{{italic title}} {{redirect|Planch|the botanist|Jules Émile Planchon|the similarly-sounding word|Planche}} [[File:BnF_ms._854_fol._133_-_Cercamon_(2).jpg|thumb|Cercamon, troubadour and author of the earliest known ''planh'']] A genre of the troubadours, the '''{{lang|pro|planh}}''' or '''{{lang|pro|plaing}}''' ({{IPA|pro|ˈplaɲ|label=Old Occitan:}}; "lament") is a funeral lament for "a great personage, a protector, a friend or relative, or a lady."<ref name=Schulze>Elisabeth Schulze-Busacker, "Topoi", in F. R. P. Akehurst and Judith M. Davis, eds., ''A Handbook of the Troubadours'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 421–440.</ref> Its main elements are expression of grief, praise of the deceased (eulogy) and prayer for his or her soul.<ref name=Schulze/><ref name=Stäblein>Patricia Harris Stäblein, "New Views on an Old Problem: The Dynamics of Death in the {{lang|pro|Planh}}", ''Romance Philology'' '''35''', 1 (1981): 223–234.</ref> It is descended from the medieval Latin {{lang|la|planctus}}.<ref name=Paden>William D. Paden, "Planh/Complainte", in W. W. Kibler and G. A. Zinn, eds., ''Medieval France: An Encyclopedia'' (New York: Garland, 1995), pp. 1400–1401.</ref>
The {{lang|pro|planh}} is similar to the {{lang|pro|sirventes}} in that both were typically contrafacta. They made use of existing melodies, often imitating the original song even down to the rhymes. The most famous {{lang|pro|planh}} of all, however, Gaucelm Faidit's lament on the death of King Richard the Lionheart in 1199, was set to original music.<ref>John Stevens, [https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000021905 "Planctus"], ''Grove Music Online'' (2001). Retrieved 21 August 2019.</ref>
Elisabeth Schulze-Busacker identifies three types of {{lang|pro|planh}}: "the moralizing {{lang|pro|planh}}", in which the expression of grief is a point of departure for social criticism; "the true lament", in which personal grief is central; and "the courtly {{lang|pro|planh}}", in which the impact of the death on the court is emphasised.<ref name=Schulze/> Alfred Jeanroy considered that the common denunciation of the evils of the present age was a feature that distinguished the {{lang|pro|planh}} from the {{lang|la|planctus}}.<ref>Stephen Manning, "Chaucer's Good Fair White: Woman and Symbol", ''Comparative Literature'' '''10''', 2 (1958): 97–105.</ref> In the conventions of the genre, the subject's death is announced by the simple words {{lang|pro|es mortz}} ("is dead"). By the 13th century, the placement of these words within the poem was fixed: it occurred in the seventh or eighth line of the first stanza.<ref name=Schulze/> It is perhaps an indication of the sincerity of their grief that the troubadours rarely praised the successors of their patrons in the {{lang|pro|planh}}.<ref name=Paden/>
There are at least forty-four surviving {{lang|pro|planhz}}.<ref name=Schulze/><ref>Élisabeth Schulze-Busacker, 'La Complainte des morts dans la littérature occitane' in Claude Sutto (ed.), ''Le Sentiment de la mort au moyen âge: Études présentées au Cinquième colloque de l'Institut d'études médiévales de l'Université de Montréal'' (Montréal: Aurore, 1979), 230–48.</ref> The earliest {{lang|pro|planh}} is that by Cercamon on the death of Duke William X of Aquitaine in 1137. The latest is an anonymous lament on the death of King Robert of Naples in 1343. The {{lang|pro|planh}} was regarded by contemporaries as a distinct genre and is mentioned in the {{lang|pro|Doctrina de compondre dictatz}} (1290s) and the {{lang|pro|Leys d'amors}} (1341).<ref name=Paden/>
==Chronological table of {{lang|pro|planhz}}== The following table lists 45 {{lang|pro|planhz}}.
