Receiver (firearms)

{{Short description|Firearm component that houses the operating parts of the weapon}} [[File:Disassembled mauser long action.jpg|thumb|upright|A disassembled Gewehr 98 action showing a partially disassembled receiver and bolt]] In firearms terminology and law, the '''firearm frame''' or '''receiver''' is the part of a firearm which integrates other components by providing housing for internal action components such as the hammer, bolt or breechblock, firing pin and extractor, and has threaded interfaces for externally attaching ("receiving") components such as the barrel, stock, trigger mechanism and iron/optical sights.<ref name="Receiver definition">{{cite web|title=27 CFR 478.11: Meaning of terms| quote=Firearm frame or receiver. That part of a firearm which provides housing for the hammer, bolt or breechblock, and firing mechanism, and which is usually threaded at its forward portion to receive the barrel. |url=http://www.ecfr.gov/|access-date=16 September 2016|work=US Government|date=2016}}</ref> Some firearm designs, such as the AR-15 platform, feature receivers that have 2 separate sub-assemblies called the '''upper receiver''' which houses the barrel/trunnion, bolt components etc and the '''lower receiver''' ('''trigger mechanism housing''' in some cases) that holds the fire control group, pistol grip, selector, stock etc.<ref>Royal Air Force Common Core and Deployment Skills Aide-Memoire AP 3242B VOL 5, ABBREVIATIONS</ref> In several court cases beginning in 2014, ATF claimed the lower of a Glock or AR-15 was the frame or receiver and the court ruled it didn't meet the legal definition. Despite this, the definition hasn't been corrected since 1986, but people are still being criminally charged.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recent Federal Prosecutions Threaten to Expose Years-long Misapplication of Law by ATF – Juris Magazine |url=https://sites.law.duq.edu/juris/2020/04/14/recent-federal-prosecutions-threaten-to-expose-years-long-misapplication-of-law-by-atf/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The receiver is often made of forged, machined, or stamped steel or aluminium. Apart from these traditional materials, modern techniques have introduced polymer and sintered metal powder receivers to the market.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://world.guns.ru/assault/as75-e.htm |title=HK416 modular assault rifle / carbine / upper receiver assembly (Germany) |access-date=5 Aug 2010 }}</ref>

== Mounting == A barrel may typically be affixed to a firearm receiver using barrel and receiver action threads or similar methods.

== In Canadian law == {{See also|Firearms regulation in Canada#Classifications}} The receiver or frame is legally the firearm, and as such it is the part that requires a manufacturer's serial number and valid Possession and Acquisition Licence to acquire and own. In the case of a handgun frame or revolver frame, it is the part that requires a Restricted-class PAL (RPAL), and registration.

== In US law == {{See also|Parts kit}} [[File:Stag2wi.jpg|thumb|AR-15 rifles showing their configurations with different upper receivers. The lower receiver is visible at the bottom]] For the purposes of United States law, the receiver or frame is legally the firearm,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atf.gov/firearms/faq/firearms-technology.html|title=Firearms - Frequently Asked Questions - Firearms Technology {{!}} ATF|access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503044932/https://www.atf.gov/firearms/faq/firearms-technology.html |archive-date=3 May 2015 }}</ref> and as such it is the controlled part. The definition of which assembly is the legal receiver varies from firearm to firearm, under US law. Generally, the law requires licensed manufacturers and importers to mark the designated receiver with a serial number, the manufacturer or importer, the model and caliber. Makers of receivers are restricted by International Traffic in Arms Regulations. Thus, in the case of a firearm that has multiple receiver parts, such as the AR-15, which has an upper and a lower receiver, the legally controlled part is the one that is serialized.<ref name="GD2015"/>

