web|url=https://www.fns.usda.gov/cn/healthy-hunger-free-kids-act|title=Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act – Food and Nutrition Service|work=USDA.gov|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-date=February 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215223502/https://www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/healthy-hunger-free-kids-act}}</ref> (effective in 2014) that mandates schools that receive federal funding must offer healthy snacks and drinks to students. The act bans the selling of soft drinks to students and requires schools to provide healthier options such as water, unflavored low-fat milk, 100% fruit and vegetable drinks or sugar-free carbonated drinks. The portion sizes available to students will be based on age: eight ounces for elementary schools, twelve ounces for middle and high schools. Proponents of the act predict the new mandate it will make it easier for students to make healthy drink choices while at school.<ref name="Hunger-Free Kids Act"/>

In 2015, Terry-McElarth and colleagues published a study in the ''American Journal of Preventive Medicine'' on regular soda policies and their effect on school drink availability and student consumption. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of a program beginning in the 2014–2015 school year that requires schools participating in federally reimbursable meal programs to remove all competitive venues (a la carte cafeteria sales, vending machines, and stores/snack bars/carts), on the availability of unhealthy drinks at schools and student consumption. The study analyzed state- and school district-level policies mandating soda bans and found that state bans were associated with significantly lower school soda availability but district bans showed no significant associations. In addition, no significant correlation was observed between state policies and student consumption. Among student populations, state policy was directly associated with significantly lower school soda availability and indirectly associated with lower student consumption. The same was not observed for other student populations.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Terry-McElrath YM, Chriqui JF, O'Malley PM, Chaloupka FJ, Johnston LD |title=Regular soda policies, school availability, and high school student consumption |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=436–44 |year=2015 |pmid=25576493 |pmc=4380673 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2014.10.022 }}</ref>

===Taxation=== {{Main|Sugary drink tax}}

In the United States, soft drinks are considered "food" items and can be purchased using federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits, formerly known as food stamps. Federal law prohibits the collection of sales tax on purchases made with SNAP benefits.

For other consumers, legislators, health experts and consumer advocates are considering levying higher taxes on the sale of soft drinks and other sweetened products to help curb the epidemic of obesity among Americans, and its harmful impact on overall health. Some speculate that higher taxes could help reduce soda consumption.<ref name=Duffey2010>{{cite journal |vauthors=Duffey KJ, Gordon-Larsen P, Shikany JM, Guilkey D, Jacobs DR, Popkin BM |title=Food price and diet and health outcomes: 20 years of the CARDIA Study |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=170 |issue=5 |pages=420–6 |year=2010 |pmid=20212177 |pmc=3154748 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2009.545 }}</ref> Others say that taxes should help fund education to increase consumer awareness of the unhealthy effects of excessive soft drink consumption, and also help cover costs of caring for conditions resulting from overconsumption.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/weightloss/2009-09-18-soda-tax_N.htm | title = USA Today, Experts: penny per ounce to fight obesity, health costs. Sept 18 2009 | access-date = April 11, 2010 | date = September 18, 2009 | archive-date = October 17, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091017000635/http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/weightloss/2009-09-18-soda-tax_N.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The food and drink industry holds considerable clout in Washington, DC, as it has contributed more than $50 million to legislators since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?ind=N01 |title=Food and Beverage industry profile |publisher=OpenSecrets |date=February 18, 2013 |access-date=November 19, 2009 |archive-date=August 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808220508/http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?ind=N01 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2013, a British lobby group called for the price of sugary fizzy drinks to be increased, with the money raised (an estimated £1 billion at 20p per litre) to be put towards a "Children's Future Fund", overseen by an independent body, which would encourage children to eat healthily in school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.govtoday.co.uk/health/44-public-health/14591-61-organisations-call-for-a-sugary-drinks-duty |title=61 organisations call for a sugary drinks duty |publisher=Govtoday.co.uk |date=January 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216220641/http://www.govtoday.co.uk/health/44-public-health/14591-61-organisations-call-for-a-sugary-drinks-duty |archive-date=February 16, 2013 }}</ref>

