Jakarta

{{Short description|De facto capital and largest city in Indonesia}} {{Other uses|Jakarta (disambiguation)}} {{pp-move}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=February 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Jakarta | other_name = | official_name = Special Capital Region of Jakarta {{lang|id|{{nobold|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta}}}} | type = Special capital region | image_skyline = {{multiple image |total_width = 300 |border = infobox |perrow = 1/2/2/2 |caption_align = center |image1 = Jakarta CBD.jpg |caption1 = Golden Triangle of Jakarta |image2 = Bundaran Hotel Indonesia (2025).jpg |caption2 = Bundaran HI |image3 = Batavia City Hall (Jakarta History Museum) Fatahillah Square (2025) - img 03.jpg |caption3 = Jakarta Old Town |image4 = Jakarta Indonesia National-Museum-01.jpg |caption4 = National Museum |image5 = Museum Bahari02.jpg |caption5 = Maritime Museum |image6 = Istana Negara (30139691680).jpg |caption6 = Merdeka Palace |image7 = Jakarta Indonesia National-Monument-02.jpg |caption7 = National Monument }} | nickname = ''The Big Durian'' | motto = {{native phrase|sa-Latn|Jaya Raya}} "Victorious and Great" | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 9 | mapframe-point = none | mapframe-frame-coord = {{coord}} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline, title}} | image_seal = Coat of arms of Jakarta.svg | image_flag = | seal_size = 75px | seal_type = Coat of arms | image_blank_emblem = +Jakarta Logo.svg | blank_emblem_type = Wordmark | blank_emblem_size = 110px | pushpin_map = Indonesia#Asia | pushpin_mapsize = 300px | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location In Indonesia##Location in Asia | pushpin_relief = yes | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{INA}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = Java | subdivision_type3 = Administrative section | subdivision_name3 = {{Collapsible list |title = List |frame_style = border:yes; padding:0 |list_style = text-align:left; display:yes |1= Central Jakarta |2= North Jakarta |3= South Jakarta |4= West Jakarta |5= East Jakarta |6= Thousand Islands}} | subdivision_type2 = Metropolitan area | subdivision_name2 = Jabodetabek | seat_type = Capital | seat = Central Jakarta (''de facto''){{efn|Jakarta is a special region comprising five ''Kota Administrasi'' (administrative cities/municipalities) and one ''Kabupaten Administrasi'' (administrative regency). It has no ''de jure'' capital, but many governmental buildings are located in Central Jakarta.}} | established_title = First settled | established_date = 400 BC (Buni pottery culture) | established_title1 = First mentioned | established_date1 = 358 AD (Tugu inscription) | established_title2 = Foundation | established_date2 = {{start date and age|1527|06|22|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta|title=Province – Ministry of Home Affairs – Republic of Indonesia|language=id|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219073545/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta|archive-date=19 February 2013|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_title3 = Establishment | established_date3 = {{start date and age|1619|05|30|df=y}} | established_title4 = City status | established_date4 = {{start date and age|1621|03|04|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri"/> | established_title5 = Province status | established_date5 = {{start date and age|1961|08|28|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri"/> | government_type = Special administrative region | governing_body = Special Region of Jakarta Provincial Government | leader_title = Governor | leader_name = Pramono Anung (PDI-P) | leader_title2 = Vice Governor | leader_name2 = Rano Karno | leader_title3 = Legislature | leader_name3 = Jakarta Regional House of Representatives (DPRD) | area_total_km2 = 662 | area_metro_km2 = 6,977 | area_rank = 38th in Indonesia | elevation_m = 8 | population_as_of = mid 2025 | population_total = 11,010,514 | population_rank = 6th province in Indonesia 1st city in Indonesia | population_density_km2 = auto | population_footnotes = <ref name="DisDukCapilJakarta" /> | population_metro = 41,914,000 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="WUP25" /> | population_demonym = Jakartan | demographics_type2 = GDP {{Nobold|(Nominal, 2023)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="bpsdatagdp2023">{{Cite web|author=Statistics Indonesia|author-link=Statistics Indonesia|year=2024|title=Regional Gross Domestic Product (Billion Rupiah), 2022–2023|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/Mjg2IzI=/-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto---milyar-rupiah-.html|publisher=Statistics Indonesia (BPS)|location=Jakarta|language=id}}</ref><ref name="bpsdataperkapita2023">{{Cite web|author=Statistics Indonesia|author-link=Statistics Indonesia|year=2024|title=[2010 Series] Gross Regional Domestic Product per Capita (Thousand Rupiah), 2022–2023|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/Mjg4IzI=/-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita--ribu-rupiah-.html|publisher=Statistics Indonesia|location=Jakarta|language=id}}</ref> | demographics1_title3 = Languages and dialects | demographics1_info3 = {{ubl|Indonesian (official)|Betawi (both lingua franca)}} | demographics2_title1 = Special region | demographics2_info1 = {{ubl|Rp 3,442.98 trillion|US$ 225.88 billion|Int$ 724.01 billion (PPP)}} | demographics2_title2 = Per capita | demographics2_info2 = {{ubl|Rp 322.62 million|US$ 21,166|Int$ 67,842 (PPP)}} | demographics2_title3 = Metro | demographics2_info3 = {{ubl|Rp 6,404.70 trillion|US$ 420.192 billion|Int$ 1.346 trillion (PPP)}} | timezone = WIB | utc_offset = +07:00 | postal_code_type = Postal codes | postal_code = {{ubl|10110–14540|19110–19130}} | registration_plate = B | blank5_name = HDI (2024) | blank5_info = {{Increase}} 0.850<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2024/11/15/2296/indeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html|title=Human Development Index 2024|publisher=Statistics Indonesia|date=2024|language=id|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> (1st) – very high | area_code = +62 21 | iso_code = ID-JK | website = {{Official URL}} }}

'''Jakarta''',{{efn|({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|k|ɑr|t|ə|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Jakarta.wav}} {{respell|jə|KAR|tə}}; {{IPA|id|d͡ʒaˈkarta|audio=Id-Jakarta.ogg}}; {{langx|bew|Jakartè}}, {{IPA|bew|d͡ʑakarˈtɛ|pron|audio=LL-Q33014 (bew)-Nandusia-Jakartè.wav}}; Jakartan slang: ''Jekardah'' or ''Jakardha'') Formerly spelled as '''Djakarta''', and formerly known as Batavia until 1949}} officially the '''Special Capital Region of Jakarta''',{{efn|{{langx|id|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta}}, '''DKI Jakarta'''}} is the ''de facto'' capital and largest city of Indonesia, with administrative status equivalent to a province. It lies on the northwestern coast of Java, borders the provinces of West Java and Banten, and faces the Java Sea to the north. Jakarta itself covers about {{convert|662|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}}, but the wider Jakarta metropolitan area—locally known as ''Jabodetabek''—is among the largest urban agglomerations in the world by area. By population, Greater Jakarta is the most populous urban area in the world with a population of over 40 million. Jakarta is Indonesia's political, economic, and cultural centre and contains many national institutions, corporate headquarters, and the secretariat of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

The area that now forms Jakarta has been inhabited since at least the early centuries of the Common Era and was long associated with Sunda Kelapa, the port of the Sunda Kingdom. In 1527, the settlement was renamed Jayakarta after being captured by forces of the Demak Sultanate. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) seized the city in 1619 and rebuilt it as Batavia, which served as the centre of VOC power and subsequently of Dutch colonial rule in the Indonesian archipelago for more than three centuries. After the Japanese occupation during the Second World War and Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945, the city took the name Jakarta and became the capital of the new republic.