For the AR-15 rifle, the lower receiver assembly is legally considered the actual receiver,<ref name="GD2015">{{cite book|last=Muramatsu|first=Kevin|editor=Jerry Lee|title=Gun Digest 2016|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/gundigest20160000unse/page/41/|year=2015|publisher=F+W Media, Inc.|location=Iola, Wisconsin|isbn=978-1-4402-4430-8|page=41|chapter=The State of the AR Industry}}</ref> although it is functionally a chassis that also houses the separate trigger group. In the FN-FAL rifle, it is the upper assembly that is serialized and legally considered the receiver.<ref name="Jenzen-JonesSpleeters2015">{{cite book|last1=Jenzen-Jones|first1=N.R.|last2=Spleeters|first2=Damien|title=Identifying & Tracing the FN Herstal FAL Rifle: Documenting signs of diversion in Syria and beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG53CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|date=31 August 2015|publisher=Armament Research Services Pty. Ltd.|isbn=978-0-9924624-6-8|page=16|location=Australia}}</ref><ref name="ATF Rul. 2008-1">{{cite web|title=27 CFR 478.11: DEFINITION OF FIREARM FRAME OR RECEIVER|url=https://www.atf.gov/file/55436/download|access-date=16 September 2016|work=ATF|date=2008}}</ref> This has led to prosecutors dropping charges against illegal manufacturing of AR-type firearms to avoid court precedents establishing that neither the upper nor the lower receiver individually contain all the components to be legally classified as a firearm.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scott Glover|title=He sold illegal AR-15s. Feds agreed to let him go free to avoid hurting gun control efforts|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/11/us/ar-15-guns-law-atf-invs/index.html|access-date=2021-04-30|website=CNN|date=11 October 2019}}</ref>

===Unfinished receivers=== "Unfinished receivers", also called "80 percent receivers", "80% lowers", or "blanks", are partially completed receivers with no serial numbers. Purchasers must perform their own finishing work in order to make the receiver usable. The finishing of receivers for sale or distribution by unlicensed persons is against US law.<ref name="Horwitz">{{cite news|last1=Horwitz|first1=Sari|title='Unfinished receivers,' a gun part that is sold separately, lets some get around the law|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/unfinished-receivers-that-can-be-used-to-build-guns-pose-problems-for-law-enforcement/2014/05/13/8ec39e9e-da51-11e3-bda1-9b46b2066796_story.html|access-date=5 September 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|date=May 13, 2014}}</ref> Because an unfinished 80% receiver is not a firearm, purchasers do not need to pass a background check.<ref name="Horwitz"/> The resulting firearm is known as a "ghost gun".<ref name="Stanton">{{cite news|last1=Stanton|first1=Sam|last2=Walsh|first2=Denny|title=California black market surges for 'ghost guns'|url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/crime/article50685560.html|access-date=5 September 2016|work=Sacramento Bee|date=December 19, 2015}}</ref>

During the Biden Administration, the ATF imposed regulations on the sale and marketing of unfinished receivers and kits containing them by revising the legal definition of receivers to include "a partially complete, disassembled, or nonfunctional frame or receiver, including a frame or receiver parts kit, that is designed to or may readily be completed, assembled, restored, or otherwise converted to function as a frame or receiver". (The term "receiver" was also redefined as referring to non-handgun firearms, while "frame" was redefined as referring to handguns exclusively.) The new definitions went into effect on August 24, 2022.<ref>{{Federal Register|87|24652}}</ref> In the case VanDerStok v. Garland, filed on June 30, 2023, a federal judge in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas ruled that the new ATF regulations exceeded the agency's statutory authority, and struck them down.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=VanDerStok v. Garland |court=US District Court for the Northern District of Texas |date=2022-08-11 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.txnd.366145/gov.uscourts.txnd.366145.227.0.pdf |quote=This case presents the question of whether the federal government may lawfully regulate partially manufactured firearm components, related firearm products, and other tools and materials in keeping with the Gun Control Act of 1968. Because the Court concludes that the government cannot regulate those items without violating federal law, the Court holds that the government’s recently enacted Final Rule, Definition of “Frame or Receiver” and Identification of Firearms, 87 Fed. Reg. 24,652 (codified at 27 C.F.R. pts. 447, 478, and 479), is unlawful agency action taken in excess of the ATF’s statutory jurisdiction. On this basis, the Court vacates the Final Rule.}}</ref> However, on August 8, 2023, the Texas court's nationwide vacatur was temporarily placed on hold by the Supreme Court of the United States, leaving the new ATF regulations on unfinished receivers in place.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/08/us/supreme-court-biden-ghost-guns.html |title=By 5-4 Vote, Supreme Court Revives Biden's Regulation of 'Ghost Guns' |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=2023-08-08 |website=The New York Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829054951/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/08/us/supreme-court-biden-ghost-guns.html |archive-date=2023-08-29 |language=en |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>

