{{short description|Infraclass of insects}} {{automatic taxobox | fossil_range= {{Fossil range|Late Carboniferous|Present}} | image = Agapostemon texanus.jpg | image_upright = 1.2 | image_caption = Neopterans including bees (order Hymenoptera) can fold their wings over their abdomens. | taxon = Neoptera | authority = Martynov, 1923 | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups | subdivision = * Eumetabola ** Holometabola ** Paraneoptera * Polyneoptera }}
'''Neoptera''' (Ancient Greek ''néos'' ("new") + ''pterón'' ("wing")) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.
==Classification==
The taxon Neoptera was proposed by А.М. Martynov in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martynov |first1=A. V. |title=О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых |journal=Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922 |date=1923 |pages=88–89 |url=http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom/~Martynov1923.htm |trans-title=On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martynov |first1=A. V. |title=О двух типах крыльев насекомых и их эволюции. |journal=Russian Zoological Journal |date=1924 |volume=4 |issue=1, 2 |pages=155–185 |url=http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom/~Martynov1924a.htm |trans-title=On the two types of insect wings and their evolution}}</ref> Pterygota *division Palaeoptera **order Odonata **order Agnatha (correct name: Ephemeroptera) **†order Dictyoneuridea **†order Megasecoptera **†order Meganisoptera **†order Protephemeroidea *division Neoptera **superorder Endopterygota ***order Coleoptera ***order Strepsiptera ***order Neuroptera ***order Raphidioptera ***order Megaloptera ***order Diptera ***order Mecoptera ***order Trichoptera ***order Lepidoptera ***order Hymenoptera **subdivision Polyneoptera ***superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera) ****order Orthoptera ****order Plecoptera ****order Dermaptera ****order Embioptera ****order Phasmatodea ***superorder Blattopteroidea (senior name: Pandictyoptera) ****order Blattodea ****order Mantodea **subdivision Paraneoptera ***order Hemiptera ****suborder Auchenorrhyncha ****suborder Coleorrhyncha ****suborder Heteroptera ****suborder Sternorrhyncha **subdivision Oligoneoptera The order Thysanoptera originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera. Other classifications were proposed, subordinating Neoptera either directly to Pterygota (as in Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:
* Pterygota Gegenbaur 1878 ** Ephemeroptera Hyatt & Arms 1890 ** Metapterygota Börner 1909 *** Odonata Fabricius 1793 *** Neoptera Martynov 1923
==Phylogeny==
The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the cladogram, using the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019 for the Polyneoptera,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wipfler |first1=Benjamin |last2=Letsch |first2=Harald |last3=Frandsen |first3=Paul B. |last4=Kapli |first4=Paschalia |last5=Mayer |first5=Christoph |last6=Bartel |first6=Daniela |last7=Buckley |first7=Thomas R. |last8=Donath |first8=Alexander |last9=Edgerly-Rooks |first9=Janice S. |last10=Fujita |first10=Mari |last11=Liu |first11=Shanlin |display-authors=5 |date=February 2019 |title=Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=116 |issue=8 |pages=3024–3029 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1817794116 |pmid=30642969 |pmc=6386694 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3024W |doi-access=free }}</ref> Johnson et al 2018 for the Paraneoptera (where Psocomorpha contains Phthiraptera),<ref name="Johnson Dietrich Friedrich 2018">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Kevin P. |last2=Dietrich |first2=Christopher H. |last3=Friedrich |first3=Frank |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |last5=Wipfler |first5=Benjamin |last6=Peters |first6=Ralph S. |last7=Allen |first7=Julie M. |last8=Petersen |first8=Malte |last9=Donath |first9=Alexander |last10=Walden |first10=Kimberly K. O. |last11=Kozlov |first11=Alexey M. |last12=Podsiadlowski |first12=Lars |last13=Mayer |first13=Christoph |last14=Meusemann |first14=Karen |last15=Vasilikopoulos |first15=Alexandros |last16=Waterhouse |first16=Robert M. |last17=Cameron |first17=Stephen L. |last18=Weirauch |first18=Christiane |last19=Swanson |first19=Daniel R. |last20=Percy |first20=Diana M. |last21=Hardy |first21=Nate B. |last22=Terry |first22=Irene |last23=Liu |first23=Shanlin |last24=Zhou |first24=Xin |last25=Misof |first25=Bernhard |last26=Robertson |first26=Hugh M. |last27=Yoshizawa |first27=Kazunori |display-authors=5 |title=Phylogenomics and the evolution of hemipteroid insects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=115 |issue=50 |date=2018-12-11 |pmid=30478043 |pmc=6294958 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1815820115 |pages=12775–12780 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and Kjer et al 2016 for the Holometabola.<ref name="Kjer Simon Yavorskaya 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Kjer |first1=Karl M. |last2=Simon |first2=Chris|author2-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |last3=Yavorskaya |first3=Margarita |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |date=2016 |title=Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |volume=13 |issue=121 |page=121 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 |pmid=27558853 |pmc=5014063 }}</ref>
{{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% |label1='''Neoptera''' <!--Martynov 1923--> |1={{clade |label1=Polyneoptera |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Zoraptera (angel insects) 60px |2=Dermaptera (earwigs) 60px }} |2={{clade |1=Plecoptera (stoneflies) 70px |2={{clade |1=Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) 50px |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Grylloblattodea (ice crawlers) 70px |2=Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) 70px }} |2={{clade |1=Phasmatodea (stick insects) 70px |2=Embioptera (webspinners) 80px }} }} |label2=Dictyoptera |2={{clade |1=Mantodea (mantises) 80px |2=Blattodea (cockroaches and termites) 60px }} }} }} }} }}
|label2=Eumetabola <!--Hennig 1953--> |2={{clade |label1=Paraneoptera<!-- Martynov 1923, s.l.)--> |1={{clade |label1=Condylognatha <!--Borner 1904--> |1={{clade |1=Thysanoptera <!--Haliday 1836-->(thrips) 40px |2=Hemiptera (true bugs) 75px }} |2=Psocodea (barklice inc. lice) 45px 40px }}
|label2=Holometabola |sublabel2=(Endopterygota) |2={{clade |label1=Hymenopterida |1=Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps) 70px |label2=Aparaglossata |2={{clade |label1=Neuropteroidea |1={{clade |label1=Neuropterida |1={{clade |1=Raphidioptera (snakeflies) 70px |label2= |2={{clade |1=Megaloptera (alderflies and allies) 70px |2=Neuroptera (lacewings and allies) 70px }} }} |label2=Coleopterida |2={{clade |1=Coleoptera (beetles) 50px |2=Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) 70px }} }} |label2=Panorpida |2={{clade |label1=Amphiesmenoptera |1={{clade |1=Trichoptera (caddisflies) 70px |2=Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) 70px }} |label2=Antliophora |2={{clade |1=Diptera (true flies) 70px |2={{clade |1=Mecoptera (scorpionflies) 70px |2=Siphonaptera (fleas) 40px }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== *{{Commons category-inline}} *{{Wikispecies-inline|Neoptera}}
{{Orders of Insects}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q23005}}
Category:Insect taxonomy Category:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances Category:Neoptera