{{Short description|Subclass of fishes}} {{automatic taxobox | name = Neopterygii | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Early Carboniferous|Present}} | image = Siganus corallinus Brest.jpg | image_caption = ''Siganus corallinus'' (a teleost) | image2 = Lepisosteus oculatus Knochenhecht.JPG | image2_caption = ''Lepisosteus oculatus'' (a holostean) | taxon = Neopterygii | authority = Regan, 1923<ref name=Regan1923>{{cite journal |last=Regan |first=C. Tate |year=1923 |title=The Skeleton of ''Lepidosteus'', with remarks on the origin and evolution of the lower Neopterygian Fishes |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=445–461 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1923.tb02191.x |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/72001 }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Infraclasses | subdivision = *Holostei *Teleosteomorpha *{{extinct}}Pycnodontiformes For others, see text }}
'''Neopterygii''' (from Ancient Greek νέος (''néos''), meaning "new", and πτέρυξ (''ptérux''), meaning "wing, fin") is a subclass of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). Neopterygii includes the Holostei and the Teleostei, of which the latter comprise the vast majority of extant fishes, and over half of all living vertebrate species.<ref name="Nelson 2016">{{cite book| last = Nelson| first = Joseph, S.| title = Fishes of the World| year = 2016| publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc| isbn = 978-1-118-34233-6 }}</ref> While living holosteans include only freshwater taxa, teleosts are diverse in both freshwater and marine environments. Many new species of teleosts are scientifically described each year.<ref name="Nelson 2016"/>
The potentially oldest known neopterygian is the putative "semionotiform" ''Acentrophorus varians'' from the Middle Permian of Russia;<ref name="Broughton2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Broughton |first1=Richard E. |last2=Betancur-R. |first2=Ricardo |last3=Li |first3=Chenhong |last4=Arratia |first4=Gloria |last5=Ortí |first5=Guillermo |date=2013-04-16 |title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |article-number=ecurrents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e |doi=10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |doi-access=free |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682800 |pmid=23788273}}</ref><ref name="PBDB">{{Cite web |title=PBDB |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=99748 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref> however, one study incorporating morphological data from fossils and molecular data from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, places this divergence date at least 284 mya (million years ago), during the Artinskian stage of the Early Permian.<ref name="date">{{cite journal| last1=Hurley |first1=Imogen A. |last2=Mueller |first2=Rachael Lockridge |last3=Dunn |first3=Katherine A. |date=21 November 2006 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3749 |title=A new time-scale for ray-finned fish evolution |volume=274 |issue=1609 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|pages=489–498 |pmid=17476768 |pmc=1766393 }}</ref> Another study suggests an even earlier split (360 myr ago, near the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary).<ref name="PNAS2">{{cite journal |author=Thomas J. Near |display-authors=etal |date=2012 |title=Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification |journal=PNAS |volume=109 |issue=34 |pages=13698–13703 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10913698N |doi=10.1073/pnas.1206625109 |pmc=3427055 |pmid=22869754 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%; | label1=Vertebrates |1={{clade |1=Jawless fishes 100px (118 living species: hagfish, lampreys) |label2=Jawed vertebrates |2={{clade |1=Cartilaginous fishes <span style="{{MirrorH}}">140px</span> (>1,100 living species: sharks, rays, chimaeras) |label2= Bony fishes |2={{clade | 1={{clade |label1=Lobe-fins |1={{clade |1=Actinistia 100px (2 living species: coelacanths) |label2=Rhipidistia |2={{clade |1=Dipnoi <span style="{{MirrorH}}">100 px</span> (6 living species: lungfish) |2=Tetrapoda 90px (>30,000 living species: amphibians, mammals, reptiles, birds) }} }} |label2=Ray-fins |2={{clade |1=Cladistia 100px (14 living species: bichirs, reedfish) |label2=Actinopteri |2={{clade |1=Chondrostei 130px (27 living species: sturgeons, paddlefish) |2='''Neopterygii''' 100px '''(>32,000 living species)''' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
== Evolution and diversity == {{Further|Evolution of fish|Diversity of fish}} Living neopterygians are subdivided into two main groups (infraclasses): teleosts and holosteans.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = López-Arbarello | first1 = A | year = 2012 | title = Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Ginglymodian Fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii) | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 7| article-number = e39370 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0039370 | pmid = 22808031 | pmc = 3394768 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...739370L | doi-access = free }}</ref> Holosteans comprise two clades, the Ginglymodi and the Halecomorphi.<ref>{{cite web | author = Betancur-R | title = Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4 | url = https://sites.google.com/site/guilleorti/classification-v-4 |date=2016}}</ref><ref name="Nelson 2016"/><ref>{{ITIS |id=161061 |taxon=Actinopterygii |access-date=3 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | editor = R. Froese and D. Pauly| title = FishBase | url = http://www.fishbase.org |date=February 2006}}</ref> All of these groups have a long and extensive fossil record.<ref name="Friedman & Sallan 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Friedman |first1=Matt |last2=Sallan |first2=Lauren Cole |title=Five hundred million years of extinczion and recovery: A Phanerozoic survey of large-scale diversity patterns in fishes |journal=Palaeontology |date=June 2012 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=707–742 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01165.x|bibcode=2012Palgy..55..707F |s2cid=59423401 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The evolutionary relationships between the different groups of Neopterygii is summarized in the cladogram below (divergence time for each clade in mya are based on<ref name=PNAS>{{cite journal |title=Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification |author=Thomas J. Near |journal=PNAS |doi=10.1073/pnas.1206625109 |date=2012 |volume=109 |issue=34 |pages=13698–13703|display-authors=etal |pmid=22869754 |pmc=3427055|bibcode=2012PNAS..10913698N |doi-access=free }}</ref>).
