{{short description|Short nap taken in the early afternoon}} {{About|the short nap}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} [[Image:Die Hängematte.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|A painting of a young woman taking a ''siesta''. (''The Hammock'', Gustave Courbet (1844))]] [[File:Pihenő a szőlőhegyen. Fortepan 57116.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|People taking a siesta in a haystack, Lendava, Yugoslavia, 1957]] A '''siesta''' (from Spanish, pronounced {{IPA|es|ˈsjesta|}} and meaning "nap") is a short nap taken in the early afternoon, often after the midday meal. Such a period of sleep is a common tradition in some countries, particularly those in warm-weather zones. The "siesta" can refer to the nap itself, or more generally to a period of the day, generally between 2 and 5{{nbsp}}p.m. This period is used for sleep, as well as leisure, midday meals, sex, or other activities.
Siestas are historically common throughout the Mediterranean and Southern Europe, the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia and mainland China. The siesta is an old tradition in Spain and, through Spanish influence, in most of Latin America and the Philippines. The Spanish word {{lang|es|siesta}} is originally derived from the Latin phrase {{lang|la|[hora] sexta}} ('sixth [hour]', counting from dawn, hence "midday rest"), which puts it around noon time.
Factors explaining the geographical distribution of the modern siesta are warm temperatures and heavy intake of food at midday meals. Combined, these two factors contribute to the feeling of post-lunch drowsiness. In many countries that practice the siesta, the summer heat can be unbearable in the early afternoon, making a midday break at home welcome. [[File:Children sleeping in the schools in Cuba.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Children taking a siesta at school in Trinidad de Cuba ]]
==Biological need for naps== The timing of sleep in humans depends upon a balance between homeostatic sleep propensity, the need for sleep as a function of the amount of time elapsed since the last adequate sleep episode, and circadian rhythms which determine the ideal timing of a correctly structured and restorative sleep episode. The homeostatic pressure to sleep starts growing upon awakening. The circadian signal for wakefulness starts building in the (late) afternoon. As professor of sleep medicine Charles Czeisler notes, "the circadian system is set up in a beautiful way to override the homeostatic drive for sleep."<ref name="Czeisler-Lambert">{{cite journal |last=Lambert |first=Craig |date=July–August 2005 |title=Deep into Sleep. While researchers probe sleep's functions, sleep itself is becoming a lost art |journal=Harvard Magazine |url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2005/07/deep-into-sleep.html |access-date=25 February 2008}}</ref>
Thus, in many people, there is a dip when the drive for sleep has been building for hours and the drive for wakefulness has not yet started. This is, again quoting Czeisler, "a great time for a nap".<ref name= "Czeisler-Lambert"/> The drive for wakefulness intensifies through the evening, making it difficult to get to sleep 2–3 hours before one's usual bedtime when the wake maintenance zone ends.
==History== The custom of taking a midday nap evolved in Roman times along the Mediterranean coastline. As Roman nobles serving in that area found it difficult to handle the heat at noon time, they used to take this nap. The custom is mentioned in the letters of Sidonius from the 5th century: "The siesta after dinner is always slight, and sometimes intermitted".<ref>[https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/sidonius_letters_01book1.htm Book I, letter I]</ref>
==In different countries== [[Image:Business hours Greece.JPG|thumb|upright|Dentist and pharmacist sharing similar business hours on the island of Lipsi, Greece.]]
