{{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Mineral deficiency | synonyms = | image = | caption = | pronounce = | field = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} '''Mineral deficiency''' is a lack of dietary minerals, the micronutrients that are needed for an organism's proper health.<ref name="urlIntroduction: Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity: Merck Manual Professional">{{cite web |url=https://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec01/ch005/ch005a.html |title=Introduction: Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity: Merck Manual Professional |access-date=2008-11-29}}</ref> The cause may be a poor diet, impaired uptake of the minerals that are consumed, or a dysfunction in the organism's use of the mineral after it is absorbed. These deficiencies can result in many disorders including anemia and goitre. Examples of mineral deficiency include zinc deficiency, iron deficiency, and magnesium deficiency.
==Individual deficiency== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Mineral !! Symptoms & Diagnosis !! Information |- |Calcium deficiency||Asymptomatic or, in severe cases, can have dramatic symptoms and be life-threatening. Symptoms of include numbness in fingers and toes, muscle cramps, irritability, impaired mental capacity and muscle twitching.<ref name="Murphy" /> Vitamin D related hypocalcemia may be associated with a lack of vitamin D in the diet, a lack of sufficient UV exposure, or disturbances in renal function. Low vitamin D in the body can lead to a lack of calcium absorption and secondary hyperparathyroidism (hypocalcemia and raised parathyroid hormone).<ref name="Murphy">{{cite journal|last=Murphy|first=E|author2=Williams|title=Hypocalcemia|journal=Medicine|year=2009|volume=37|issue=9|pages=465–468|doi=10.1016/j.mpmed.2009.06.003}}</ref> || Parathyroid related or vitamin D related. |- |Chromium deficiency||Severely impaired glucose tolerance, weight loss, peripheral neuropathy and confusion.<ref name=Freund>{{cite journal |last=Freund |first=Herbert |author2=Atamian, Susan |author3=Fischer, Josef E. |title=Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition |journal=JAMA |volume=241 |issue=5 |pages=496–498 |date=February 1979 |pmid=104057 |doi=10.1001/jama.1979.03290310036012}}</ref><ref name="ChromiumDRI">{{cite web | title=Chromium | website=NCBI Bookshelf | date=2022-03-15 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222329/ | access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref>||The authorities in the European Union do not recognize chromium as an essential nutrient,<ref name="EFSA">{{cite web | title = Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies| year = 2017| url = https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf}}</ref> those in the United States do, and identify an adequate intake for adults as between 25 and 45 μg/day, depending on age and sex.<ref name=ChromiumDRI/> Dietary supplements containing chromium are widely available in the United States, with claims for benefits for fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1C and weight loss. Reviews report the changes as modest, and without scientific consensus that the changes have a clinically relevant impact.<ref name="Costello Dwyer Bailey 2022 p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Costello | first1=Rebecca B. | last2=Dwyer | first2=Johanna T. | last3=Bailey | first3=Regan L. | title=Chromium supplements for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: limited evidence of effectiveness | journal=Nutrition Reviews | volume=74 | issue=7 | date=2022-01-27 | pages=455–468 | pmid=27261273 | doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuw011 | pmc=5009459 }}</ref><ref name=Onakpoya2013>{{cite journal |vauthors=Onakpoya I, Posadzki P, Ernst E |title=Chromium supplementation in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials |journal=Obes Rev |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=496–507 |date=2013 |pmid=23495911 |doi=10.1111/obr.12026 |s2cid=21832321 }}</ref> |- |Copper deficiency|| Neurological problems including myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and optic neuropathy. Blood symptoms of anemia and neutropenia.<ref name=scheiber>{{cite book|first1= Ivo |last1= Scheiber|first2= Ralf|last2= Dringen|first3= Julian F. B.|last3= Mercer|editor=Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel|title=Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences|volume=13|year=2013|publisher=Springer|pages=359–387|chapter=Chapter 11. Copper: Effects of Deficiency and Overload|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_11|pmid= 24470097|isbn= 978-94-007-7499-5}}</ref> || Copper deficiency can manifest in parallel with vitamin B12 and other nutritional deficiencies.