In 2017, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain imposed a 50% tax on soft drinks and a 100% tax on energy drinks to curb excess consumption of the commodity and for additional revenue.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Backholer K, Blake M, Vandevijvere S |date=2017|title=Sugar-sweetened beverage taxation: An update on the year that was 2017|journal=Public Health Nutrition|volume=20 | issue = 18 |pages=3219–3224|doi=10.1017/s1368980017003329|pmid=29160766|pmc=10261626 |doi-access=free|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30105615|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

===Attempted ban=== In March 2013, New York City's mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed to ban the sale of non-diet soft drinks larger than 16 ounces, except in convenience stores and supermarkets. A lawsuit against the ban was upheld by a state judge, who voiced concerns that the ban was "fraught with arbitrary and capricious consequences". Bloomberg announced that he would be appealing the verdict.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/11/new-york-soda-ban-struck-down-bloomberg-promises-appeal|title=New York Soda Ban Struck Down, Bloomberg Promises Appeal – ''U.S. News & World Report''|website=USNews.com|date=March 11, 2013|access-date=March 26, 2013|archive-date=March 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327092448/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/11/new-york-soda-ban-struck-down-bloomberg-promises-appeal|url-status=live}}</ref> The state appellate courts upheld the trial court decision, and the ban remains unenforceable as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oneill.law.georgetown.edu/nycs-super-size-soda-ban-declared-unconstitutional/|title=NYC's Super-size Soda Ban declared Unconstitutional | O'Neill Institute|date=July 31, 2013 |access-date=July 22, 2021|archive-date=July 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722230845/https://oneill.law.georgetown.edu/nycs-super-size-soda-ban-declared-unconstitutional/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/a30999936/new-york-bloomberg-soda-ban/|title=A Look Back at Mike Bloomberg's Failed New York City Soda Ban|date=February 19, 2020|access-date=July 22, 2021|archive-date=July 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722230844/https://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/a30999936/new-york-bloomberg-soda-ban/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, amidst soaring rates of obesity and diabetes, the Mexican state of Oaxaca enacted a ban on sugary drinks, including notably Coca-Cola, but it was poorly enforced.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/nov/04/sugar-rush-how-mexico-addiction-to-fizzy-drinks-fuelled-its-health-crisis-acc|last=Busby|first=Mattha|title=Sugar rush: how Mexico's addiction to fizzy drinks fuelled its health crisis|date=November 4, 2022|work=The Guardian}}</ref>

==See also== {{Portal|Drink}} {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Ade * Craft soda * Diet soda * Energy drink * Phosphate soda * Fizz-Keeper * Hard soda * Industrial gas * Kombucha * List of brand name soft drink products * List of soft drink flavors * List of soft drinks by country * List of drinks * Low-alcohol beer * Nitrogenation * Nucleation * Premix and postmix * Soda fountain * Squash (drink) {{div col end}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==Further reading== * [https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-08-16-soda-schools_x.htm "Beverage group: Pull soda from primary schools"], ''USA Today'', August 17, 2005 * [https://archive.boston.com/news/education/k_12/articles/2006/05/04/after_soda_ban_nutritionists_say_more_can_be_done/ "After soda ban nutritionists say more can be done"], ''The Boston Globe'', May 4, 2006 * [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/22/business/critics-say-soda-policy-for-schools-lacks-teeth.html "Critics Say Soda Policy for Schools Lacks Teeth"], ''The New York Times'', August 22, 2006

==External links== *{{Wiktionary-inline|soft drink}} *{{Wikiquote-inline}} *{{Wikivoyage inline}} *{{Commons category-inline|Soft drinks}}

Category:Convenience foods Category:Soft drinks Category:Articles containing video clips