The case was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in November of 2023, with a three-judge panel upholding the District Court's ruling that the ATF had exceeded their statutory authority, striking the rule down; although the Supreme Court once again issued an emergency order allowing the ATF to continue enforcing the regulation while the litigation proceeded. On April 22, 2024 the case of Bondi v. VanDerStok was accepted on appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, and on March 26, 2025 in a 7-2 decision,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bondi v. Vanderstok, 604 U.S. (2025) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/604/23-852/ |website=Justia |publisher=Justia U.S. Law |access-date=26 March 2026 |date=26 March 2025}}</ref> the court upheld the Biden-era regulation, holding that "weapons parts kits are firearms within the scope of the Gun Control Act" and affirmed the government’s authority to regulate them as such. This vacated the Fifth Circuit's ruling, allowing the ATF rule to remain in place.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Langholz |first1=Lindsay |title=Garland v. VanDerStok |url=https://www.acslaw.org/scotus_update/garland-v-vanderstok |access-date=26 March 2026 |work=SCOTUS Update |publisher=American Constitution Society |date=26 March 2025}}</ref> However, the Court's ruling did not outlaw all unfinished frames and receivers that are unserialized, it only applies to "certain partially complete frames or receivers sold in weapon part kits, which include everything needed to quickly assemble a working handgun", therefore the ruling primarily applies to 80% pistol frames bundled in kits. Unfinished AR lowers are still legal under the Court's ruling, so long as they are sold individually and not as part of a kit with jigs and instructions, and 76% pistol frames are still legal.<ref>{{cite web |title=VanDerStok Explained: What the Ruling Does and Doesn’t Do |url=https://www.80percentarms.com/blog/vanderstok-explained-what-the-ruling-does-and-doesnt-do/ |website=80% Arms |publisher=80 Percent Arms |access-date=26 March 2026 |date=27 March 2025}}</ref> As of March, 2026 unfinished AR lowers and 76 percent pistol frames are still being legally sold by companies like 80 Percent Arms and 80-Lowers.<ref>{{cite web |title=AR-15 80% Lower Receivers |url=https://www.80percentarms.com/ar-15-80-lower-receivers/ |website=80% Arms |publisher=80 Percent Arms |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AR-15 80 Lower |url=https://www.80-lower.com/ar15-80-lower/ |website=80-Lower |publisher=80% Lowers}}</ref>

====State Bans==== A number of states have passed laws making "ghost guns" illegal by banning the sale of unfinished firearm frames and receivers, and the possession of unserialized firearms. As of March 26, 2026, unfinished frames and receivers, aka "80 percent lowers", and unserialized "ghost guns", are illegal in the following United States jurisdictions:<ref>{{cite web |title=Shipping Restrictions |url=https://www.80-lower.com/shipping-returns/ |website=80-Lower |publisher=80% Lowers |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> * California * Colorado * Connecticut * Delaware * District of Columbia * Hawaii * Illinois * Maine * Maryland * Massachusetts * Nevada * New Jersey * New York * Oregon * Puerto Rico * Rhode Island * Vermont * Washington * Philadelphia, PA