<ref name="Halfdanarson Kumar Li Phyliky pp. 523–531">{{cite journal | last1=Halfdanarson | first1=Thorvardur R. | last2=Kumar | first2=Neeraj | last3=Li | first3=Chin-Yang | last4=Phyliky | first4=Robert L. | last5=Hogan | first5=William J. | title=Hematological manifestations of copper deficiency: a retrospective review | journal=European Journal of Haematology | publisher=Wiley | volume=80 | issue=6 | date=2008-02-13 | issn=0902-4441 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01050.x | pages=523–531| pmid=18284630 | s2cid=38534852 }}</ref> The most common cause of copper deficiency is a remote gastrointestinal surgery, such as gastric bypass surgery, due to malabsorption of copper, or zinc toxicity. |- |Fluorine deficiency|| Increased dental caries and possibly osteoporosis||Fluorine is not considered to be an essential nutrient, but the importance of fluorides for preventing tooth decay is well-recognized,<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Olivares M, Uauy R|date=2004|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/en/nutoverview.pdf|title=Essential nutrients in drinking-water (Draft)|publisher=WHO|access-date=2008-12-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019174633/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/en/nutoverview.pdf|archive-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> although the effect is predominantly topical.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pizzo G, Piscopo MR, Pizzo I, Giuliana G |s2cid=13189520 |title=Community water fluoridation and caries prevention: a critical review |journal=Clin Oral Investig |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=189–93 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17333303 |doi=10.1007/s00784-007-0111-6 }}</ref> |- |iron deficiency|| fatigue, dizziness/lightheadedness, pallor, hair loss, twitches, irritability, weakness, pica, brittle or grooved nails, hair thinning, pagophagia, restless legs syndrome<ref name="pmid17368978">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rangarajan S, D'Souza GA | title = Restless legs syndrome in Indian patients having iron deficiency anemia in a tertiary care hospital | journal = Sleep Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 247–51 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17368978 | doi = 10.1016/j.sleep.2006.10.004 }}</ref> ||Iron deficiency may be caused by blood loss, inadequate intake, medications interfering with absorption, mechanical hemolysis from athletics, malabsorption syndromes, inflammation, and parasitic infections. In a 2014 U.S. government consumption survey and reported that for men and women ages 20 and older the average iron intakes were, respectively, 16.6 and 12.6 mg/day.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/1314/Table_1_NIN_GEN_13.pdf | title = What We Eat In America, NHANES 2013–2014 | work = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | publisher = US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service }}</ref> |- |Iodine deficiency|| Goiter, congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, and fibrocystic breast changes||In areas where there is little iodine in the diet, typically remote inland areas where no marine foods are eaten, iodine deficiency is common. It is also common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in iodine-poor soil. Prevention includes adding small amounts of iodine to table salt, a product known as ''iodized salt''. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foodstuffs, such as flour, water and milk, in areas of deficiency.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Iodine Deficiency Disorders |url=https://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter/the-iodine-deficiency-disorders/ |work=Thyroid Disease Manager |author1=Creswell J. Eastman |author2=Michael Zimmermann |date=12 February 2014 |access-date=2016-12-11 }}</ref>
|- |Manganese deficiency||Skeletal deformation and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keen |first1=C.L. |last2=Zidenberg-Cherr |first2=S. |editor-last=Ziegler |editor-first=E.E. |editor2-last=Filer |editor2-first=L.J. |chapter=Manganese |title=Present Knowledge in Nutrition |edition=7th |publisher=ILSI Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780944398722 |pages=334–343 }}</ref> || Manganese is a vital element of nutrition in very small quantities (adult male daily intake 2.3 milligrams). |- |Magnesium deficiency|| Tiredness, generalized weakness, muscle cramps, abnormal heart rhythms, increased irritability of the nervous system with tremors, paresthesias, palpitations, low potassium levels in the blood, hypoparathyroidism which might result in low calcium levels in the blood, chondrocalcinosis, spasticity and tetany, migraines, epileptic seizures,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-06-01|title=Can magnesium supplementation reduce seizures in people with epilepsy? A hypothesis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092012111200040X|journal=Epilepsy Research|language=en|volume=100|issue=1–2|pages=152–156|doi=10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.02.004|issn=0920-1211|last1=Yuen|first1=Alan W.C.