{{Short description|Morpheme placed at the end of a word}} {{Other uses}} {{Affixes|Suffix=Suffix Meaning and their Relations}} In linguistics, a '''suffix''' is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns and adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs.
Suffixes can carry grammatical information (inflectional endings) or lexical information (derivational/lexical suffixes)''.''<ref name=":3">{{cite book|last1=Mead|first1=Jonathan|title=Proceedings of the 11th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics|year=1993|publisher=Center for the Study of Language (CSLI)|isbn=978-1-881526-12-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZ373puhVz8C&q=%22grammatical+suffix%22&pg=PA70|language=en}}</ref> Inflection changes the grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category. Derivational suffixes fall into two categories: class-changing derivation and class-maintaining derivation.
Particularly in the study of Semitic languages, suffixes are called '''affirmatives''', as they can alter the form of the words. In Indo-European studies, a distinction is made between suffixes and endings (see Proto-Indo-European root).
A word-final segment that is somewhere between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is known as a '''suffixoid'''<ref name=":0">Kremer, Marion. 1997. ''Person reference and gender in translation: a contrastive investigation of English and German''. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p. 69, note 11.</ref> or a '''semi-suffix'''<ref name=":1">Marchand, Hans. 1969. ''The categories and types of present-day English word-formation: A synchronic-diachronic approach''. Munich: Beck, pp. 356 ff.</ref> (e.g., English ''-like'' or German ''-freundlich'' "friendly").
== Examples == === Latin === :''Britan'''ia'''''—where the suffix ''ia'' means ''Land of the''
=== English === :''Girl'''s'''''—where the suffix ''-s'' marks the plurality. :''He make'''s'''''—where suffix ''-s'' marks the third person singular present tense. :''It clos'''ed'''''—where the suffix ''-ed'' marks the past tense. :''It's bright'''er'''''—where the suffix ''-er'' marks the comparative.
=== French === :''De beau'''x''' jours''—where the suffix ''-x'' marks the plural. :''Elle est passablement joli'''e''' ''—where the suffix ''-e'' marks the feminine form of the adjective.
=== German === :''mein Computer''—where the lack of suffixes is because its case, nominative, is "unmarked" :''mein'''es''' Computer'''s'''''—genitive case :''mein'''em''' Computer''—dative case :''mein'''en''' Computer''—accusative case
=== Russian === :''мой компьютер—''where the lack of suffixes is because its case, nominative, is "unmarked" :''мо'''его''' компьютер'''а'''''—genitive case :''мо'''ему''' компьютер'''у'''''—dative case :''мой компьютер''—accusative case :''за-туш-'''и-ть''' свеч'''у'''''—where first word has -и- suffix, -ть ending (infinitive form); second word with ending -у (accusative case, singular, feminine). :''добр-о-жел-а-'''тель-н-ый'''''—добр- root, -о- interfix, -жел- root, verbal -a- interfix, nominal -тель suffix, adjectival -н- suffix, adjectival -ый ending (nominative case, singular, masculine). :''выда-'''ющ-ий-ся'''''—here suffix -ся (reflexive) is so-called '''postfix''' as it is placed after the adjectival ending.
===Barngarla=== :''wárraidya'' "emu" — where the lack of suffixes is because its grammatical number, singular, is "unmarked" :''wárraidya'''lbili''''' "two emus" — dual :''wárraidya'''rri''''' "emus" — plural :''wárraidya'''ilyarranha''''' "a lot of emus", "heaps of emus" — superplural<ref>Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2020, ''Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond'', [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790 Oxford University Press]. {{ISBN|9780199812790}} / {{ISBN|9780199812776}}</ref>{{rp|227–228}}
== Inflectional suffixes == Inflection changes the grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category. In several languages, this is realized by an inflectional suffix, also known as '''desinence'''. In the example: :I was hoping the cloth wouldn't fade, but it has fad'''ed''' quite a bit. the suffix ''-d'' inflects the root-word ''fade'' to indicate past participle.
Inflectional suffixes do not change the word class of the word after the inflection.<ref>Jackson and Amvela (2000): ''Word, Meaning and Vocabulary; An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology''. London, Athenaeum Press, p. 83</ref> Inflectional suffixes in Modern English include:
=== Verbs ===
*'''-s''' third person singular simple present indicative active *'''-ed''' past tense and past participle *'''-t''' past tense (weak irregular) *'''-ing''' present participle and gerund *'''-en''' past participle (irregular)
=== Nouns ===
*'''-s''' plural number *'''-en''' plural number (irregular)
=== Adjectives and adverbs ===
*'''-er''' comparative degree *'''-est''' superlative degree
== Derivation == Derivational suffixes can be divided into two categories: class-changing derivation and class-maintaining derivation.<ref>Jackson and Amvela (2000): ''Word, Meaning and Vocabulary; An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology''. London, Athenaeum Press, p. 88</ref> In English, they include * '''-ly''' (usually changes adjectives into adverbs, but also some nouns into adjectives) * '''-al''' /'''-ual''' (usually changes nouns into adjectives) * '''-ic''' /'''-ical''' (usually changes nouns into adjectives) * '''-ish''' (usually changes nouns into adjectives/class-maintaining, with the word class remaining an adjective) * '''-ful''' (usually changes nouns into adjectives) * '''-oid''' (usually changes nouns into adjectives) * '''-like''' (usually changes nouns into adjectives) * '''-less''' (usually changes nouns into adjectives) * '''-able'''/'''-ible''' (usually changes verbs into adjectives) * '''-ant''' (usually changes verbs into nouns, often referring to a human agent) * '''-tion'''/'''-ion'''/'''-ation''' (usually changes verbs into nouns) * '''-ment''' (usually changes verbs into nouns) * '''-ity''' (usually changes adjectives into nouns) * '''-ness''' (usually changes adjectives into nouns) * '''-fy''' (usually changes nouns into verbs) * '''-ise'''/'''-ize''' (usually changes nouns into verbs) * '''-ess''' (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun) * '''-ism''' (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun) * '''-ist''' (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun) * '''-hood''' (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun) * '''-logy'''/'''-ology''' (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun) * '''-um''' (usually) museum; stadium; auditorium; aquarium; planetarium; medium * '''-wise''' From wīse ("manner, way, condition, direction")
== Altered pronunciation in English ==
A suffix will often change the stress or accent pattern of a multi-syllable word, altering the phoneme pattern of the root word even if the root's morphology does not change.<ref>Nancy K. Lewkowicz, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40029663 Pronouncing Longer Words: Don't Begin at the Beginning]". ''Journal of Reading'', Vol. 29, No. 3 (Dec., 1985), 226–237.</ref> An example is the difference between "photograph" and "photography". In this case, the "-y" ending governs the stress pattern, causing the primary stress to shift from the first syllable ("pho-") to the antepenultimate ("-to-"). The unaccented syllables have their ordinary vowel sound changed to a schwa. This can be a particular problem for dyslexics, affecting their phonemic awareness,<ref>"[http://dyslexiahelp.umich.edu/professionals/learn-about-dyslexia/diagnosing-dyslexia Dyslexia Help: Success Starts Here]". University of Michigan.</ref> as well as a hurdle for non-native speakers.
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Suffixes}} *{{wti}}
Category:Suffixes Category:Affixes Category:Linguistics terminology Category:English suffixes