Taking a long lunch break including a nap is common in a number of Mediterranean, tropical, and subtropical countries. The ''Washington Post'' of 13 February 2007 reports at length on studies in Greece that indicate that those who nap have less risk of heart attacks.<ref>Stein, Rob. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/12/AR2007021200626.html "Midday Naps Found to Help Fend Off Heart Disease"], ''Washington Post'', 13 February 2007, p. A14.</ref>
In the United States, the United Kingdom, and a growing number of other countries, a short sleep has been referred to as a "power nap", a term coined by Cornell University social psychologist James Maas<ref>Maas, James B. (1998) ''Miracle Sleep Cure'': London: Thorsons</ref> and recognized by other research scientists such as Sara Mednick<ref>{{cite web |title=The National Institute of Mental Health Power Nap Study |url=http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2002/nimh-02.htm |date=1 July 2002 |access-date=1 July 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020802060144/http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2002/nimh-02.htm |archive-date=2 August 2002 }}</ref> as well as in the popular press.<ref>{{cite news |title=Researchers: Power Nap Better than Caffeine to Fight Afternoon Fatigue |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,295677,00.html |date=4 September 2007 |work=Fox News}}</ref> Siesta is also practiced in some still colder regions, such as Patagonia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogpatagonia.australis.com/9-things-understand-traveling-argentina/|title=9 Things You Must Understand Before Traveling in Argentina|website=blogpatagonia.australis.com|date=November 2016|access-date=2019-05-28|quote=No, your standard Argentinian is instead kicking back with a well-earned snooze or siesta. [...] The siesta probably has its origins in the fact that Argentine society rarely sees morning hours – unless they’ve yet to go to bed that is.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogpatagonia.australis.com/important-argentina-traditions/|title=Important Argentina Traditions and Where to Experience Them|website=blogpatagonia.australis.com|date=4 January 2017|access-date=2019-05-28|quote=A tradition brought by the conquistadors from Spain, but continued enthusiastically by modern Argentineans, siestas are an important part of the day for people in Argentina. [...] Initially a way of avoiding the fierce heat of midday, in parts of southern Argentina where the heat is less intense, the siesta is instead a time for family members to eat together. Normally siestas are held between 1pm and 4pm so be aware that, when traveling in Argentina, you’re unlikely to find much activity in small towns during this part of the day. |author1=Australis }}</ref> The power nap is called ''riposo'' in Northern Italy and ''pennichella'' or ''pisolino'' in Southern Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandvoyageitaly.com/1/post/2016/05/chiuso-means-closed-in-italy-the-midday-riposa-siesta.html|title="Chiuso" means Closed in Italy: The Midday Riposa (Siesta), The Italian Siesta|last=Finzi|first=Jerry|date=2016-05-23|website=GRAND VOYAGE ITALY|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reidsitaly.com/planning/comm/open_hours.html#riposo|title=Open hours in Italy|website=reidsitaly.com|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref>
It used to be the custom in Russia, with Adam Olearius stating such was "the custom of the Countrey, where sleep is as necessary after Dinner as in the Night".<ref>''[https://archive.org/stream/voyagestravellso00olea The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy, and the King of Persia: Begun in the Year M.DC.XXXIII, and Finish'd in M.DC.XXXIX : Containing a Compleat History of Muscovy, Tartary, Persia, and Other Adjacent Countries : with Several Publick Transactions Reaching Near the Present Times : in VII Books]'', page 5 of Book 1</ref> One source of hostility toward False Dmitriy I was that he did not "...indulge in the siesta."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Howorth|first1=Henry H|title=History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2. The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia|date=1880|publisher=Longmans, Green, & Co.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmongols21howo|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>{{RP|535}}
In Southern Italy, the siesta is called ''controra'' (from contro ("counter") + ora "hour") that is considered a magical time of the day, in which the world comes back into the possession of ghosts and spirits. In Dalmatia (coastal Croatia), the traditional afternoon nap is known as ''pižolot'' (from Venetian ''pixolotto'').<ref>Anić, Vladimir & Goldstein, Ivo (1999). ''Rječnik Stranih Riječi'', p998. Zagreb: Novi Liber.</ref>
In Egypt and other Middle Eastern countries, government workers typically work for six hours a day, six days a week. Due to this schedule, workers do not eat lunch at work. Instead leave work around midday to eat their main meal of the day. Following the heavy lunch, they take a nap (in Arabic, ''taaseela'' or ''qailulah''), and have tea or coffee upon waking up before returning to work. For dinner, they usually have a smaller meal.