|last2=Sander|first2=Josemir W.|pmid=22406257|s2cid=23147775|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The diagnosis is typically based on finding low blood magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia).<ref name=Cecil2015>{{cite book |last1=Goldman |first1=Lee |last2=Schafer |first2=Andrew I. |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine E-Book |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9780323322850 |page=775 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40Z9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101-IA176 |language=en}}</ref> basal ganglia calcifications<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basal Ganglia Calcification with Hypomagnesemia|url=https://www.japi.org/t284a4c4/basal-ganglia-calcification-with-hypomagnesemia#:~:text=2%20Thus%20magnesium%20deficiency%20causes,nephrocalcinosis%20and%20basal%20ganglia%20calcification.|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.japi.org}}</ref> and in extreme and prolonged cases coma, intellectual disability or death.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Viering|first1=Daan H. H. M.|last2=Baaij|first2=Jeroen H. F. de| last3=Walsh|first3=Stephen B.|last4=Kleta|first4=Robert|last5=Bockenhauer|first5=Detlef|date=2016-05-27|title=Genetic causes of hypomagnesemia, a clinical overview|journal=Pediatric Nephrology|volume=32|issue=7| language=en|pages=1123–1135|doi=10.1007/s00467-016-3416-3|pmid=27234911|pmc=5440500|issn=0931-041X}}</ref> Magnesium plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and its deficiency may worsen insulin resistance, a condition that often precedes diabetes, or may be a consequence of insulin resistance.<ref name="pmid2255809">{{cite journal|last=Kobrin|first=SM|author2=Goldfarb, S|title=Magnesium deficiency.|journal=Seminars in Nephrology|date=Nov 1990|volume=10|issue=6|pages=525–35|pmid=2255809}}</ref> Normal magnesium levels are between 0.6 and 1.1 mmol/L (1.46–2.68 mg/dL) with levels less than 0.6 mmol/L (1.46 mg/dL) defining hypomagnesemia.<ref name=EU2010/> Specific electrocardiogram (ECG) changes may be seen.<ref name=EU2010/> ||Causes include low dietary intake, alcoholism, diarrhea, increased urinary loss, poor absorption from the intestines, and diabetes mellitus.<ref name=SO2010>{{cite journal|last1=Soar|first1=J|last2=Perkins|first2=GD|last3=Abbas|first3=G|last4=Alfonzo|first4=A|last5=Barelli|first5=A|last6=Bierens|first6=JJ|last7=Brugger|first7=H|last8=Deakin|first8=CD|last9=Dunning|first9=J|last10=Georgiou|first10=M|last11=Handley|first11=AJ|last12=Lockey|first12=DJ|last13=Paal|first13=P|last14=Sandroni|first14=C|last15=Thies|first15=KC|last16=Zideman|first16=DA|last17=Nolan|first17=JP|title=European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution.|journal=Resuscitation|date=October 2010|volume=81|issue=10|pages=1400–33|pmid=20956045|doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=de Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ |title=Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease |journal=Physiol. Rev. |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1–46 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25540137 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00012.2014 |citeseerx=10.1.1.668.9777 |s2cid=4999601 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gommers LM, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ, de Baaij JH |title=Hypomagnesemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Vicious Circle? |journal=Diabetes |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26696633 |doi=10.2337/db15-1028 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A number of medications may also cause low magnesium, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and furosemide.<ref name="III 2021">{{cite web | last=III | first=James L. Lewis | title=Hypomagnesemia - Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition | date=2021-09-29 | url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-disorders/hypomagnesemia | language=de | access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> |- |Molybdenum deficiency||High blood methionine, low blood uric acid, and low urinary uric acid and sulfate concentrations. ||The amount of molybdenum required is relatively small, and molybdenum deficiency usually does not occur in natural settings.