{{legend2|#E6E6AA|great person or patron|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br> {{legend2|#AACC99|other troubadour|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br> {{legend2|#CCEEFF|lady|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br> {{legend2|#FFB6B6|friend|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !Composer !PC<ref>The song's number in Alfred Pillet and Henry Carstens, ''Bibliographie der Troubadours'' (1933).</ref> !Incipit (i.e. title) !Date !Mourned |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Cercamon |112,2a |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/cercamon/cmn6.php Lo plaing comens iradamen]'' |1137 |William X of Aquitaine |- style="background:#AACC99" |Giraut de Borneil |242,65 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/giraut_de_bornelh/poem76.php S'anc jorn aqui joi e solaz]'' |1173 |Raimbaut d'Aurenga |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Guillem de Berguedà |210,9 |''Cousiros chan e planh e plor'' |1180 |Pons de Mataplana |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Bertran de Born ? |80,26 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/bertran_de_born/poem48.php Si tuit li dol el plor el marrimen]'' |1183 |Henry the Young King |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Bertran de Born |80,41 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/bertran_de_born/poem15.php Mon chan fenisc el dol et ab maltraire]'' |1183 |Henry the Young King |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Bertran de Born |80,6a |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/bertran_de_born/poem31.php A totz dic qe ja mais non voil]'' |1186 |Geoffrey of Brittany |- style="background:#CCEEFF" |Raimbaut de Vaqueiras |392,4a |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/raimbaut_de_vaqueiras/raimbaut_de_vaqueiras_31.php Ar pren camgat per tostemps de xantar]'' |c. 1190 |anonymous lady |- style="background:#FFB6B6" |Guilhem de Saint-Leidier |234,15a |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/st_didier/gsd10.php Lo plus iraz remaing d'autres chatius]'' |c. 1190 |Badoc |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Folquet de Marselha |155,20 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/folquet/folma17.php Si com cel qu'es tan greujat]'' |1192 |Barral of Marseille |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Gaucelm Faidit |167,22 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/gaucelm_faidit/poem50.php Fortz causa es que tot lo major dan]'' |1199 |Richard the Lion-Hearted |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Giraut de Borneil |242,56 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/giraut_de_bornelh/poem77.php Planh e sospir e plor e chan]'' |1199 |Aimar V of Limoges |- style="background:#CCEEFF" |Pons de Capduelh |375,7 |''De totz caitius sui eu aicel que plus'' |???? |Azalais, wife of Ozil de Mercœur |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Guillem Augier Novella |205,2 |''Cascus plor e planh son damnatge'' |1209 |Raymond Roger Trencavel |- style="background:#CCEEFF" |Lanfranc Cigala |282,7 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/lanfranc_cigala/poem25.php Eu non chan ges pes talan de chantar]'' |1210s |Berlenda |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Giraut de Calanso |243,6 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/guiraut/gucal11.php Bels senher Deus, quo pot esser sofritz]'' |1211 |Ferdinand, ''infante'' of Castile |- style="background:#CCEEFF" |Gavaudan |174,3 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/gavaudan/gavaudan03.php Crezens fis verais et entiers]'' |1212 |his anonymous lady |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Aimeric de Peguilhan |10,30 |''Ja no cugei quem pogues oblidar'' |1212 |Azzo VI of Este and Boniface of Verona |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Aimeric de Peguilhan |10,48 |''S'eu chantei alegres ni jauzens'' |1212 |Azzo VI of Este and Boniface of Verona |- style="background:#AACC99" |Daude de Pradas |124,4 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/daude_de_pradas/poem17.php Be deu esser solatz marritz]'' |1220–30 |Uc Brunet |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Aimeric de Peguilhan |10,10 |''Ara par be que Valors se desfai'' |1220 |Guglielmo Malaspina |- style="background:#CCEEFF" |Aimeric de Peguilhan |10,22 |''De tot en tot es ar de mi partitz'' |???? |''bona comtessa Biatritz'' |- style="background:#AACC99" |Sordel |437,24 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/sordel/sg26.php Planher vol En Blacatz en aquest leugier so]'' |1237 |Blacatz |- style="background:#AACC99" |Bertran d'Alamanon |76,12 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/alamano/ba15.php Mout m'es greu d'En Sordel quar l'es faillitz sos sens]'' |1237 |Blacatz |- style="background:#AACC99" |Peire Bremon Ricas Novas |330,14 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/bremon/poem20.php Pus partit an lo cor En Sordel e'n Bertrans]'' |1237 |Blacatz |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Aimeric de Belenoi |9,1 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/aimeric_de_belenoi/aibel12.php Ailas, per que viu lonjamen ni dura]'' |1242 |Nuño Sánchez |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Aimeric de Peguilhan ? |10,1=330,1a |''Ab marrimen angoissos et ab plor'' |1245 |Raymond Berengar IV of Provence |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Rigaut de Berbezilh attr. |421,5a |''En chantan (ieu) plaing e sospir'' |1245 |Raymond Berengar IV of Provence |- style="background:#CCEEFF" |Bonifaci Calvo |102,12 |''S'ieu ai perdut, no s'en podon jauzir'' |1250–65 |his anonymous lady |- style="background:#AACC99" |Bertran Carbonel |82,15 |''S'ieu anc nulh tems chantei alegramen'' |1252–65 |P. G. (prob. Peire Guilhem de Tolosa) |- style="background:#AACC99" |Pons Santolh |380,1 |''Marritz com hom malsabens ab frachura'' |1260 |Guilhem de Montanhagol |- style="background:#FFB6B6" |Raimon Gaucelm |401,7 |''Cascus planh lo sieu damnatge'' |1262 |Guiraut d'Alanhan, burgess of Béziers |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Anonymous |461,234 |''Totas honors e tug fag benestan'' |1266 |Manfred of Sicily |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Bertolome Zorzi |74,16 |''Sil mons fondes a meravilha gran'' |1268 |Conradin and Frederick I of Baden |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Paulet de Marselha |319,7 |''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/paulet_de_marselha/poem6.php Razos no nes que hom deja cantar]'' |1268 |Barral of Baux |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Anonymous |461,107 |''En chantan m'aven a retraire'' |1269 |Gregorio di Montelongo |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Guilhem d'Autpol ? |206,2 |''Fortz tristors es e salvatj'a retraire'' |1270 |Louis IX of France |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Guiraut Riquier |248,63 |''Ples de tristor, marritz e doloiros'' |1270 |Amalric IV of Narbonne |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Joan Esteve |266,1 |''Aissi quol malanans'' |1270 |Amalric IV of Narbonne |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Mahieu de Quercy |299,1 |''Tan sui marritz que nom puesc alegrar'' |1276 |James the Conqueror |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Cerverí de Girona |434a,62 |''Si per tristor per dol ni per cossire'' |1276 |James the Conqueror |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Cerverí de Girona |434,7e |''Joys ni solatz, pascors, abrils ni mais'' |1276 |Raimon de Cardona |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Joan Esteve |266,10 |''Planhen ploran ab desplazer'' |1289 |Guilhem de Lodeva |- style="background:#FFB6B6" |Raimon Menudet |405,1 |''Ab grans dolors et ab grans merrimens'' |???? |Daude de Bossaguas |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Raimon de Cornet | - |''Aras quan vey de bos homes fraytura'' |1324 |Amanieu VII of Albret |- style="background:#E6E6AA" |Anonymous |461,133b |''Glorios Dieus, don totz bens ha creysensa'' |1343 |Robert the Peace-Maker |}
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== *Jeanroy, Alfred. {{lang|fr|La poésie lyrique des troubadours}}. Toulouse: Privat, 1934.
{{Western medieval lyric forms}}
Category:Western medieval lyric forms Category:Occitan literary genres