This midday rest is related to the Islamic practice of ''Qailulah'' (Arabic: قيلولة). The ''Qailulah'' is a brief nap around the middle of the day, between the daily Dhuhr and Asr prayers. This practice is considered to be Mustahabb (encouraged, though not required), and is widely considered to have been recommended by the Islamic prophet Muhammad.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tumiran |first1=M. A. |author2=Rahman NNA |last3=Saat |first3=R. M. |last4=Kabir |first4=N. |last5=Zulkifli |first5=M. Y. |author6=Adli DSH |title=The Concept of Qailulah (Midday Napping) from Neuroscientific and Islamic Perspectives |journal=Journal of Religion and Health |date=2018 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=1363–1375 |doi=10.1007/s10943-015-0093-7 |pmid=26266758 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AL-KAFI #1032: QAILULLAH AND ITS TIME |url=https://muftiwp.gov.my/en/artikel/al-kafi-li-al-fatawi/2998-al-kafi-1032-qailulah-and-its-time |publisher=Mufti of the Federal Territories of Malaysia}}</ref> Resting during midday also makes it easier for Muslims to be awake before dawn, to perform voluntary but encouraged acts such as tahajjud or suhur.<ref>{{cite web |title=AL-KAFI #1032: QAILULLAH AND ITS TIME |url=https://muftiwp.gov.my/en/artikel/al-kafi-li-al-fatawi/2998-al-kafi-1032-qailulah-and-its-time |publisher=Mufti of the Federal Territories of Malaysia}}</ref>
Einhard's ''Life of Charlemagne'' describes the emperor's summertime siestas: "In summer, after his midday meal, he would eat some fruit and take another drink; then he would remove his shoes and undress completely, just as he did at night, and rest for two or three hours."<ref>Einhard, ''Life of Charlemagne'', §24.</ref>
In China, taking a nap after lunch, known as {{lang|zh|午睡}} ({{lit|noon sleep}}), is a common practice among people. Surveys indicate that about two-thirds of the Chinese population habitually takes afternoon naps, with the average duration being approximately 30 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021中国午睡图鉴：67.38%的人会经常午休，你"拖后腿"了吗？-艾媒网 |url=https://www.iimedia.cn/c460/80159.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.iimedia.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=网易 |date=2023-03-25 |title=47页2023中国健康睡眠白皮书 |url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/I0KVH8C305561ZTN.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.163.com}}</ref>
===Spain and Portugal=== {{missing information|the geographic distribution of the practice within Spain|date=December 2018}} In modern Spain and Portugal, the midday nap during the working week is being gradually abandoned among the adult working population.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Costumbres y curiosidades de España – Escuelapedia – Recursos Educativos|date = 25 December 2013|url = https://www.escuelapedia.com/costumbres-y-curiosidades-de-espana/|access-date = 2015-10-05|language=es}}</ref> According to a 2009 survey, 16.2 percent of the population polled claimed to take a nap "daily", whereas 22 percent did so "sometimes", 3.2 percent "weekends only" and the remainder, 58.6 percent, "never". The share of those who claimed to have a nap daily had diminished by 7 percent compared to a previous poll in 1998. Nearly three out of four siesta-takers claimed to take siestas on the sofa rather than the bed. [[File:Day Sleepers.jpg|thumb|230px|left|Two men taking an afternoon siesta in a deserted square of Coruña, Spain,<br/>May 2005.]]
The habit is more likely among the elderly or during summer holidays, in order to avoid the high temperatures of the day and extend social life until the cooler late evenings and nights.<ref name="Verne – elpais.com">{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/04/06/inenglish/1459949163_140228.html|title=Spanish siesta: The Spanish siesta myth or reality?|access-date=2016-06-19|newspaper=El País|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>
English-language media often conflates the siesta with the two to three hour lunch break that is characteristic of Spanish and Portuguese working hours,<ref>[https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2016/04/05/actualidad/1459863488_781044.html La prensa internacional ironiza: Rajoy quiere quitar la siesta|España|El País]</ref> even though the working population is less likely to have time for a siesta and the two events are not necessarily connected. In fact, the average Spaniard works longer hours than almost all their European counterparts (typically 11-hour days, from 9 am to 8 pm).<ref>{{cite news| author=Paul Kelley| url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/feb/22/spaniards-sleep-time-zone-spain | work=The Guardian| title=Spaniards' lack of sleep isn't a cultural thing – they're in the wrong time zone | date=22 February 2017}}</ref>{{Contradictory inline|1=Working time#Average annual hours per worker|date=March 2021}}
