{{Short description|Species of tree}} {{about|the sakaki tree|other uses|Sakaki (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} {{More footnotes needed|date=October 2025}} {{Speciesbox | name = Sakaki | image = W sakaki4061.jpg | image_caption = Sakaki, ''Cleyera japonica'' | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=de Kok |first1=R. |year=2024 |title=''Cleyera japonica'' |volume=2024 |article-number=e.T63075A216767914 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-1.RLTS.T63075A216767914.en |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> | genus = Cleyera | species = japonica | authority = Thunb. }}
'''''Cleyera japonica''''' ('''sakaki''') is a flowering evergreen tree native to warm areas of Japan, Taiwan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, and northern India (Min and Bartholomew 2015). It can reach a height of {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The leaves are {{convert|6|–|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, smooth, oval, leathery, shiny and dark green above, yellowish-green below, with deep furrows for the leaf stem. The bark is dark reddish brown and smooth. The small, scented, cream-white flowers open in early summer, and are followed later by berries which start red and turn black when ripe. Sakaki is one of the common trees in the second layer of the evergreen oak forests. It is considered sacred to Japanese Shintō faith, and is one of the classical offerings at Shintō shrines including Tamagushi and masakaki .<ref name="d-2015a">{{Cite web |last=D |first=John |date=5 April 2015 |title=The Colours of Shinto (masakaki) |url=https://www.greenshinto.com/2015/04/05/the-colours-of-shinto/ |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=Green Shinto |language=en-GB }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=What is a Masakaki Offering? |url=https://www.jiaponline.org/2016/10/what-is-masakaki-offering.html |access-date=27 November 2023 |language=en }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Sakaki {{!}} 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/?id=9610 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921215257/https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/?id=9610 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=27 November 2023 }}</ref>
==Uses== [[File:Sakaki branch.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Wands of Sakaki are used in Shinto ritual]] Sakaki wood is used for making utensils (especially combs), building materials, and fuel. It is commonly planted in gardens, parks, and shrines.
Sakaki is considered a sacred tree in the Shinto religion, along with other evergreens such as {{Nihongo3|Japanese cypress|檜|hinoki}} and {{Nihongo3|"sacred cryptomeria"|神杉|kansugi}}. Shinto shrines are traditionally encircled with {{Nihongo3|"sacred trees"|神木|shinboku}} constituting a {{Nihongo3|"divine fence"|神籬|himorogi}}. In Shinto ritual offerings to the {{Nihongo|"gods; spirits"|神|kami}}, branches of sakaki are decorated with paper streamers (''shide'') to make ''tamagushi''.
In the myth about ''Amaterasu'' and the cave she hid in, after ''Susanoo's'' tantrum, when the ''Yata no Kagami'' was forged and propped-up in front of ''Amaterasu's'' cave, it was said to have been perched-upon the branches of a sacred, 500-branched ''Sakaki'' tree facing the cave.
==Linguistic background== The Japanese word ''sakaki'' is written with the kanji character {{lang|ja|榊}}, which combines {{lang|ja|木}} (''ki'', "tree; wood") and {{lang|ja|神}} (''kami'', "spirit; god") to form the meaning "sacred tree; divine tree". The lexicographer Michael Carr notes:
<blockquote>In modern Japanese, ''sakaki'' is written {{lang|ja|榊}} with a doubly exceptional logograph. It is an ideograph (in the proper sense of 'logograph representing an idea' rather than loosely 'Chinese character; logograph') and is a ''kokuji'' {{lang|ja|国字}} 'Japanese [not Chinese] logograph.' Ideograms and ''kokuji'' are two of the rarest logographic types, each constituting a small percentage of a typical written Japanese sample. First, the idea of ''sakaki'' is expressed with a melding of ''boku'' or ''ki'' {{lang|ja|木}} 'tree' and ''shin'' or ''kami'' {{lang|ja|神}} 'god; divine, sacred' [of ''Shinto'' {{lang|ja|神道}}]; comparable to a graphic fusion of the word ''shinboku'' {{lang|ja|神木}} 'sacred tree.' Second, the ''sakaki'' {{lang|ja|榊}} ideograph is a ''kokuji'' 'national [i.e., Japanese] logograph' rather than a usual ''kanji'' {{lang|ja|漢字}} 'Chinese logograph' borrowing. ''Kokuji'' often denote Japanese plants and animals not native to China, and thus not normally written with Chinese logographs. (1995:11) </blockquote>
The kanji {{lang|ja|榊}} first appears in the (12th-century) ''Konjaku Monogatarishū'', but two 8th-century transcriptions of the word ''sakaki'' are {{lang|ja|賢木}}, meaning "sage tree" (''Kojiki'', tr. Chamberlain 1981:64 "pulling up by pulling its roots a true ''cleyera japonica'' with five hundred [branches] from the Heavenly Mount Kagu"), and {{lang|ja|坂木}}, meaning "slope tree" (''Nihon Shoki'', tr. Aston 1896:42–43, "True Sakaki tree of the Heavenly Mt. Kagu"). ''Sakaki'' ({{lang|ja|賢木}} or {{lang|ja|榊}}) is the title of Chapter 10 in ''The Tale of Genji'' (ca. 1021). It comes from this context.