Classified as an alpha world city, Jakarta is Indonesia's main financial and commercial centre and a leading node in the country's economy and regional trade. Its economy is concentrated in finance, trade, business services, media, and international diplomacy. Rapid urbanisation since the mid-20th century has turned the city into a vast metropolitan region, drawing migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago and making it the country's most populous city and one of the region's largest urban economies.

Jakarta is highly diverse and has no single dominant ethnic group. Its population includes large communities of Javanese, Betawi, Sundanese, Chinese Indonesians, and migrants from many other parts of Indonesia. Indonesian is the official language and the main language of public life, while Betawi culture grew out of the mixing of local, Chinese, Indian, Arab, and European influences during the colonial period. Jakarta has persistent urban problems, including traffic congestion, air pollution, flooding, and land subsidence, which helped prompt the national government’s decision to relocate Indonesia's future capital to Nusantara in East Kalimantan.

==Etymology== The area now known as Jakarta has had several names. During the period of the Sunda Kingdom, its harbour was known as ''Kalapa'' or ''Sunda Kalapa'', one of the kingdom's principal ports on the north coast of western Java.<ref name="Gultom">{{cite journal|last1=Gultom|first1=A.|title=Kalapa–Jacatra–Batavia–Jakarta: An old city that never gets old|journal=Journal of Archaeology and Fine Arts in Southeast Asia|publisher=SEAMEO Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFA)|date=23 February 2017|volume=2|pages=1–27|doi=10.26721/spafajournal.v2i0.173}}</ref> Early Portuguese accounts referred to the harbour as ''Calapa''.{{sfn|Cortesão|1990|p=172}}

The name ''Jayakarta'' is traditionally traced to the conquest of Kalapa by forces under Fatahillah of the Demak Sultanate in 1527, although the reported renaming is not confirmed by surviving historical records.<ref name="Gultom" /> The name has been glossed as "victory" or "victorious deed"; early European sources recorded related forms including ''Iacarta'', ''Xacatra'', and ''Jacatra''.<ref name="Gultom" />{{sfn|Cortesão|1990|p=172}}<ref name="names">{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/28/the-capitals-childhood-names.html|title=The capital's 'childhood' names|publisher=The Jakarta Post|access-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191351/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/28/the-capitals-childhood-names.html|archive-date=28 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

After taking control of Jayakarta in 1619, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) rebuilt the settlement as ''Batavia'', a name referring to the Batavi, whom the Dutch regarded as their ancestors.<ref name="Gultom" /> ''Batavia'' remained in use during the Dutch colonial period until 1942, when the Japanese occupation authorities renamed the city {{langx|ja|ジャカルタ特別市|Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi|lit=Jakarta Special Municipality}}.<ref name="Gultom" /><ref name="names" /> After Indonesian independence, Jakarta became the city's formal name.<ref name="names" />

==History== {{main|History of Jakarta}}

===Early settlements and Sunda Kelapa=== {{further|Sunda Kelapa}} [[File:Replica of the Luso-Sundanese Padrão Monument.jpg|left|thumb|170px|Luso-Sundanese ''padrão'', a monument commemorating a treaty between the Portuguese Empire and the Sunda Kingdom]]

Archaeological evidence from the wider north coast of western Java predates the written record of the Jakarta area. The Buni culture, a prehistoric pottery tradition in coastal northern and western Java, is generally dated from about 400 BC to 100 AD and may have survived until the 5th century.<ref name="Buni">{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/04/06/batujaya-temple-complex-listed-as-national-cultural-heritage.html|title=Batujaya Temple complex listed as national cultural heritage|publisher=The Jakarta Post|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424125425/https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/04/06/batujaya-temple-complex-listed-as-national-cultural-heritage.html|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Written evidence from the Jakarta area appears in the mid-5th-century Tugu inscription, found in present-day North Jakarta. The inscription records river works ordered by King Purnawarman of Tarumanagara and mentions the Candrabhaga and Gomati rivers, although several details of the works and their setting remain uncertain.<ref name="Noorduyn">{{cite journal|last1=Noorduyn|first1=J.|last2=Verstappen|first2=H.Th.|title=Purnavarman's river-works near Tugu|journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia|publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV|date=1972|volume=128|issue=2–3|pages=298–307|doi=10.1163/22134379-90002752}}</ref>

After Tarumanagara, western Java came under the Sunda Kingdom.<ref name="Gultom">{{cite journal|last1=Gultom|first1=A.|title=Kalapa–Jacatra–Batavia–Jakarta: An old city that never gets old|journal=Journal of Archaeology and Fine Arts in Southeast Asia|publisher=SEAMEO Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFA)|date=23 February 2017|volume=2|pages=1–27|doi=10.26721/spafajournal.v2i0.173}}</ref> The Chinese work ''Chu-fan-chi'' referred to ''Sin-t'o'', identified as western Java, and noted its harbour and pepper.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zhao|first1=R.|translator-last1=Hirth|translator-first1=F.|translator-last2=Rockhill|translator-first2=W.W.|title=Chau Ju-kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chi|publisher=Print Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences|location=St. Petersburg|year=1911}}</ref> By the early 16th century, Sunda Kelapa was the main commercial port of the Sunda Kingdom. The ''Suma Oriental'' described ''Calapa'' as the most important of Sunda's ports, with trade arriving from Sumatra, Java, and other places.<ref name="Gultom" />{{sfn|Cortesão|1990|p=172}}

Portuguese interest in Java followed the conquest of Malacca. In 1513, Portuguese authorities in Malacca sent a fleet to Java to obtain spices.{{sfn|Cortesão|1990|p=xxv}} Their involvement at Sunda Kelapa became more direct in 1522, when the Sunda Kingdom concluded an agreement with Portugal. The treaty allowed the Portuguese to build a fortress at Kalapa and gave Sunda support against Islamic powers expanding along Java’s north coast.{{sfn|Cortesão|1990|p=172}}{{sfn|Reid|2010a|p=433}} In 1527, Demak-backed forces under Fatahillah captured Sunda Kelapa.<ref name="Gultom" /> The port thereafter became known as Jayakarta and later came under the Banten Sultanate, which developed into a major coastal power in western Java.{{sfn|Reid|2010a|p=433}}

