{{distinguish|Pine nut oil}} {{for|the byproduct of wood pulp production sometimes called pine oil|tall oil}} {{chembox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 476993877 | Reference =<ref name="Merck" /> | ImageFile = PineEssentialOil.png | ImageSize = 150px | ImageCaption = Pine (''Pinus sylvestris'') essential oil in a clear glass vial | OtherNames = Essential oil of pine<br />Yarmor |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo = 8002-09-3 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}} | UNII = HA5CX6676U | Beilstein = 8191505 | PubChem = | SMILES = | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = none }} |Section2={{Chembox Properties | Formula = Mixture | Appearance = Colorless to pale yellow liquid | Density = 0.875 g/cm<sup>3</sup> at 25 °C (approximate) | MeltingPtC = 5 | BoilingPtC = 195 | LogP = 1.7 | Solubility = Insoluble | VaporPressure =4 mmHg <!-- Vapor Density: 5.3 --> <!-- Refractive Index: n20/D 1.515 --> }} |Section3={{Chembox Hazards | MainHazards = | NFPA-H = 2 | NFPA-F = 2 | NFPA-R = 0 | NFPA-S = | FlashPtC = 65 | AutoignitionPtC = }} }}
'''Pine oil''' is an essential oil obtained from a variety of species of pine, particularly ''Pinus sylvestris''. Typically, parts of the trees that are not used for lumber {{emdash}} stumps, etc. {{emdash}} are ground and subjected to steam distillation.<ref name=Boyle>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19540913&id=bwQdAAAAIBAJ&pg=6598,929929&hl=en |title= There's Gold in those Pine Stumps |newspaper= Sarasota Journal |first= Hal |last= Boyle |authorlink= Hal Boyle |page= 11 |date= September 12, 1954 }}</ref> As of 1995, synthetic pine oil was the "biggest single turpentine derivative."<ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.fao.org/docrep/v6460e/v6460e05.htm#turpentine |title= Chapter 1. Production trade and markets |work= Non-Wood Forest Products 2, Gum naval stores: Turpentine and rosin from pine resin |isbn= 978-9251036846 |publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization |location= Rome |year= 1995 }}</ref> Synthetic pine oils accounted for 90% of sales as of 2000.<ref name=Ull>{{Ullmann|title= Turpentines, 16. Pine Oil |first1= Manfred |last1= Gscheidmeier |first2= Helmut |last2= Fleig |date= June 15, 2000 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a27_267|isbn = 978-3527306732}}</ref>
==Composition== Pine oil is a higher boiling fraction from turpentine. Both synthetic and natural pine oil consists mainly of α-terpineol, a C10 alcohol (b.p. 214–217 °C).<ref name=EPA_RED /><ref name="Merck">''Merck Index'', 11th Edition, '''7416'''. p. 1182</ref> Other components include dipentene and pinene.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2013.05.061 |title=Combustion performance and emission characteristics study of pine oil in a diesel engine |date=2013 |last1=Vallinayagam |first1=R. |last2=Vedharaj |first2=S. |last3=Yang |first3=W.M. |last4=Lee |first4=P.S. |last5=Chua |first5=K.J.E. |last6=Chou |first6=S.K. |journal=Energy |volume=57 |pages=344–351 }}</ref> The detailed composition of natural pine oil depends on many factors, such as the species of the host plant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Macchioni|first1=F.|last2=Cioni|first2=P. L.|last3=Flamini|first3=G.|last4=Morelli|first4=I.|last5=Maccioni|first5=S.|last6=Ansaldi|first6=M.|date=2003-03-01|title=Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Needles, Branches and Cones of ''Pinus pinea'', ''P. halepensis'', ''P. pinaster'' and ''P. nigra'' from Central ltaly|journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal|language=en|volume=18|issue=2|pages=139–143|doi=10.1002/ffj.1178|issn=1099-1026}}</ref> Synthetic pine oil is obtained by treating pinene with water in the presence of a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid. This treatment results in hydration of the alkene and rearrangement of the pinene skeleton, yielding terpineols.<ref name=Ull/>
==Uses== Industrially, pine oil was once used in froth flotation for the separation of mineral from ores.<ref name="Merck" /> For example, in copper extraction, pine oil is used to condition copper sulfide ores for froth flotation.