As for the origins of the practice in Spain and Portugal, the scorching summer heat predominant mostly in the South is thought to have motivated those doing agrarian work to take a break to avoid the hottest part of the day and be able to work longer hours when it is cooler. In cities, the economic situation in Spain and Portugal during the post-Spanish Civil War years was dismal. At that time, a long midday break—with or without a siesta—was necessary for those commuting between the part-time jobs, which were common in the sputtering economy. This situation was soon followed by the advent of a modern economy and urbanization.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21704816-and-knackered-it-out-sync-sun?fsrc=scn%2Fli%2Fte%2Fpe%2Fed%2F |title= Out of sync with the sun...|newspaper= The Economist|date= 11 August 2016| access-date = 2016-08-18}}</ref>
==Mental and social benefits== While "siesta" means napping, the siesta period can better be described as a "de-stress" period. If Spaniards do sleep, many simply fall asleep on their sofa rather than putting on pajamas and going to bed.<ref>"All about Spain Siesta Time Culture." ''Foreverbarcelona,'' 29 Mar. 2024, www.foreverbarcelona.com/spain-siesta-time/.</ref> This rest period allows Spaniards to unwind, allowing them to return to work feeling refreshed and avoid burnout from working nonstop. By living in Spain, one will find that the goal of the siesta period is not only related to productivity, but rather a mental tool designed to alleviate the pressures of the busy work life.<ref>Kanuga, Parishi. "Notes from Spain: The Power of Siestas." ''The Student Life,'' 25 Oct. 2024, tsl.news/notes-from-spain-napping-in-a-new-way/.</ref> Another student notes that the siesta allows individuals to practice being present, thus building deeper relationships. The student also reports that despite breaking from work for siesta, Spaniards are very hardworking.<ref>Laue, Bethany. "On Spain, Siestas, & Slowing down - Semester in Spain." ''Semester in Spain -Faith-Based Spanish Language Immersion,'' 28 Feb. 2025, www.semesterinspain.org/on-spain-siesta-slowing-down/.</ref>
==Cardiovascular benefits== [[File:(Barcelona) La Migdiata - Ramon Martí i Alsina - Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya.jpg|thumb|right|''La Siesta'', Ramon Martí Alsina (MNAC).]] [[File:Mexico trip 2007 2 974.jpg|thumb|Dogs taking a siesta in San Cristóbal de las Casas, Mexico]] The siesta habit has been associated with a 37 percent reduction in coronary mortality, possibly due to reduced cardiovascular stress mediated by daytime sleep.{{sfn|Naska|Oikonomou|Trichopoulou|Psaltopoulou|2007}}
Epidemiological studies on the relations between cardiovascular health and siesta have led to conflicting conclusions, possibly because of poor control of confounding variables, such as physical activity. It is possible that people who take a siesta have different physical activity habits, for example, waking earlier and scheduling more activity during the morning. Such differences in physical activity may lead to different 24-hour profiles in cardiovascular function. Even if such effects of physical activity can be discounted in explaining the relationship between siesta and cardiovascular health, it is still not known whether the daytime nap itself, a supine posture, or the expectancy of a nap is the most important factor.{{sfn|Zaregarizi|2012}}
==See also== * Aestivation
==References== {{reflist}}
===Works cited=== *{{cite journal|last1=Naska|first1=A.|last2=Oikonomou|first2=E.|last3=Trichopoulou|first3=A.|last4=Psaltopoulou|first4=T.|last5=Trichopoulos|first5=D.|date=2007|title=Siesta in healthy adults and coronary mortality in the general population|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=167|issue=3|pages=167, 296–301|doi=10.1001/archinte.167.3.296|pmid=17296887|doi-access=}} *{{cite book|first=MohammadReza|last=Zaregarizi|title=Effects of Exercise & Daytime Sleep on Human Haemodynamics: With Focus on Changes in Cardiovascular Function during Daytime Sleep Onset|isbn=978-3-8484-1726-1|date=March 2012}}
==Further reading== *{{cite journal|first1=Mohammad Reza|last1=Zaregarizi|first2=Ben|last2=Edwards|first3=Keith|last3=George|first4=Yvonne|last4=Harrison|first5=Helen|last5=Jones|first6=Greg|last6=Atkinson|date=2007|title=Acute changes in cardiovascular function during the onset period of daytime sleep: Comparison to lying awake and standing|journal=J Appl Physiol|volume=103|issue=4|pages=1332–1338|doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00474.2007|pmid=17641220}}
==External links== {{wiktionary | siesta}} {{Commons category|Siesta}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|Wikipedia_Siesta.ogg|date=2 December 2012}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310193716/http://www.bio.com/newsfeatures/newsfeatures_research.jhtml?cid=19200022 Why we could all do with a Siesta] – An article about research results from the University of Manchester. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131214071922/http://my.telegraph.co.uk/expat/annanicholas/10140234/is-the-spanish-siesta-in-terminal-decline/ Is there a decline in Siesta] – An article about the decline in siesta. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807054812/http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/3/429.full Medical disadvantages correlated with Siesta] – An article from the Oxford Journal.
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Category:Sleep Category:Culture of Spain