===Batavia under Dutch rule=== {{see also|Batavia, Dutch East Indies}} thumb|The Nieuwe Poort in Batavia, 1682

By the early 17th century, Jayakarta was ruled by Prince Jayawikarta under the wider authority of the Banten Sultanate, while the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the English competed for influence there.{{sfn|Knörr|2007|pp=46, 124}} Amid this conflict, Dutch forces under Jan Pieterszoon Coen returned with reinforcements in May 1619, overran Jayakarta, and destroyed the city.<ref name="Blusse">{{cite book|last=Blussé|first=L.|title=A Colonial Tragedy: The Chinese Massacre at Batavia, 1740|chapter=Setting the Stage: Dutch trade and the Chinese Diaspora|year=2023|publisher=Leiden University Press|pages=15–28}}</ref> The VOC then rebuilt the settlement as a fortified city named Batavia, which became the company's headquarters in Asia.{{sfn|Nas|Grijns|2000|pp=45, 47}}

Batavia was laid out as a walled canal city on low-lying coastal land at the mouth of the Ciliwung river. Its canals served transport, drainage, and water-management functions, but poor flow, sedimentation, and coastal silting made flooding and sanitation recurring problems.{{sfn|Nas|Grijns|2000|pp=47–48}} By the 18th century, the old town had gained a reputation for disease and decay.{{sfn|Nas|Grijns|2000|pp=47–48}}

Even so, Batavia remained an important commercial and administrative centre. Chinese residents played a large role in its commerce, agriculture, crafts, and construction, and lived both inside and outside the walled city.<ref name="Kusno">{{cite book|last=Kusno|first=A.|chapter=The rise and fall of Glodok|editor-last1=Boonstra|editor-first1=S.|display-editors=etal|title=Rethinking Histories of Indonesia: Experiencing, Resisting and Renegotiating Coloniality|publisher=ANU Press|year=2025|pages=295–320|doi=10.22459/RHI.2025.11|doi-access=free|isbn=978-1-76046-697-8}}</ref><ref name="Oktarina">{{cite journal|last1=Oktarina|first1=F.|last2=Kurniawan|first2=K. R.|title=The History of Jakarta's Chinatown: The Role of the City Gate as a Transition Area and a Starting Point in the Spatial Transformation from the First Chinatown to the Renewal Phase|journal=SPAFA Journal|volume=5|year=2021|doi=10.26721/spafajournal.2021.v5.650|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1740, conflict between VOC authorities and Batavia's Chinese community culminated in a massacre.<ref name="Kusno" /> Survivors were barred from living inside the city walls, and in 1741, the VOC designated a Chinese settlement at ''Diestpoort'', south of Batavia, in the area later known as Glodok.<ref name="Kusno" /><ref name="Oktarina" />

In the 19th century, health concerns and the decline of the old town helped shift Batavia's urban development southward. ''Weltevreden'', today's Central Jakarta, became an inland district of government buildings, spacious houses, and gardens, while the lower old town retained commercial functions, including the Chinese quarter.{{sfn|Nas|Grijns|2000|p=8}} Later expansion included Menteng and the incorporation of Meester Cornelis.{{sfn|Nas|Grijns|2000|pp=8–9}} Dutch colonial rule ended in March 1942, when Japanese forces captured Batavia during the Second World War and renamed the city Jakarta.<ref name="names" />

===Jakarta in independent Indonesia=== [[File:Indonesia declaration of independence 17 August 1945.jpg|thumb|Sukarno reading the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, Menteng]]

Indonesia's independence was proclaimed in Jakarta on 17 August 1945.{{sfn|Ricklefs|2001|p=262}} During the Indonesian National Revolution, the city's local government was contested between Indonesian republican authority and returning Allied and Dutch power.<ref>{{citation|last1=Fadhilah|first1=N.|last2=Abdurakhman|title=The jakarta government 1947-1950: Revolution and nationalism of the people|series=Dissecting History and Problematizing the Past in Indonesia|publisher=Nova Science Publishers, Inc|year=2021|isbn=978-1-53619-399-2}}</ref> Republican leaders moved the temporary capital to Yogyakarta in early 1946 after British troops entered Jakarta.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Purwanto|editor-first1=B.|display-editors=etal|translator-last1=Hanafi|translator-first1=T.|title=Revolutionary Worlds|page=47|chapter=The battle for the nation and pemuda subjectivity|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=2023|doi=10.5117/9789463727587|isbn=978-9-04855-686-1}}</ref> The Netherlands transferred sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia in 1949,<ref>{{cite report|title=Indonesian independence|series=Fact sheet 62|publisher=National Archives of Australia}}</ref> whose constitution placed the federal government in the capital, Jakarta.<ref>{{cite book|title=Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Serikat|date=31 January 1950|at=Article 68(3)}}</ref> In 1950, the federal state was replaced by the unitary Republic of Indonesia under the Provisional Constitution, which placed the national government in Jakarta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/38102/uu-no-7-tahun-1950|title=Undang-undang (UU) No. 7 Tahun 1950|publisher=Audit Board of Indonesia|access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jdihpn.pn-bengkalis.go.id/uud/data_uud/UUDS_1950.pdf|title=Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara Republik Indonesia 1950|publisher=JDIH Pengadilan Negeri Bengkalis|at=Article 46(2)|access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Under Sukarno, Jakarta became a setting for state-sponsored architecture and urban projects. The 1962 Asian Games and Sukarno’s nation-building programme were accompanied by the construction of major landmarks and corridors, including the National Monument, Hotel Indonesia, Sarinah, the Senayan sports complex, and the Thamrin–Sudirman axis.<ref>{{cite report|last=Padawangi|first=R.|title=Counter-Hegemonic Spaces of Hope? Constructing the Public City in Jakarta and Singapore|series=ARI Working Paper|number=219|publisher=National University of Singapore|location=Singapore|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|last1=Prasetyo|first1=T.|last2=Danisworo|first2=M.|title=Global Cities in a Local Context: The Case of Indonesia's Urban Development|book-title=Global Interchanges: Resurgence of the Skyscraper City|publisher=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat|year=2015|conference=CTBUH 2015 New York Conference}}</ref> In 1964, Jakarta was legally designated a Special Capital Region (''Daerah Khusus Ibukota'', DKI) with administrative status equivalent to a province.<ref name="Suryoputri">{{cite journal|last1=Suryoputri|first1=S.A.|last2=Diamantina|first2=A.|title=The Existence of DKI Jakarta's Special Status as the Capital of Indonesia after the Ratification of the State Capital Law|journal=International Journal of Social Science and Human Research|volume=6|issue=7|date=July 2023|pages=4346–4350|doi=10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i7-61}}</ref>

