{{Short description|Group of insects}} {{use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} {{Automatic taxobox |image=Polyneoptera montage 2.0.jpg |image_caption=All polyneoptera extant orders: row 1: '''Zoraptera''', '''Dermaptera'''<br> row 2: '''Plecoptera''', '''Orthoptera'''<br> row 3: '''Grylloblattodea''', '''Mantophasmatodea'''<br> row 4: '''Phasmatodea''', '''Embioptera'''<br> row 5: '''Mantodea''', '''Blattodea''' |taxon=Polyneoptera |authority=Martynov, 1923<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martynov |first1=A. V. |title=О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых |journal=Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922 |date=1923 |pages=88–89 |url=http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom/~Martynov1923.htm |trans-title=On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects}}</ref> |display_parents=3 |subdivision_ranks = Orders |subdivision = See text |synonyms= *Gryllones *Orthoptères *Orthopteroidea *Orthopterodea *Paurometabola *Polyneopterata *Plecopterodea }}
The cohort '''Polyneoptera''' is one of the major groups of winged insects, comprising the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. They were formerly grouped together with the Palaeoptera and Paraneoptera as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no pupa, the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages; their metamorphosis is deemed "incomplete".<ref>[https://www.royensoc.co.uk/entomology/sub-classes/endopterygota ''Entomology Endopterygota'']. Royal Entomological Society. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</ref> Many members of the group have leathery forewings (tegmina) and hindwings with an enlarged anal field (vannus).
When Carl Linnaeus started applying binomial names to animals in the 10th edition of his ''Systema Naturae'' in 1758,<ref>{{cite book |author=Carl Linnaeus |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |title=Systema Naturae |year=1758 |edition=10th |location=Stockholm}}</ref> he recognized relatively few animal species, and consequently relatively few groups that encompassed these species. As more and more new species were discovered, described and named, and importantly, their differences recognised and codified, the original groups proposed by Linnaeus were split up and/or expanded. The group of insects now recognized as being '''polyneopterans''' were, by Linnaeus, considered to belong within the genus ''Gryllus''; the modern definition of this genus is restricted to species of closely related crickets, but in Linnaeus' original definition the genus contained crickets, grasshoppers, locusts, katydids / bush crickets (Tettigoniidae), stick insects, and praying mantises. These groups, along with the cockroaches, which Linnaeus considered as distinct,{{Clarify|date=August 2025}} are all polyneopteran insects.<ref>Nichols, S.W. (1989)''The Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology''. New York Entomological Society, New York.</ref> The recently recognized order Mantophasmatodea is also included within Polyneoptera.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terry |first=Matthew D. |last2=Whiting |first2=Michael F. |date=2005-06-20 |title=Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00062.x |journal=Cladistics |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=240–257 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00062.x |issn=0748-3007}}</ref>
== Taxonomy ==
=== Extant === The following extant orders are included in Polyneoptera:<ref name="PolyneopteraSF">{{cite web|author=David Eades|url=http://polyneoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1158087|title=Polyneoptera|website=Polyneoptera Species File Online|version=Version 5.0/5.0|access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref>
* Superorder Dictyoptera ** Order Blattodea (cockroaches and termites) ** Order Mantodea (praying mantises) * Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) * Order Dermaptera (earwigs) * Order Embioptera (web-spinners) * Order Plecoptera (stoneflies) * Order Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers){{refn|group=note|name=Notoptera|The orders Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea are sometimes ranked as suborders of a single order, Notoptera.<ref name=ArilloEngel2006>{{cite journal|last1=Arillo|first1=A.|last2=Engel|first2=M.S.|year=2006|title=Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)|journal=American Museum Novitates|issue=3539|pages=1–10|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3539[1:RCIBAN]2.0.CO;2 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59821931}}</ref>}} * Order Mantophasmatodea (gladiators){{refn|group=note|name=Notoptera}} * Order Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects) * Order Zoraptera (angel insects)
=== Fossil === The following fossil groups are included in Polyneoptera:<ref name="PolyneopteraSF"/>