==3D printed receivers== {{As of|2024}}, several designs and at least two designs for 3D printable polymer lower unfinished receivers for the AR-15 have been released: the AR Lower V5 and the Charon. 3D printed designs may also be used to produce privately made firearms.<ref name="Greenberg">{{cite magazine |title = I Made an Untraceable AR-15 Ghost Gun in My Office And It Was Easy |first1 = Andy |last1 = Greenberg |magazine = Wired |date = June 3, 2015 |url = https://www.wired.com/2015/06/i-made-an-untraceable-ar-15-ghost-gun/ |accessdate = October 17, 2016 |url-status = live |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161020040839/https://www.wired.com/2015/06/i-made-an-untraceable-ar-15-ghost-gun/ |archivedate = October 20, 2016 |df = mdy-all}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" ! Name ! Date made public ! Type ! Process !Designer !Caliber |- ! rowspan="2" |AR Lower V5<ref name="TC600">{{cite news |last=Biggs |first=John |date=March 1, 2013 |title=Defense Distributed Prints An AR-15 Receiver That Has Fired More Than 600 Rounds |url=http://techcrunch.com/2013/03/01/defense-distributed-prints-an-ar-15-receiver-that-has-fired-more-than-600-rounds/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825173804/http://techcrunch.com/2013/03/01/defense-distributed-prints-an-ar-15-receiver-that-has-fired-more-than-600-rounds/ |archive-date=August 25, 2014 |access-date=April 12, 2013 |journal=TechCrunch}} ()</ref> |2013-032013, March<ref name="TC600" /> |'''Receiver:''' AR-15 rifle lower receiver<ref name="TC600" /> |FDM<ref name="Printed AR Lower v5 Review">[http://defdist.tumblr.com/post/44209819568/printed-ar-lower-v5-review Printed AR Lower v5 Review], Defense Distributed official tumblr blog ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141400/http://defdist.tumblr.com/post/44209819568/printed-ar-lower-v5-review archive])</ref> |Defense Distributed<ref name="TC600" /> |.223 Rem/ 5.56×45 |- | colspan="5" | * The receiver was able to handle enough stress to fire more than 600 rounds.<ref name="TC600" /> |- ! rowspan="2" |Charon<ref name="outdoorhub.com">[http://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2013/05/22/3d-printed-hybrid-ar-15fn-p90-lower-and-12-gauge-slugs-make-web-debut/ 3D-printed Hybrid AR-15/FN P90 Lower and 12 Gauge Slugs Make Web Debut], outdoorhub, May 22, 2013. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200017/http://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2013/05/22/3d-printed-hybrid-ar-15fn-p90-lower-and-12-gauge-slugs-make-web-debut/ archive])</ref><ref name="guns.com">Slowik, Max, [http://www.guns.com/2013/06/03/meet-the-charon-family-of-3d-printable-ar-lowers-photos/ Meet the Charon Family of 3D-Printable AR Lowers (Photos)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802223521/https://www.guns.com/2013/06/03/meet-the-charon-family-of-3d-printable-ar-lowers-photos/ |date=2018-08-02 }}, 3 June 2013.</ref><ref name="Slowik 2013">Slowik, Max, [http://www.guns.com/2013/07/01/3d-printing-community-updates-liberator-with-rifle-pepperbox-and-glock-powered-shuty-9 "3D Printing Community Updates Liberator with Rifle, Pepperbox and Glock-Powered ‘Shuty-9′"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803014342/https://www.guns.com/2013/07/01/3d-printing-community-updates-liberator-with-rifle-pepperbox-and-glock-powered-shuty-9/ |date=2018-08-03 }}, 1 July 2013.</ref> |2013-05May 2013<ref name="outdoorhub.com" /> |'''Receiver:''' AR-15 rifle lower receiver<ref name="outdoorhub.com" /><ref name="guns.com" /><ref name="Slowik 2013" /> |FDM<ref name="Charon V3">[http://grabcad.com/library/charon-v3-1 Charon V3], grabcad, September 3, 2013. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215809/http://grabcad.com/library/charon-v3-1 archive])</ref> |WarFairy<ref name="guns.com" /><ref name="Slowik 2013" /> |.223 Rem/ 5.56×45 |- | colspan="5" | * Charon V3 weighs 0.2 pounds and showed no signs of strain after 96 rounds of 5.56 AR-15 ammo were fired.<ref name="Charon V3" /> |- !WarFairy P-15<ref name="outdoorhub.com" /> |2013-052013, May<ref name="outdoorhub.com" /> |'''Receiver:''' AR-15 rifle lower receiver<ref name="TC600" /> |FDM<ref name="Charon V3" /> |WarFairy<ref name="guns.com" /><ref name="Slowik 2013" /> |.223 Rem/ 5.56×45 |- ! rowspan="2" |Hanuman AR-15 Bullpup<ref name="thefirearmblog.com">[http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2014/05/27/warfairys-3d-printable-ar-15-bullpup/ WarFairy’s 3D Printable AR-15 Bullpup], firearmblog, May 27, 2014. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200117/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2014/05/27/warfairys-3d-printable-ar-15-bullpup/ archive])</ref><ref name="Guns 2014">[http://www.guns.com/2014/05/25/check-out-this-3d-printable-bullpup-for-ar-pattern-uppers/ Check out this 3D-printable bullpup for AR-pattern uppers], Guns.com, May 27, 2014. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195954/http://www.guns.com/2014/05/25/check-out-this-3d-printable-bullpup-for-ar-pattern-uppers/ archive])</ref> |2014-052014, May<ref name="thefirearmblog.com" /><ref name="Guns 2014" /> |'''Receiver:''' AR-15 rifle bullpup lower receiver<ref name="thefirearmblog.com" /><ref name="Guns 2014" /> |FDM w/ ABS |WarFairy<ref name="thefirearmblog.com" /><ref name="Guns 2014" /> |.223 Rem/ 5.56×45 |- | colspan="5" | * According to the creators, "It requires a bufferless upper to function, such as the ARAK-21 or Rock River Arms PDS Carbine, or a regular upper with a CMMG Style .22 LR Conversion installed."<ref name="thefirearmblog.com" /> |- ! rowspan="2" |Ruger Charger<ref name="3dprintrugger">[http://3dprint.com/8398/3d-printed-gun-semi-automatic/ 3D Printed Semi-automatic Ruger Charger Pistol is Assembled and Fired – ‘If you take my gun, I’ll print another!’], 3Dprint, July 4, 2014. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141005211105/http://3dprint.com/8398/3d-printed-gun-semi-automatic archive])</ref><ref name="reason">[http://reason.com/blog/2014/07/07/3d-printed-semiautomatic-22-debuts-if-yo 3D-Printed Semiautomatic .22 Debuts. "If you take my gun, I will simply print another one."], Reason, July 2014. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140925133120/http://reason.com/blog/2014/07/07/3d-printed-semiautomatic-22-debuts-if-yo archive])</ref><ref name="ammolandrugger">[http://www.ammoland.com/2014/07/3d-printed-ruger-charger-style-pistol-by-buck-o-fama/#axzz3EUU0yfrM 3D Printed Ruger Style Pistol Demo by Buck O’ Fama ~ Video], Ammoland, July 4, 2014. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085534/http://www.ammoland.com/2014/07/3d-printed-ruger-charger-style-pistol-by-buck-o-fama/ archive])</ref> |2014-072014, July<ref name="reason" /> |'''Receiver:''' Ruger 10/22 semi-automatic pistol<ref name="reason" /> |FDM<ref>[http://news.softpedia.com/news/3D-Printing-Lets-Man-Assemble-Ruger-Charger-Pistol-Without-Legal-Paperwork-449881.shtml 3D Printing Lets Man Assemble Ruger Charger Pistol Without Legal Paperwork], Softpedia, July 8, 2014. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134311/http://news.softpedia.com/news/3D-Printing-Lets-Man-Assemble-Ruger-Charger-Pistol-Without-Legal-Paperwork-449881.shtml archive])</ref> |"Buck-o-Fama" (pseudonym)<ref name="reason" /> |.22 Long Rifle |- | colspan="5" |A pistol version of the popular Ruger 10/22 rifle.