The political crisis of 1965–66 brought Sukarno's presidency to an end and marked the rise of General Suharto's New Order.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cribb|first1=R.|title=Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966|journal=Asian Survey|date=August 2002|volume=42|issue=4|pages=550–563|doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550}}</ref> During the governorship of Ali Sadikin (1966–77), Jakarta pursued urban modernisation while also expanding the ''kampung'' improvement program, which upgraded basic infrastructure and services in many dense settlements.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Irawaty|first=D.T.|title=Jakarta's Kampungs: Their History and Contested Future|publisher=University of California|year=2018}}</ref> These policies treated ''kampungs'' as part of the city, but later approaches increasingly shifted from in-situ upgrading toward redevelopment and resettlement.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Irawaty|first=D.T.|title=Jakarta's Kampungs: Their History and Contested Future|publisher=University of California|year=2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Simone|first=A.|title=Jakarta: Drawing the City Near|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|year=2014|pages=37–38}}</ref> Later New Order policies encouraged investment, high-rise construction, and large-scale private development, especially along major corridors and in the expanding metropolitan region.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Prasetyo|first1=T.|last2=Danisworo|first2=M.|title=Global Cities in a Local Context: The Case of Indonesia's Urban Development|book-title=Global Interchanges: Resurgence of the Skyscraper City|publisher=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat|year=2015|conference=CTBUH 2015 New York Conference}}</ref>

The Asian financial crisis in 1997–98 disrupted this growth and contributed to political unrest, including the riots of May 1998 that caused Suharto's resignation.{{sfn|Vickers|2013|pp=209–212}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pincus|first1=J.|last2=Ramli|first2=R.|title=Indonesia: from showcase to basket case|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|date=November 1998|volume=22|issue=6|pages=723–734|doi=10.1093/cje/22.6.723}}</ref> In the ''Reformasi'' era, decentralisation and electoral reforms changed Jakarta's governance, including the introduction of direct gubernatorial elections in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta holds historic election|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6936276.stm|url-status=live|date=8 August 2007|publisher=BBC News|access-date=8 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101050015/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6936276.stm|archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> The Indonesian government has since begun the legal process of relocating the national capital to Nusantara.<ref name="Law3-2022">{{cite web|title=Law Number 3 of 2022 concerning the National Capital|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/198400/uu-no-3-tahun-2022|website=Audit Board of Indonesia Legal Documentation and Information Network (JDIH) – Regulations Database|publisher=Audit Board of Indonesia|language=id|access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref> Under a 2022 law, Jakarta remains the national capital until a presidential decree formalises the transfer.<ref name="Law3-2022" /> A 2024 law gives Jakarta a new special regional framework after the capital is moved, with an emphasis on its role as an economic centre and global city.<ref name="JakartaSpecialRegion2024">{{cite web|url=https://setkab.go.id/en/president-jokowi-signs-law-on-special-regional-province-of-jakarta/|title=President Jokowi Signs Law on Special Regional Province of Jakarta|date=30 April 2024|publisher=Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia|access-date=18 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614065402/https://setkab.go.id/en/president-jokowi-signs-law-on-special-regional-province-of-jakarta/|archive-date=14 June 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Geography== {{main|Greater Jakarta}} [[File:Pantai Ancol - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|Ancol beach in Jakarta Bay]]

Jakarta covers about {{convert|662|km2|}} of land and {{convert|6977|km2|}} of sea area.<ref name="Koto">{{cite journal|last1=Koto|first1=J.|last2=Bela Negara|first2=R.|last3=Tasri|first3=A.|last4=Kamil|first4=I.|title=Study on the Phenomenon of Flood Characteristic in DKI Jakarta|journal=Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and Engineering-|publisher=International Society of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Scientists and Engineers|volume=51|date=30 January 2018|pages=19–30|doi=10.36842/jomase.v51i1.43}}</ref> Its urban area extends beyond the provincial boundary into the Jakarta metropolitan area, or Jabodetabek, which includes neighbouring cities and regencies in West Java and Banten.{{sfn|Martinez|Masron|2020}}<ref name="Firman">{{cite book|editor-last1=Hill|editor-first1=H.|title=Regional Dynamics in a Decentralized Indonesia|last1=Firman|first1=T.|chapter=The dynamics of Jabodetabek development: the challenge of urban governance|publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute|date=21 October 2015|pages=368–385|isbn=9789814519175}}</ref> Daily commuting links Jakarta with surrounding municipalities, especially Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tjahjono|first1=T.|display-authors=etal|title=The Greater Jakarta Area Commuters Travelling Pattern|journal=Transportation Research Procedia|volume=47|date=25 April 2020|pages=585–592|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/j.trpro.2020.03.135}}</ref>

The city lies on the northwestern coast of Java at the mouth of the Ciliwung River, facing Jakarta Bay, an inlet of the Java Sea.{{sfn|Martinez|Masron|2020}} Administratively, Jakarta includes five mainland municipalities and the Thousand Islands regency to the north of the mainland city.{{sfn|Martinez|Masron|2020}} Except for some hilly areas in the south, Jakarta spreads across low, flat terrain. Much of the city lies on an alluvial plain crossed by rivers and canals, with extended areas ranging from below sea level to about {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=off}} above sea level.{{sfn|Martinez|Masron|2020}}<ref name="Koto" />

Jakarta developed on low coastal land crossed by rivers and canals. Thirteen rivers flow through the city from the south toward Jakarta Bay, including the Ciliwung, Angke, Sunter, and Grogol rivers.<ref name="Koto" /> Historically, the area included extensive swamps, and seasonal flooding remains a recurrent problem.{{sfn|Martinez|Masron|2020}} Flooding results from a combination of heavy rainfall, upstream runoff, high tides, land subsidence, sedimentation, waste, and limited drainage capacity.<ref name="Koto" /><ref name="Octavianti">{{cite journal|last1=Octavianti|first1=T.|last2=Charles|first2=K.|title=The evolution of Jakarta's flood policy over the past 400 years: The lock-in of infrastructural solutions|journal=Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space|volume=37|issue=6|date=28 November 2018|pages=1102–1125|doi=10.1177/2399654418813578}}</ref><ref name="Priyambodoho">{{cite journal|last1=Priyambodoho|first1=B.A.|display-authors=etal|title=Flood inundation simulations based on GSMaP satellite rainfall data in Jakarta, Indonesia|journal=Progress in Earth and Planetary Science|volume=8|number=34|publisher=Springer Nature Link|doi=10.1186/s40645-021-00425-8|date=28 May 2021|article-number=34|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021PEPS....8...34P}}</ref>