<ref name="LPI">{{cite web | title = Molybdenum |url=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/molybdenum/ | work = Linus Pauling Institute | publisher = Oregon State University |access-date=2008-11-29}}</ref> |- |Potassium deficiency||Mild low potassium does not typically cause symptoms.<ref name=Z2016>{{cite journal|last1=Zieg|first1=J|last2=Gonsorcikova |first2=L|last3=Landau|first3=D|title=Current views on the diagnosis and management of hypokalaemia in children.|journal=Acta Paediatrica|date=July 2016|volume=105|issue=7|pages=762–72|pmid=26972906|doi=10.1111/apa.13398|s2cid=19579505}}</ref> Symptoms may include feeling tired, leg cramps, weakness, and constipation.<ref name=EU2010/> Low potassium also increases the risk of an abnormal heart rhythm, which is often too slow and can cause cardiac arrest.<ref name=EU2010>{{cite journal|last1=Soar| first1=J|last2=Perkins|first2=GD| last3=Abbas|first3=G|last4=Alfonzo|first4=A|last5=Barelli| first5=A|last6=Bierens|first6=JJ| last7=Brugger|first7=H|last8=Deakin|first8=CD|last9=Dunning|first9=J|last10=Georgiou|first10=M| last11=Handley|first11=AJ|last12=Lockey| first12=DJ|last13=Paal|first13=P|last14=Sandroni|first14=C| last15=Thies|first15=KC|last16=Zideman|first16=DA|last17=Nolan|first17=JP|title=European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution.|journal=Resuscitation|date=October 2010| volume=81|issue=10|pages=1400–33|pmid=20956045| doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015}}</ref><ref name=Z2016/> ||Causes of potassium deficiencyinclude vomiting, diarrhea, medications like furosemide and steroids, dialysis, diabetes insipidus, hyperaldosteronism, hypomagnesemia, and not enough intake in the diet.<ref name=EU2010/> Normal potassium levels are between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L (3.5 and 5.0 mEq/L) with levels below 3.5 mmol/L defined as hypokalemia.<ref name=EU2010/><ref name=Pat2006>{{cite book|last1=Pathy|first1=M.S. John|title=Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine|volume=2|date=2006|publisher=Wiley|location=Chichester |isbn=9780470090558|page=Appendix|edition=4.|doi=10.1002/047009057X.app01|chapter=Appendix 1: Conversion of SI Units to Standard Units}}</ref> It is classified as severe when levels are less than 2.5 mmol/L.<ref name=EU2010/> Low levels may also be suspected based on an electrocardiogram (ECG).<ref name=EU2010/> Hyperkalemia is a high level of potassium in the blood serum.<ref name=EU2010/> |- |Selenium deficiency||Significant negative results,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kieliszek |first1=Marek |title=Selenium–Fascinating Microelement, Properties and Sources in Food |journal=Molecules |date=3 April 2019 |volume=24 |issue=7 |page=1298 |doi=10.3390/molecules24071298 |pmid=30987088 |pmc=6480557 |doi-access=free }}</ref> affecting the health of the heart, Keshan disease and the nervous system; contributing to depression, anxiety, and dementia; and interfering with reproduction and gestation. ||People dependent on food grown from selenium-deficient soil may be at risk for deficiency.<ref name="Jones Droz Greve Gottschalk 2017 pp. 2848–2853">{{cite journal | last1=Jones | first1=Gerrad D. | last2=Droz | first2=Boris | last3=Greve | first3=Peter | last4=Gottschalk | first4=Pia | last5=Poffet | first5=Deyan | last6=McGrath | first6=Steve P. | last7=Seneviratne | first7=Sonia I. | last8=Smith | first8=Pete | last9=Winkel | first9=Lenny H. E. | title=Selenium deficiency risk predicted to increase under future climate change | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume=114 | issue=11 | date=2017-03-14 | issn=0027-8424 | pmid=28223487 | pmc=5358348 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1611576114 | pages=2848–2853| doi-access=free }}</ref> |- |Sodium deficiency||Mild symptoms include a decreased ability to think, headaches, nausea, and poor balance.<ref name="babar">{{cite journal |pmid=24259701 |date=October 2013 |last1=Babar |first1=S. |title=SIADH Associated With Ciprofloxacin. |volume=47 |url=http://aop.sagepub.com/content/47/10/1359.full.pdf |issue=10 |pages=1359–63 |issn=1060-0280 |journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy |doi=10.1177/1060028013502457 |s2cid=36759747 |access-date=November 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501034854/http://aop.sagepub.com/content/47/10/1359.full.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=Ann2015>{{cite journal|last1=Henry|first1=DA|title=In The Clinic: Hyponatremia.