* Archaeorthoptera (Orthoptera and stem-group relatives) ** †Caloneurodea ** †Cnemidolestodea (= Cnemidolestida)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nel|first1=A.|last2=Poschmann|first2=M.J.|year=2021|title=A new representative of the "orthopteroid" insect family Cnemidolestidae from the lower Permian of Germany|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=66|issue=3|pages=641–646|doi=10.4202/app.00879.2021|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=FEECnemidolestida>{{Cite journal|last1=Aristov |first1=D. |year=2014 |title=Classification of the order Cnemidolestida (Insecta: Perlidea) with descriptions of new taxa |journal=Far Eastern Entomologist |volume=277 |pages=1–46 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266081994 }}</ref> ** †Geraroptera ** †Titanoptera – Carboniferous to Triassic ** order ''Incertae sedis'' *** family †Cacurgidae Handlirsch, 1911 *** family †Chresmodidae Haase, 1890<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delclos |last2=Nel |last3=Azar |last4=Bechly |last5=Dunlop |last6=Engel |last7=Heads |title=The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil |year=2008 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen|language=en <!--English in a German-named journal! --> |volume=247 |issue=3 |pages=353–381 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353 |bibcode=2008NJGPA.247..353D }}</ref> *** family †Permostridulidae Béthoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2003 *** family †Protophasmatidae Brongniart, 1885 *** genus †''Chenxiella'' Liu, Ren & Prokop, 2009 *** genus †''Lobeatta'' Béthoux, 2005 *** genus †''Longzhua'' Gu, Béthoux & Ren, 2011 *** genus †''Nectoptilus'' Béthoux, 2005 *** genus †''Sinopteron'' Prokop & Ren, 2007 * Stem-group Phasmatodea ** †family Xiphopteridae Sharov 1968 ** †family Prochresmodidae Vishnyakova 1980 ** †family Aeroplanidae Tillyard 1918 ** †family Cretophasmatidae Sharov 1968 ** †family Aerophasmatidae Martynov, 1928 * Stem-group Dermaptera ** †Protelytroptera * †"Grylloblattida" (Stem-group Grylloblattodea?) ** †Geinitziidae ** †Gorochoviidae ** †Juraperlidae ** †Bajanzhargalanidae ** ... * †Eoblattida * †Paoliida<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Jakub Prokop |author2=Wieslaw Krzemiński |author3=Ewa Krzemińska |author4=Thomas Hörnschemeyer |author5=Jan-Michael Ilger |author6=Carsten Brauckmann |author7=Philippe Grandcolas |author8=André Nel |year=2014 |title=Late Palaeozoic Paoliida is the sister group of Dictyoptera (Insecta: Neoptera) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=601–622 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2013.823468|bibcode=2014JSPal..12..601P |s2cid=84407734 }}</ref> * †Protorthoptera * † family Magicivenidae<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Hongru |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr P. |last4=Ren |first4=Dong |last5=Gao |first5=Taiping |date=January 2022 |editor-last=Labandeira |editor-first=Conrad |title=Early Cretaceous enigmatic insect group showing unique wing venations and antennal sensilla |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1402 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |article-number=e1402 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1402 |bibcode=2022PPal....8E1402Y |issn=2056-2799|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== Phylogeny == The following cladogram is based on the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wipfler|first1=Benjamin|last2=Letsch|first2=Harald|last3=Frandsen|first3=Paul B.|last4=Kapli|first4=Paschalia|last5=Mayer|first5=Christoph|last6=Bartel|first6=Daniela|last7=Buckley|first7=Thomas R.|last8=Donath|first8=Alexander|last9=Edgerly-Rooks|first9=Janice S.|last10=Fujita|first10=Mari|last11=Liu|first11=Shanlin |date=February 2019 |title=Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=116 |issue=8 |pages=3024–3029 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1817794116 |pmid=30642969 |pmc=6386694 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3024W |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Zoraptera (angel insects) 60px |2=Dermaptera (earwigs) 60px }} |2={{clade |1=Plecoptera (stoneflies) 70px |2={{clade |1=Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) 50px |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Notoptera |1={{clade |1=Grylloblattodea (ice crawlers) 70px |2=Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) 70px }} |label2=Eukinolabia |2={{clade |1=Phasmatodea (stick insects) 70px |2=Embioptera (webspinners) 80px }} }} |label2=Dictyoptera |2={{clade |1=Mantodea (mantises) 80px |2=Blattodea (cockroaches and termites) 60px }} }} }} }} }} }}
==See also== *List of Orthopteroid genera containing species recorded in Europe *List of orthopteroids of Korea
==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}}
== External links== *{{commons category-inline}}
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Category:Polyneoptera Category:Insects by classification Category:Neoptera