<blockquote>"May I at least come up to the veranda?" he asked, starting up the stairs. The evening moon burst forth and the figure she saw in its light was handsome beyond describing. Not wishing to apologize for all the weeks of neglect, he pushed a branch of the sacred tree in under the blinds. "With heart unchanging as this evergreen, This sacred tree, I enter the sacred gate." She replied: "You err with your sacred tree and sacred gate. No beckoning cedars stand before my house." And he: "Thinking to find you here with the holy maidens, I followed the scent of the leaf of the sacred tree." Though the scene did not encourage familiarity, he made bold to lean inside the blinds. (tr. Seidensticker 1976:187) </blockquote>
The etymology of the pronunciation ''sakaki'' is uncertain. With linguistic consensus that the ''-ki'' suffix denotes {{lang|ja|木}} ("tree"), the two most probable etymologies are either ''sakae-ki'' ("evergreen tree"), from {{Nihongo3|"flourishing; luxuriant; prosperous"|栄え|sakae}}; or ''saka-ki'' ("boundary tree"), from {{Nihongo3|"boundary; border"|境|''saka''}} – an older form of modern reading ''sakai'', from the way that trees were often planted at a shrine's boundary line. Carr (1995:13) cites Japanese tradition and historical phonology to support the latter etymon. The Shogakukan ''Kokugo Dai Jiten Dictionary'' entry for this term also notes that the pitch accent for ''sakayu'' ({{lang|ja|栄ゆ}}) – the origin of modern ''sakae'' ({{lang|ja|栄え}}) – is different than what would be expected, suggesting that {{Nihongo3|"boundary tree"|境木|saka-ki}} may be the more likely derivation (Shogakukan 1988).
==References== {{Reflist}} {{refbegin}} * Aston, William George, tr. 1896. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/nihon0.htm ''Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697'']. Kegan Paul. 1972 Tuttle reprint. * Carr, Michael. 1995. [http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110000249854/en/ "Sacred Twig and Tree: ''Tamagushi'' and ''Sakaki'' in Japanese-English Dictionaries"]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Review of Liberal Arts'' 小樽商科大学人文研究 89:1–36. * Chamberlain, Basil H., tr. 1919. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/index.htm ''The Kojiki, Records of Ancient Matters'']. 1981 Tuttle reprint. *Min, Tianlu and Bruce Bartholomew, 2015, [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014045 ''Cleyera japonica''], Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. * Seidensticker, Edward G., tr. 1976. ''The Tale of Genji''. Knopf. *Shogakukan, 1988, ''Kokugo Dai Jiten'' 国語大辞典, rev. ed., Shogakukan. {{refend}}
==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051123080405/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/MEMBGNewsletter/Volume5number2/Sakakisacredtreeofshinto.html Sakaki, Sacred Tree of Shinto], Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden newsletter 1999 *[http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=312 Sakaki], Encyclopedia of Shinto *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061005093541/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/shrubs/cleyera_japonica.html Shrubs: Cleyera japonica], NC State University Urban Horticulture *[http://www.plantnames.org/cley010.html NOS CLEYERA PAGE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831052248/http://www.plantnames.org/cley010.html |date=31 August 2009 }}, Plantnames.org
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{{Shinto shrine}}
Category:Pentaphylacaceae Category:Trees of Myanmar Category:Trees of China Category:Flora of India (region) Category:Trees of Nepal Category:Trees of Japan Category:Trees of Taiwan Category:Shinto religious objects Category:Trees in Shinto