|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=4 August 2015|volume=163|issue=3|pages=ITC1–19|pmid=26237763|doi=10.7326/aitc201508040|s2cid=12434550}}</ref> Severe symptoms include confusion, seizures, and coma.<ref name="babar" /><ref name=Wil2016>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=DM|last2=Gallagher|first2=M|last3=Handley|first3=J|last4=Stephens|first4=JW|title=The clinical management of hyponatraemia.|journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal|date=July 2016|volume=92|issue=1089|pages=407–11|pmid=27044859|doi=10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133740|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Endo2010>{{cite journal|last1=Ball|first1=S|last2=De Groot|first2=LJ|last3=Beck-Peccoz|first3=P|last4=Chrousos|first4=G|last5=Dungan|first5=K|last6=Grossman|first6=A|last7=Hershman|first7=JM|last8=Koch|first8=C|last9=McLachlan|first9=R|last10=New|first10=M|last11=Rebar|first11=R|last12=Singer|first12=F|last13=Vinik|first13=A|last14=Weickert|first14=MO |title= Hyponatremia |journal=Endotext |date=2000 |pmid= 25905359 |id= Accessed 1 August 2016}}</ref> ||The causes of hyponatremia are typically classified by a person's body fluid status into low volume, normal volume, or high volume.<ref name=CMAJ2014>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=JJ |last2=Kilonzo |first2=K |last3=Nistico |first3=A |last4= Yeates |first4=K |title= Management of hyponatremia. |journal= CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal |date=13 May 2014 |volume=186 |issue=8 |pages= E281–86 |pmid= 24344146 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.120887 |pmc=4016091}}</ref> Low volume hyponatremia can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics, and sweating.<ref name=CMAJ2014/> Normal volume hyponatremia is divided into cases with dilute urine and concentrated urine.<ref name=CMAJ2014/> Cases in which the urine is dilute include adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and drinking too much water or too much beer.<ref name=CMAJ2014/> Cases in which the urine is concentrated include syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).<ref name=CMAJ2014/> High volume hyponatremia can occur from heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure.<ref name=CMAJ2014/> Conditions that can lead to falsely low sodium measurements include high blood protein levels such as in multiple myeloma, high blood fat levels, and high blood sugar.<ref name=Fil2016>{{cite journal |last1=Filippatos |first1=TD |last2=Liamis |first2=G |last3= Christopoulou |first3=F |last4=Elisaf |first4=MS |title= Ten common pitfalls in the evaluation of patients with hyponatremia.|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|date=April 2016 |volume=29 |pages=22–25 |pmid= 26706473 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2015.11.022|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Ros2013>{{cite book |last1= Marx |first1= John |last2= Walls |first2= Ron |last3= Hockberger |first3= Robert |title= Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice |date= 2013 |publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn= 978-1455749874 |pages= 1639–42 |edition= 8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uggC0i_jXAsC&pg=PA1642 |language= en |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160815214853/https://books.google.ca/books?id=uggC0i_jXAsC&pg=PA1642 |archive-date= 2016-08-15 }}</ref> |- |Zinc deficiency||Common symptoms include increased rates of diarrhea. Zinc deficiency affects the skin and gastrointestinal tract; brain and central nervous system, immune, skeletal, and reproductive systems.||Zinc deficiency in humans is caused by reduced dietary intake, inadequate absorption, increased loss, or increased body system use. The most common cause is reduced dietary intake. In the U.S., the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 8 mg/day for women and 11 mg/day for men.<ref name=DRI>[https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/14/ "Zinc"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234044/https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/14/ |date=19 September 2017 }}, pp. 442–501 in ''Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc''. National Academy Press. 2001.</ref> |- |}
==See also== *Mineral (nutrient) *Micronutrient deficiency *Vitamin deficiency *Metal toxicity for the inverse.
==References== {{reflist}}
== External links == {{Medical resources | DiseasesDB = | ICD11 = {{ICD11|5B5K}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|58||e|50}}-{{ICD10|E|61||e|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|269.3}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = }} {{Nutritional pathology}}
Category:Mineral deficiencies