Flood-control policy has long relied on engineered works, including canals, river improvements, drainage infrastructure, pumps, and coastal-protection schemes.<ref name="Octavianti" /><ref name="Padawangi">{{cite journal|last1=Padawangi|first1=R.|last2=Douglass|first2=M.|title=Water, Water Everywhere: Toward Participatory Solutions to Chronic Urban Flooding in Jakarta|journal=Pacific Affairs|publisher=Routledge|volume=88|date=3 September 2015|issue=3|pages=517–550|doi=10.5509/2015883517}}</ref> Land subsidence has increased coastal-flood risk, especially along the northern coast. Studies link subsidence to groundwater extraction and urban development, and identify it as a contributor to coastal-flood risk.<ref name="Bott">{{cite journal|last=Bott|first=L.M.|display-authors=etal|title=Land subsidence in Jakarta and Semarang Bay – The relationship between physical processes, risk perception, and household adaptation|journal=Ocean and Coastal Management|volume=211|article-number=105775|date=1 October 2021|doi=10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105775|bibcode=2021OCM...21105775B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Takagi|first1=H.|display-authors=etal|title=People's perception of land subsidence, floods, and their connection: A note based on recent surveys in a sinking coastal community in Jakarta|journal=Ocean and Coastal Management|volume=211|article-number=105753|date=1 October 2021|doi=10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105753|bibcode=2021OCM...21105753T}}</ref> Jakarta also has serious air- and water-quality problems, including polluted river water and health burdens from air pollution.<ref name="Luo">{{cite journal|last1=Luo|first1=P.|display-authors=etal|title=Water Quality Trend Assessment in Jakarta: A Rapidly Growing Asian Megacity|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=14|issue=7|date=11 July 2019|article-number=e0219009|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0219009|doi-access=free|pmid=31295261|pmc=6623954|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1419009L}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Syuhada|first1=G.|display-authors=etal|title=Impacts of Air Pollution on Health and Cost of Illness in Jakarta, Indonesia|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=20|issue=4|date=7 February 2023|article-number=2916|doi=10.3390/ijerph20042916|doi-access=free|pmid=36833612|pmc=9963985}}</ref>

===Climate=== [[File:Rainy Jakarta.jpg|thumb|170px|Drizzle in Jakarta]]

Jakarta has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen: ''Am''), with warm conditions throughout the year and a marked wet–dry rainfall pattern. The wet season generally lasts from October to May, while June to September is relatively drier, although rain occurs in every month. The heaviest rainfall usually falls between December and March, when average monthly totals exceed 150 millimetres, while July and August are normally the driest months.<ref name="Maheng">{{cite journal|last1=Maheng|first1=D.|display-authors=etal|title=Changing Urban Temperature and Rainfall Patterns in Jakarta: A Comprehensive Historical Analysis|journal=Sustainability|volume=16|issue=1|date=30 December 2023|page=350|doi=10.3390/su16010350|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023Sust...16..350M}}</ref><ref name="WMO2">{{cite web|url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=310|title=World Weather Information Service|access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>

The wet season is also the period of greatest flood risk. Heavy rainfall can combine with runoff from upstream areas, high tides, limited drainage capacity, land subsidence and dense urban development to produce riverine and coastal flooding.<ref name="Priyambodoho" /><ref name="Padawangi" /><ref>{{cite report|title=Urban flood management in Jakarta, case study|website=UNFCCC|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|year=2023|page=3}}</ref>

Temperatures in Jakarta remain consistently warm throughout the year. Mean daily maximum temperatures are generally around {{convert|30|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}} to {{convert|32|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}, while mean daily minimum temperatures are around {{convert|24|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}} to {{convert|25|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}. Average monthly temperatures vary only slightly, at roughly {{convert|27|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}, and recorded extremes range from about {{convert|18.9|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}} to {{convert|37.9|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="WMO2" />