{{clade | label1='''Neopterygii''' 360 mya | 1={{clade |label1=Holostei 275 mya |1={{clade |1=Ginglymodi 130px (7 living species: gars and alligator gars) |2=Halecomorphi 130px (2 living species: bowfin and eyespot bowfin) }} |label2=310 mya |2=Teleostei 130px (>32,000 living species) }} }}
Neopterygians are a very speciose group. They make up over 50% of the total vertebrate diversity today, and their diversity grew since the Mesozoic era.<ref name="Friedman & Sallan 2012"/><ref name="Romano et al 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Romano |first1=Carlo |last2=Koot |first2=Martha B. |last3=Kogan |first3=Ilja |last4=Brayard |first4=Arnaud |last5=Minikh |first5=Alla V. |last6=Brinkmann |first6=Winand |last7=Bucher |first7=Hugo |last8=Kriwet |first8=Jürgen |title=Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution |journal=Biological Reviews |date=February 2016 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=106–147 |doi=10.1111/brv.12161 |pmid=25431138 |s2cid=5332637 |url=https://hal.science/hal-01253154 }}</ref> However, the diversity of the various groups of neopterygians (or of fishes in general) is unevenly distributed, with teleosts making up the vast majority (96%) of living species.<ref name="Nelson 2016"/> [[File:Watsonulus eugnathoides.png|thumb|Early Triassic parasemionotiform ''Watsonulus'' is an early neopterygian.]]
Early in their evolution, neopterygians were a very successful group of fish, because they could move more rapidly than their ancestors. Their scales and skeletons began to lighten during their evolution, and their jaws became more powerful and efficient.<ref name="Nelson 2016"/> While electroreception and the ampullae of Lorenzini are present in all other extant groups of fish (except for hagfish), neopterygians have lost this sense, even if it has later re-evolved within Gymnotiformes and catfishes, which possess non-homologous teleost ampullae.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d1-rak1asv0C&dq=Electroreception+Neopterygii&pg=PA229 Electroreception By Theodore Holmes Bullock]</ref>
Only a few changes occurred during the evolution of neopterygians from the earlier actinopterygians. However, a very important step in the evolution of neopterygians is the acquisition of a better control of the movements of both dorsal and anal fins, resulting in an improvement in their swimming capabilities. They additionally acquired several modifications in the skull, which allowed the evolution of different feeding mechanisms and consequently the colonization of new ecological niches. All of these characters represented major improvements, resulting in Neopterygii becoming the dominant group of fishes (and, thus, taxonomically of vertebrates in general) today.<ref name="Friedman & Sallan 2012"/>
The great diversity of extant teleosts has been linked to a whole genome duplication event during their evolution.<ref name="Pasquier et al 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Pasquier |first1=Jeremy |last2=Braasch |first2=Ingo |last3=Batzel |first3=Peter |last4=Cabau |first4=Cedric |last5=Montfort |first5=Jérome |last6=Nguyen |first6=Thaovi |last7=Jouanno |first7=Elodie |last8=Berthelot |first8=Camille |last9=Klopp |first9=Christophe |last10=Journot |first10=Laurent |last11=Postlethwai |first11=John H. |last12=Guigue |first12=Yann |last13=Bob |first13= Julien |title=Evolution of gene expression after whole-genome duplication: new insights from the spotted gar genome |journal=J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) |date=2017 |volume=328 |issue=7 |pages=709–721 |doi=10.1002/jez.b.22770|pmid=28944589 |pmc=5679426 |bibcode=2017JEZB..328..709P }}</ref> {{clear}}
