Disymphia

{{Short description|Species of fish}} {{Speciesbox | name = Mud carp | image =Cirrhinus molitorella.jpg | status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name = IUCN>{{cite iucn | author1 = Nguyen, T.H.T. | author2 = Van, N.S. | author3 = Thinh, D.V. | year = 2011 | title = ''Cirrhinus molitorella''| article-number = e.T166016A6168828 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T166016A6168828.en|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> | image_caption = | taxon = Disymphia molitorella | display_parents = 3 | parent_authority = Endruweit, 2025 | authority = (Valenciennes, 1844) | synonyms = * ''Leuciscus molitorella'' Valenciennes, 1844 * ''Labeo molitorella'' (Valenciennes, 1844) * ''Leuciscus chevanella'' Valenciennes, 1844 * ''Cirrhinus chinensis'' Günther, 1868 * ''Labeo garnieri'' Sauvage, 1884 * ''Labeo jordani'' Oshima, 1919 * ''Cirrhinus melanostigma'' Fowler & Bean, 1922 * ''Labeo melanostigma'' (Fowler & Bean, 1922) * ''Labeo collaris'' Nichols & Pope, 1927 * ''Labeo pingi'' Wu, 1931 }}

'''''Disymphia molitorella''''' ('''mud carp''' or '''dace''') is a species of ray-finned fish in a monospecific genus found mainly in southern China and Vietnam.

==History== The mud carp is a native Asian freshwater fish with a broad distribution from the Mekong River to the Pearl River deltas, inhabiting lakes, rivers and reservoirs.{{Cn|date=April 2021}}

Mud carp cultivation was introduced to China during the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD) as a substitute for common carp, as the common carp was forbidden to fish due to a ban.<ref name="fao-species-information">{{cite web |last1=Z.|first1=Xinping|title=Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. Cirrhinus molitorella.|url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/culturedspecies/cirrhinus_molitorella/en|website=FAO Fisheries Division [online]|publisher=FAO Fisheries Division|access-date=15 September 2022|location=Rome|date=7 April 2006}}</ref> Chinese aquaculture farmers adapted by raising mud carp, which were bottom feeders, in polyculture with top-feeding grass carp, while silver carp or bighead carp lived and fed in the middle depths.{{sfn|Fagan|2017|loc=[{{GBurl|bUQzDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT287}} Ch. 17]}}

==Habitat== Mud carp is typically a subtropical fish.{{sfn|FAO|1983|p=[{{GBurl|f5hQjhu07r0C|p=15}} 15]}} The mud carp is found in the mud and Mekong River and Pearl River delta, as well as bodies of freshwater along these two rivers.{{Cn|date=April 2021}} In China's Guangdong province and Guangxi autonomous region, mud carp makes up about 30% of the freshwater fish population.{{sfn|Rath|2011|p=[{{GBurl|Q8k4DwAAQBAJ|p=22}} 22]}}

The fish has been introduced to Indonesia, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.<ref name="fao-species-information"/>

Within China the fish is raised on fish farms.{{Cn|date=April 2021}}

== Dispersion == The mud carp is native to Southern China and parts of Mainland Southeast Asia. It is present in major river systems such as the Pearl River, Red River (China/Vietnam), Mekong River, and Chao Phraya River.<ref name="fao-species-information"/>

==Diet== Mud carp is an omnivore and mainly consumes water plants or insects. Farm raised carp are fed pellets.{{Cn|date=April 2021}}

==Culinary use== [[File:Fried dace with salted black beans 02.jpg|thumb|Fried dace with salted black beans]] Due to low cost of production, the fish is mainly consumed by the poor and locally consumed; it is mostly sold live and eaten fresh, but can be dried and salted.<ref name="fao-species-information"/> Increased fishing has threatened wild populations of mud carp.<ref name="IUCN"/>

The fish is sometimes canned (typically as fried dace with salted black beans) or processed as fish cakes, fish balls <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/sf_carpz.html|title=Carp Family|website=Clovegarden}}</ref> or dumplings. They can be found for retail sale within China and throughout the Chinese diaspora.<ref name="fao-species-information"/> Canned dace from China has periodically been found to carry traces of malachite green, a carcinogenic antimicrobial banned for use in food.<ref name=FDA-IA16-131>{{cite web|title=Detention Without Physical Examination of Aquacultured, Shrimp, Dace, and Eel from China-Presence of New Animal Drugs and/or Unsafe Food Additives|publisher=United States FDA|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/CMS_IA/importalert_33.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008220141/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_33.html|archive-date=October 8, 2009|date=2020-09-30|access-date=2020-11-10}}</ref><ref name=2015-malachite>{{cite press release |author= |title=CFS finds traces of malachite green in two tinned fried dace samples |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201508/29/P201508290843.htm|location=Hong Kong |agency= Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety|date=2015-08-29|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref><ref name=2019-malachite>{{cite press release |author= |title=CFS finds traces of malachite green in canned fried dace sample |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201909/19/P2019091900555.htm|location=Hong Kong |agency= Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety|date=2019-09-19|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref>

==See also== * Dace * Common carp

== References == {{Reflist}}

== Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * {{FishBase|Cirrhinus|molitorella}} * {{cite book |title=Freshwater aquaculture |url={{GBurl|Q8k4DwAAQBAJ}} |edition=3rd revised and enlarged |first=Rajendra Kumar |last=Rath |year=2011 |oclc=1138534747 |isbn=978-81-7233-694-3 |publisher=Scientific Publishers (India)}} * {{cite tech report |ref={{harvid|FAO|1983}} |title=Freshwater aquaculture development in China |url={{GBurl|f5hQjhu07r0C}} |date=22 April – 20 May 1980 |publication-date=1983 |series=FAO Fisheries Technical Paper |volume=215 |oclc=10455698 |isbn=92-5-101113-3}} * {{cite book |title=Fishing: How the sea fed civilization |url={{GBurl|bUQzDwAAQBAJ}} |year=2017 |first=Brian |last=Fagan |oclc=978291325 |isbn=978-0-300-21534-2 |publisher=Yale University Press}} {{refend}}

== External links == *[http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Cirrhinus_molitorella/en FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Cirrhinus molitorella]

Category:Carp Category:Freshwater fish of China Category:Fish of East Asia Category:Fish of Thailand Category:Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes Category:Fish described in 1844 Category:Monotypic fish genera