{{Weather box |location= downtown Jakarta (Kemayoran) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1924–present) |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C=36.9 |Feb record high C=35.8 |Mar record high C=36.0 |Apr record high C=35.9 |May record high C=36.1 |Jun record high C=36.3 |Jul record high C=35.6 |Aug record high C=35.6 |Sep record high C=37.1 |Oct record high C=37.9 |Nov record high C=37.1 |Dec record high C=36.7 |Jan record low C=20.6 |Feb record low C=20.6 |Mar record low C=20.6 |Apr record low C=20.6 |May record low C=21.1 |Jun record low C=19.4 |Jul record low C=19.4 |Aug record low C=19.4 |Sep record low C=18.9 |Oct record low C=20.6 |Nov record low C=20.0 |Dec record low C=19.4 |Jan high C = 31.0 |Feb high C = 30.8 |Mar high C = 32.1 |Apr high C = 32.8 |May high C = 33.2 |Jun high C = 32.9 |Jul high C = 32.7 |Aug high C = 33.0 |Sep high C = 33.4 |Oct high C = 33.4 |Nov high C = 32.8 |Dec high C = 32.0 |year high C = 32.5 |Jan mean C = 27.5 |Feb mean C = 27.3 |Mar mean C = 28.0 |Apr mean C = 28.4 |May mean C = 28.7 |Jun mean C = 28.4 |Jul mean C = 28.2 |Aug mean C = 28.3 |Sep mean C = 28.6 |Oct mean C = 28.8 |Nov mean C = 28.4 |Dec mean C = 28.0 |year mean C = 28.2 |Jan low C = 25.2 |Feb low C = 25.2 |Mar low C = 25.5 |Apr low C = 25.6 |May low C = 25.8 |Jun low C = 25.5 |Jul low C = 25.3 |Aug low C = 25.3 |Sep low C = 25.5 |Oct low C = 25.6 |Nov low C = 25.6 |Dec low C = 25.5 |year low C = 25.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 373.3 |Feb precipitation mm = 381.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 210.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 164.1 |May precipitation mm = 103.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 80.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 77.7 |Aug precipitation mm = 51.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 61.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 112.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 134.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 183.3 |year precipitation mm = 1933.3 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 17.5 |Feb precipitation days = 17.9 |Mar precipitation days = 14.1 |Apr precipitation days = 11.5 |May precipitation days = 8.2 |Jun precipitation days = 6.2 |Jul precipitation days = 4.8 |Aug precipitation days = 3.3 |Sep precipitation days = 4.0 |Oct precipitation days = 7.4 |Nov precipitation days = 10.4 |Dec precipitation days = 12.8 |year precipitation days = 118.1 |Jan humidity=85 |Feb humidity=85 |Mar humidity=83 |Apr humidity=82 |May humidity=82 |Jun humidity=81 |Jul humidity=78 |Aug humidity=76 |Sep humidity=75 |Oct humidity=77 |Nov humidity=81 |Dec humidity=82 |year humidity=81 |Jan sun = 139.5 |Feb sun = 138.3 |Mar sun = 189.1 |Apr sun = 216.0 |May sun = 220.1 |Jun sun = 219.0 |Jul sun = 229.4 |Aug sun = 235.6 |Sep sun = 225.0 |Oct sun = 207.7 |Nov sun = 180.0 |Dec sun = 148.8 |year sun = |Jand sun = 4.5 |Febd sun = 5.2 |Mard sun = 6.1 |Aprd sun = 7.2 |Mayd sun = 7.1 |Jund sun = 7.3 |Juld sun = 7.4 |Augd sun = 7.6 |Sepd sun = 7.5 |Octd sun = 6.7 |Novd sun = 6.0 |Decd sun = 4.8 |yeard sun = |source 1 = World Meteorological Organization<ref name=WMO>{{cite web |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231019195817/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-5-WMO-Normals-9120/Indonesia/CSV/StasiunMeteorologiKemayoran_96745.csv |archive-date = 19 October 2023 |url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-5-WMO-Normals-9120/Indonesia/CSV/StasiunMeteorologiKemayoran_96745.csv |title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date = 19 October 2023}}</ref> |source 2=Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/in-halim.htm|title=Indonesia – Halim Perdanakus|publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155103/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/in-halim.htm|archive-date=14 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Danish Meteorological Institute (humidity),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf|title=Stations Number 96745|publisher=Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Deutscher Wetterdienst (daily sun 1889–1921)<ref name = DWD> {{cite web|url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_967450_kt.pdf|title=Klimatafel von Jakarta (Stadt, Obs.), West-Java / Indonesien|work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world|publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst|language=de|access-date = 10 November 2024}}</ref> }} {|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |- !Colspan=14|Climate data for Jakarta |- !Month !Jan !Feb !Mar !Apr !May !Jun !Jul !Aug !Sep !Oct !Nov !Dec !style="border-left-width:medium"|Year |- !Average sea temperature °C (°F) |style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;"|28.0 (82.0) |style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;"|28.0 (82.0) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0 (84.0) |style="background:#FF0000;color:#FFFFFF;"|30.0 (86.0) |style="background:#FF0000;color:#FFFFFF;"|30.0 (86.0) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0 (84.0) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0 (84.0) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0 (84.0) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0 (84.0) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0 (84.0) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0 (84.0) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0 (84.0) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;border-left-width:medium"|29.0 (84.0) |- !Mean daily daylight hours |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.0 |- !Average Ultraviolet index |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11 |style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10 |style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12 |- !Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/indonesia/jakarta-climate|title=Jakarta, Indonesia – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data|publisher=Weather Atlas|access-date=8 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180027/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/indonesia/jakarta-climate|archive-date=9 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |}

==Cityscape== {{wide image|View of Jakarta from Monas.jpg|1800px|align-cap=center|Panorama of Jakarta as seen from the Monas in a full 360-degree view (river flowing from south-west to north-east, left to right)}}

Jakarta's cityscape includes the colonial core of Jakarta Old Town, post-independence monumental spaces, high-rise commercial districts, and major public and recreational areas. In Central Jakarta, the National Monument (''Monas'') stands at the centre of Merdeka Square; it was part of the mid-20th-century programme through which Sukarno promoted Jakarta as the capital of a newly independent state.{{sfn|Martinez|Masron|2020|p=3}}<ref name="Ellisa" />

Since the late 20th century, tall buildings have become prominent in Jakarta’s skyline, especially in the Golden Triangle and other central business districts.<ref name="Puspitasari" /> The city also contains large public and recreational spaces, including Merdeka Square, Ancol Dreamland, Ragunan Zoo, and Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.<ref name="Ramdani" /><ref name="Koerniawan" /><ref name="Hitchcock" />

===Architecture=== {{see also|Colonial architecture in Jakarta|List of tallest buildings in Jakarta}} [[File:Rumah Betawi TMII.jpg|thumb|Rumah Kebaya built with Betawi architecture at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]]

Jakarta's architecture ranges from Betawi vernacular houses to colonial buildings, post-independence monuments, and high-rise commercial districts. Betawi houses, the vernacular houses of the city’s indigenous Betawi community, draw on Malay, Arab, Chinese, and Dutch influences.<ref name="Lakawa">{{cite journal|last1=Lakawa|first1=A.R.|display-authors=etal|title=The Relationship between Language and Architecture: A Case Study of Betawi Cultural Village at Setu Babakan, South Jakarta, Indonesia|journal=International Journal of Humanities and Social Science|date=August 2015|volume=5|number=8|pages=84–101}}</ref> Their wide eaves, large openings, and open layouts are also suited to the tropical climate.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Hidayat|first1=M.S.|last2=Suhendar|first2=R.|date=August 2018|title=The Assessment of Building Envelope Performance of Vernacular Architecture in Betawi House|series=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering|publisher=Purpose-Led Publishing|volume=453|article-number=012053|doi=10.1088/1757-899X/453/1/012053|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Many of Jakarta's historic buildings date from colonial Batavia. Colonial architecture in the city includes VOC-era structures in Jakarta Old Town, 19th-century buildings from Batavia’s southward expansion to ''Weltevreden'' in present-day Central Jakarta, and late-colonial buildings from the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kehoe|first=M.L.|title=Dutch Batavia: Exposing the Hierarchy of the Dutch Colonial City|journal=Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art|volume=7|issue=1|year=2015|doi=10.5092/jhna.2015.7.1.3}}</ref><ref name="Passchier">{{cite book|last=Passchier|first=C.|title=Colonial Architecture in Indonesia|publisher=KITLV Press|location=Leiden|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="Ellisa">{{cite journal|last=Ellisa|first=E.|title=The Recreational Landscape of Weltevreden Since Indonesian Colonization|journal=Journal of Urban Culture Research|volume=17|date=1 July 2018|pages=12–30|doi=10.58837/CHULA.JUCR.17.1.4}}</ref> These buildings include former government offices, churches, residences, and commercial structures, especially in the old colonial core and around ''Weltevreden''.<ref name="Ellisa" />

In the early 20th century, new planned neighbourhoods and late-colonial houses were designed for urban living in the tropics.<ref name="Passchier" /> The Menteng district, developed in the 1910s, was planned as a middle-class residential area. Its original houses used features such as overhanging eaves, large windows, and open ventilation, with modern and Art Deco elements.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=W.|url=http://m.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/11/building-past.html|title=Building on the Past|publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084422/http://m.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/11/building-past.html|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>