== Classification == {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * Order †Pholidopleuriformes * Order †Redfieldiiformes * Order †Platysiagiformes * Order †Polzbergiiformes * Order †Perleidiformes * Order †Louwoichthyiformes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Xu|first=Guang-Hui|date=2021-01-09|title=A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Yunnan, China, with a reassessment of the relationships of early neopterygian clades|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/191/2/375/5859858|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=191|issue=2|pages=375–394|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa053|issn=0024-4082|doi-access=free}}</ref> * Order †Peltopleuriformes * Order †Luganoiiformes * Order †Pycnodontiformes * '''Infraclass Holostei''' **'''Clade Halecomorphi''' ***Order †Parasemionotiformes ***Order †Panxianichthyiformes ***Order †Ionoscopiformes ***Order Amiiformes, the bowfin **'''Clade Ginglymodi''' ***Order †?Dapediiformes ***Order {{extinct}}Semionotiformes ***Order Lepisosteiformes, the gars *'''Clade Teleosteomorpha''' **Order †Prohaleciteiformes ** '''Division Aspidorhynchei''' ***Order †Aspidorhynchiformes ***Order {{extinct}}Pachycormiformes * '''Infraclass Teleostei''' ** Order †?Araripichthyiformes ** Order †?Ligulelliiformes ** Order †Pholidophoriformes ** Order †Dorsetichthyiformes ** Order †Leptolepidiformes ** Order †Crossognathiformes ** Order †Ichthyodectiformes ** Order †Tselfatiiformes ** '''Superorder Osteoglossomorpha''' *** Order †Lycopteriformes ***Order Osteoglossiformes, the bony-tongued fishes *** Order Hiodontiformes, including the mooneye and goldeye ** '''Superorder Elopomorpha''' *** Order Elopiformes, including the ladyfishes and tarpon *** Order Albuliformes, the bonefishes *** Order Notacanthiformes, including the halosaurs and spiny eels *** Order Anguilliformes, the true eels *** Order Saccopharyngiformes, including the gulper eel ** '''Superorder Clupeomorpha''' *** Order †Ellimmichthyiformes ***Order Clupeiformes, including herrings and anchovies ** '''Superorder Ostariophysi''' *** Order †Sorbininardiformes ***Order Gonorynchiformes, including the milkfishes *** Order Cypriniformes, including barbs, carp, danios, goldfishes, loaches, minnows, rasboras *** Order Characiformes, including characins, pencilfishes, hatchetfishes, piranhas, tetras. *** Order Gymnotiformes, including electric eels and knifefishes *** Order Siluriformes, the catfishes ** '''Superorder Lepidogalaxii''' ***Order Lepidogalaxiiformes, the salamanderfish **'''Superorder Protacanthopterygii''' *** Order Argentiniformes, including the barreleyes and slickheads (formerly in Osmeriformes) *** Order Salmoniformes, including salmon, Arctic char, and trout *** Order Esociformes, the pikes and mudminnows ***Order Galaxiiformes, the galaxiids *** Order Osmeriformes, including the smelts ** '''Superorder Stenopterygii''' (may belong in Protacanthopterygii) *** Order Ateleopodiformes, the jellynose fish *** Order Stomiiformes, including the bristlemouths and marine hatchetfishes ** '''Superorder Cyclosquamata''' (may belong in Protacanthopterygii) *** Order Aulopiformes, including the Bombay duck, tripod fish, and lancetfishes ** '''Superorder Scopelomorpha''' *** Order Myctophiformes, including the lanternfishes ** '''Superorder Lampridiomorpha''' *** Order Lampriformes, including the oarfish, opah and ribbonfishes ** '''Superorder Polymyxiomorpha''' *** Order †Pattersonichthyiformes ***Order †Ctenothrissiformes ***Order Polymixiiformes, the beardfishes ** '''Superorder Paracanthopterygii''' *** Order Percopsiformes, including the cavefishes and trout-perches ***Order †Sphenocephaliformes *** Order Batrachoidiformes, the toadfishes *** Order Lophiiformes, including the anglerfishes *** Order Gadiformes, including cods *** Order Ophidiiformes, including the pearlfishes ** '''Superorder Acanthopterygii''' *** Order Trachichthyiformes, including slimeheads and fangtooths *** Order Beryciformes, including alfonsinos and pineconefishes *** Series Percomorpha 40% of all fish including anabantids, bass, cichlids, gobies, gouramis, mackerel, perches, scats, whiting, wrasses {{div col end}}
== References == {{Reflist}}
{{Wikispecies|Neopterygii}} {{Portal|fish}} {{Evolution of fish|state=collapsed}} {{Actinopterygii}} {{Neopterygii}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q740005}}
Category:Neopterygii Category:Lopingian first appearances Category:Extant Permian first appearances Category:Taxa named by Charles Tate Regan