<ref name="3dprintrugger" /><ref name="reason" /> |- ! rowspan="2" |CM901<ref>[https://www.engadget.com/2015/03/26/great-now-3d-printed-rifles-can-fire-7-62mm-nato-rounds/ Great, now 3D-printed rifles can fire larger, deadlier rounds]</ref> |2015-032015, March |'''Receiver:''' AR-10 Receiver |FDM |Printed Firearm<ref>{{in lang|tr}} [http://shiftdelete.net/3d-yazicidan-uretilen-olumcul-tufek-59354 3D Yazıcıdan Üretilen Ölümcül Tüfek!]</ref> |7.62×51mm |- | colspan="5" | * Based on Colt CM901. |- ! rowspan="2" |Lopoint / Bigpoint<ref>{{Cite web |last=C |first=Luke |date=2019-12-09 |title=This 3D Printed Hi-Point May Be the Cheapest Pistol in Existence |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2019/12/09/3d-printed-hi-point/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=The Firearm Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> |2019, November (v1); 2020, November (,40/.45); 2021, May (v2) |'''Frame:''' Hi-Point pistol frame |FDM |CTRLPew / Atmac / freeman1337 |9×19mm Parabellum, .380 ACP, .40 S&W, .45 ACP |- | colspan="5" | * Compatible with Hi-Point C9, CF380, JCP, and JHP parts. * Extremely cheap due to the high availability of the required parts kits. |- ! rowspan="2" |Scz0rpion<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-29 |title=The AWCY 3D Printed Scz0rpion - Is a 3D printed Sub Gun Viable? |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2020/10/29/awcy-3d-printed-scz0rpion/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=The Firearm Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> |2020, October |'''Receiver:''' CZ Scorpion Evo 3 receiver |FDM |Are We Cool Yet? |9×19mm Parabellum |- | colspan="5" | * First 3D printed frame to be successfully tested with 1000+ rounds full auto in one sitting without failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-29 |title=The AWCY 3D Printed Scz0rpion - Is a 3D printed Sub Gun Viable? |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2020/10/29/awcy-3d-printed-scz0rpion/ |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=The Firearm Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AWCY? Scz0rpion 1000 rd crucible test |url=https://gunstreamer.com/watch/awcy-scz0rpion-1000-rd-crucible-test_5AyysMFJQoEsIPr.html |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=gunstreamer.com}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" |3011 / 3011DS<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-10 |title=Ivan The Troll Introduces the 3011 Pistol - A 1911 that "Doesn't Suck" |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2021/09/10/ivan-troll-introduces-3011-pistol/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=The Firearm Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> |2021, November; 2023, January (DS) |'''Receiver:''' 1911 based PDW |FDM |Deterrence Dispensed |.45 ACP, 9×19mm Parabellum, .22 TCM |- | colspan="5" | * Utilizes a 1911 slide for the upper, and an AR-15 fire control group. * An updated version, called the 3011DS, allows the use of double-stack higher capacity Remington and RIA magazines. |- ! rowspan="2" |3DPD10<ref>{{Cite web |title=PD10 Pistol |url=https://avidityarms.com/pd10-pistol/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Avidity Arms |language=en-US}}</ref> |2023, April |'''Frame:''' Pistol frame |FDM |Avidity Arms |9×19mm Parabellum |- | colspan="5" | * A 3D-printable frame for the Avidity Arms PD10. * This design is notable as the first firearm released by commercial company designed to be 3D printed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arms |first=Avidity |date=2023-05-09 |title=3DPD10 Parts Kit at JSD Supply! |url=https://avidityarms.com/3dpd10-parts-kit/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Avidity Arms |language=en-US}}</ref> |}

== References == {{Reflist}}

Category:Firearm components