It is also used as a lubricant in small and expensive clockwork instruments.
In alternative medicine it is used in aromatherapy and as a scent in bath oils.
It is used as a solvent in artistic and restoration works<ref>{{Cite web |title=Сосновое масло: определение и происхождение |url=https://pineoil.ru/ |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=pineoil.ru}}</ref>.
===Properties as a disinfectant === Pine oil is used as a cleaning product, disinfectant, sanitizer, microbicide (or microbistat), virucide or insecticide.<ref name=EPA_RED /> It is an effective herbicide where its action is to modify the waxy cuticle of plants, resulting in desiccation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/stories/s963151.htm |title= Fact Sheet: Organic Weed Control |publisher= Gardening Australia |authorlink= Jerry Coleby-Williams |first= Jerry |last= Coleby-Williams |date= April 9, 2004 |accessdate= August 28, 2016 }}</ref> Pine oil is a disinfectant that is mildly antiseptic.<ref name="PDR">{{cite web |url= http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/herbaldrugs/102230.shtml |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070921171154/http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/herbaldrugs/102230.shtml |title= Pine Oil |website= PDRhealth |date= 2003 |archivedate= 2007-09-21}}</ref> It is effective against ''Brevibacterium ammoniagenes'', the fungi ''Candida albicans'', ''Enterobacter aerogenes'', ''Escherichia coli'', Gram-negative enteric bacteria, household germs, Gram-negative household germs such as those causing salmonellosis, herpes simplex types 1 and 2, influenza type A, influenza virus type A/Brazil, influenza virus type A2/Japan, intestinal bacteria, ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'', odor-causing bacteria, mold, mildew, ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Salmonella choleraesuis'', ''Salmonella typhi'', ''Salmonella typhosa'', ''Serratia marcescens'', ''Shigella sonnei'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Streptococcus faecalis'', ''Streptococcus pyogenes'', and ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes''.<ref name=EPA_RED>{{cite web |url= https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/pineoil_red.pdf |title= Reregistration Decision – Pine oil (case 3113) |publisher= Environmental Protection Agency |date= October 2006 }}</ref>
== Safety == With respect to the quality of indoor air, attention is directed to the effects of ambient ozone on pine oil components.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00414.x |title=Cleaning products and air fresheners: Emissions and resulting concentrations of glycol ethers and terpenoids |date=2006 |last1=Singer |first1=B. C. |last2=Destaillats |first2=H. |last3=Hodgson |first3=A. T. |last4=Nazaroff |first4=W. W. |journal=Indoor Air |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=179–191 |pmid=16683937 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc873484/ }}</ref> Large doses may cause central nervous system depression.<ref name="Merck" />
== See also == * List of cleaning products * Dettol antiseptic liquid * Pine-Sol, cleaning product that originally contained pine oil, though it switched to a different active ingredient in 2013 due to the declining availability of pine oil
== References == {{reflist|30em}}
== Further reading == * {{cite book |title= Turpentines, 16. Pine Oil |work= Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |first1= Manfred |last1= Gscheidmeier |first2= Helmut |last2= Fleig |date= June 15, 2000 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a27_267|chapter = Turpentines|isbn = 978-3527306732}} * {{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.fao.org/docrep/v5350e/V5350e10.htm |title= TURPENTINE FROM PINE RESIN |chapter= 8 |work= Non-Wood Forest Products 1, Flavours and fragrances of plant origin |isbn= 978-92-5-103648-8 |publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization |location= Rome |year= 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117124839/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v5350e/V5350e10.htm |archive-date=January 17, 2011}}
Category:Aromatherapy Category:Disinfectants Category:Essential oils