After independence, many of Jakarta’s prominent public buildings were built as state projects. Under Sukarno, major works included the National Monument, the Senayan sports complex, and new ceremonial roads.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sopandi|first=S.|title=Modern Indonesian Architecture: A Cultural Discourse|journal=Docomomo Journal|date=2017|number=57|pages=20–29|doi=10.52200/57.A.KQFG8KIO}}</ref> The present national legislative complex originated in the mid-1960s CONEFO project; its Nusantara Building is noted for a two-part domed roof.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lucius|first1=C.R.|display-authors=etal|title=A Study on Indonesian Sociopolitical Design Objects within the Framework of Gesamtkunstwerk|journal=Southeast Asian Studies|publisher=Center for Southeast Asian Studies|date=22 August 2024|volume=13|number=2|pages=287–310|doi=10.20495/seas.13.2_287}}</ref> Since the late 20th century, tall buildings have become prominent in Jakarta’s skyline, particularly in the Golden Triangle and other central business districts.<ref name="Puspitasari">{{cite conference|last1=Puspitasari|first1=A.W.|last2=Kwon|first2=J.|title=The Influence of Tall Buildings to the Modern Urban Landscape of Jakarta City|book-title=Proceedings of the UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress|location=Seoul|year=2017}}</ref>

===Parks and public spaces=== [[File:Smutzer Primate Center Terrace.jpg|thumb|Ragunan Zoo, one of Jakarta's major green and recreational areas]]

Public parks and green open spaces occupy a limited share of Jakarta’s land area. Provincial government data for 2023 indicate that green open space (''ruang terbuka hijau'', RTH) covered about 5.18% of the city's total area, below the 30% minimum required by national spatial-planning law.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kusumaningtyas|first=P.I.N.|title=Availability of green open space in Jakarta using GIS analysis|journal=Spatial Planning & Management Science|publisher=Institute for Advanced Science, Social, and Sustainable Future|date=2024|volume=1|issue=2|pages=96–104}}</ref> Since 2015, the city has also developed child-friendly integrated public spaces (''ruang publik terpadu ramah anak'', RPTRA), neighbourhood facilities intended for play, social activity, and community use.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Saragih|first1=V.|display-authors=etal|title=Exploring the inclusivity of Jakarta's child-friendly integrated public spaces (RPTRA) through qualitative analysis of Google Map reviews|series=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science|publisher=IOP Publishing Ltd|volume=1394|location=Semarang|year=2024|article-number=012025|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/1394/1/012025}}</ref>

Among Jakarta's most prominent open spaces is Merdeka Square (''Medan Merdeka'') in Central Jakarta, which surrounds the National Monument (Monas). The square developed from the colonial ''Koningsplein'' in ''Weltevreden'' and remains one of the city's main civic spaces.<ref name="Ellisa" /> Nearby Lapangan Banteng includes the West Irian Liberation Monument and has been redeveloped as a public square near Istiqlal Mosque and Jakarta Cathedral.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/07/26/lapangan-banteng-gets-facelift.html|title=Lapangan Banteng gets facelift|publisher=The Jakarta Post|access-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806004955/https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/07/26/lapangan-banteng-gets-facelift.html|archive-date=6 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other parks and recreation areas are spread across the city. Suropati Park and Menteng Park serve central districts,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/10/travel-must-visit-public-parks-capital.html|title=Travel: Must-visit public parks in the capital|publisher=The Jakarta Post|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321094225/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/10/travel-must-visit-public-parks-capital.html|archive-date=21 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> while Kalijodo Park is a more recent public-space development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/03/05/199852787/Kalijodo-Park-Expected-to-be-New-Tourism-Icon-in-IndonesiaXXX|title=Kalijodo Park Expected to be New Tourism Icon in Indonesia|first=E.|last=Adyatama|date=5 March 2017|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030443/https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/03/05/199852787/Kalijodo-Park-Expected-to-be-New-Tourism-Icon-in-IndonesiaXXX|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Larger recreational sites include Ancol Dreamland, Ragunan Zoo, and Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, the last of which was developed as a cultural park tied to national representation.<ref name="Ramdani">{{cite journal|last=Ramdani|first=F.|title=A Very High-Resolution Urban Green Space from the Fusion of Microsatellite, SAR, and MSI Images|journal=Remote Sensing|publisher=MDPI|date=12 April 2024|volume=16|issue=8|page=1366|doi=10.3390/rs16081366|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024RemS...16.1366R}}</ref><ref name="Koerniawan">{{cite journal|last1=Koerniawan|first1=M.D.|last2=Gao|first2=W.|year=2015|title=Thermal Comfort Investigation in Three Hot-Humid Climate Theme Parks in Jakarta|journal=American Journal of Environmental Sciences|volume=11|issue=3|pages=133–144|doi=10.3844/ajessp.2015.133.144}}</ref><ref name="Hitchcock">{{cite journal|last=Hitchcock|first=M.|year=2005|title="We will know our nation better": Taman Mini and nation building in Indonesia|journal=Civilisations|volume=52|issue=2|pages=45–56|doi=10.4000/civilisations.754}}</ref>

==Demographics== [[File:Baju Demang Betawi.png|thumb|170px|Betawi people, considered an ethnic group native to Jakarta]]

Migration has contributed heavily to Jakarta’s population growth since the early post-independence decades. The city has drawn people from across Indonesia for employment, education, and business opportunities,<ref name="Mulyana">{{cite report|last=Mulyana|first=W.|title=Decent Work in Jakarta: An Integrated Approach|series=ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series|publisher=ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific|page=21|location=Bangkok|date=February 2012|isbn=978-92-2-126044-8}}</ref> and studies of migration and local politics describe Jakarta as a destination for migrants from all regions of the country.<ref name="Hadi">{{cite journal|last1=Hadi|first1=A.|last2=Tirtosudarmo|first2=R.|title=Migration, Ethnicity and Local Politics: The Case of Jakarta, Indonesia|journal=Populasi|volume=24|issue=2|year=2016|pages=23–36|doi=10.22146/jp.27228}}</ref> Census-based research found that in 1961, 51.0% of Jakarta's population had been born in the city, while 46.7% had been born in other Indonesian provinces.<ref name="Castles">{{citation|last=Castles|first=L.|title=The Ethnic Profile of Jakarta|date=April 1967|publisher=Cornell University}}</ref>

{{Historical populations |1945|847483 |1950|1432052 |1961|2973052 |1971|4579303 |1980|6503449 |1990|8259266 |2000|8389443 |2010|9607787 |2020|10562088|source=<ref>{{cite book|author=Government of Djakarta D.C.I.|title=Trade, Industrial & Tourism Directory of Djakarta Today, 1969/70|publisher=Government of Djakarta|location=Jakarta|date=1969|page=xi}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|last=Twang|first=P.Y.|title=Indonesian Chinese Business Communities in Transformation, 1940-50|publisher=Australian National University|date=1987|hdl=1885/127618|doi=10.25911/5d74e0dec38e7|page=137}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/1962/06/06/ba0319372bf4767645160a8c/sensus-penduduk-1961-republ|title=Republic of Indonesia Population Census, 1961|publisher=Statistics Indonesia|date=6 June 1962|access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Total Population Results of Population Census (SP) and Inter-Census Population Survey (SUPAS) by Province, 1971 - 2015|url=https://www.bps.go.id/en/statistics-table/1/MTI2NyMx/total-population-results-of-population-census--sp--and-inter-census-population-survey--supas--by-province--1971---2015.html|publisher=Statistics Indonesia|date=2 December 2021|access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf|page=13|publisher=Statistics Indonesia|title=Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020|language=id|date=21 January 2021|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122154418/https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |footnote={{nowrap|Note: The 1945 and 1950 population}} totals are cited in ''Twang (1987)'' and the ''Trade, Industrial & Tourism Directory (1969)''. Later data come from Indonesian statistical sources: the 1961 and 2020 totals are from the national censuses conducted in those years, while the 1971–2010 figures are drawn from Indonesia’s official statistics agency. }}

Modern population figures vary according to the boundary used. In 2025, Jakarta had about 11 million registered residents according to the city's population and civil registration office.<ref name="DisDukCapilJakarta">{{cite web|url=https://kependudukancapil.jakarta.go.id/2025/11/27/memahami-perbedaan-data-penduduk-jakarta-data-pbb-vs-data-dukcapil/|title=Understanding the Difference in Jakarta Population Data: UN Data vs. Population and Civil Registration Office Data|date=27 November 2025|publisher=Jakarta Population and Civil Registration Office|language=id|access-date=29 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260329040803/https://kependudukancapil.jakarta.go.id/2025/11/27/memahami-perbedaan-data-penduduk-jakarta-data-pbb-vs-data-dukcapil/|archive-date=29 March 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> The United Nations, using an urban-agglomeration approach, estimated the population of Jakarta and its surrounding urban area at nearly 42 million.<ref name="WUP25">{{cite report|title=World Urbanization Prospects 2025: Summary of Results|url=https://desapublications.un.org/publications/world-urbanization-prospects-2025-summary-results|work=Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Population Division|publisher=United Nations|location=New York}}</ref>

Growth has increasingly extended beyond Jakarta's provincial boundaries. From 1980 to 2018, the population of Jakarta rose from about 6.7 million to 10 million, while the Jakarta metropolitan area grew from roughly 11.4 million to 34 million.<ref name="Rustiadi">{{cite journal|last1=Rustiadi|first1=E.|display-authors=etal|title=Impact of continuous Jakarta megacity urban expansion on the formation of the Jakarta-Bandung conurbation over the rice farm regions|journal=Cities|date=April 2021|volume=111|article-number=103000|doi=10.1016/j.cities.2020.103000}}</ref> Much of this growth has occurred through suburban expansion into neighbouring areas of West Java and Banten.<ref name="Rustiadi" />

===Ethnicity=== Jakarta is ethnically diverse and has no single majority ethnic group. According to tabulations from the 2010 Indonesian census, Javanese formed the largest ethnic group in the city, followed by Betawi, Sundanese, Chinese, and Batak; Minangkabau, Malays, Madurese, and other groups were also represented.<ref>{{cite book|title=Citizenship, Ethnicity, Religion, and Language of the Indonesian Population: Results of the 2010 Population Census|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia|publisher=Indonesia Statistics|location=Jakarta|date=23 May 2012|isbn=978-979-064-417-5|language=id|access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Hadi" /> Migration from across Indonesia accounts for much of the city’s ethnic composition, with large communities from Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Madura, and other regions.<ref name="Hadi" /><ref name="Castles" />

The Betawi people are generally regarded as Jakarta's indigenous community developed from the diverse populations of colonial Batavia.{{sfn|Knörr|2007|pp=52–68}} Early Batavia drew people from many parts of Asia and the Indonesian archipelago, including Chinese settlers, South Asian Muslims, Malays, Balinese, Buginese, Ambonese, Bandanese, and others.<ref name="Castles" /> Interethnic contact and intermarriage contributed to the emergence of the Betawi as a distinct population, while Islam and local forms of Malay helped link communities of different origins.{{sfn|Knörr|2007|pp=52–68}} Betawi communities historically lived in and around the colonial city and are now distributed across the Jakarta metropolitan area.{{sfn|Knörr|2007|pp=11, 44, 62}}

Jakarta has also long had a significant Chinese population. Chinese communities have been present since the early period of Dutch Batavia, and Jakarta's Chinatowns include Glodok, Petak Sembilan, Pasar Baru, Kelapa Gading, and Pluit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Looking closely at Chinese community in Jakarta|last=Wira|first=N.N.|publisher=ANTARA News|date=28 September 2019|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/133728/looking-closely-at-chinese-community-in-jakarta|access-date=30 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002025257/https://en.antaranews.com/news/133728/looking-closely-at-chinese-community-in-jakarta|archive-date=2 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Smaller but long-established Indian communities are also present, with Pasar Baru sometimes described as Jakarta's "Little India".<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=B.|url=https://www.ijhssi.org/vol11-issue4.html|title=Role of Diaspora in India-Indonesia Relations|journal=International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention|date=April 2022|volume=11|issue=4|pages=49–52|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>

Internal migration has also brought sizeable communities from Sumatra and other islands. Batak, Minangkabau, Malay, Bugis, Madurese, and Palembangnese communities are among the groups recorded in census-based studies of Jakarta's population.<ref name="Hadi" /> Among Batak residents in Jakarta, the Toba Batak are described as the largest sub-group.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Hirata|first=S.|title=Kinship and Identity of the Toba Batak in the Multi-ethnic City of Jakarta|publisher=Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University}}</ref> Minangkabau migration to Jakarta is part of the Minangkabau practice of ''merantau''; by the mid-20th century, Jakarta had become an increasingly important destination for migrants from West Sumatra.<ref name="Castles" /><ref>{{cite thesis|last=Murad|first=A.|title=Merantau: Aspects of Outmigration of the Minangkabau People|publisher=Australian National University|location=Canberra|date=May 1978}}</ref>

===Language=== {{see also|Betawi language|Indonesian slang}} [[File:Bahasa Betawi.jpg|thumb|A sign encouraging development in East Jakarta written in the Betawi language]]

Indonesian is the official language of Jakarta and is widely used in government, education, media, and public life.<ref name="UUD45">{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_174556.pdf|title=The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia|publisher=International Labour Organization|access-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113409/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_174556.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> As the national language, Indonesian is also the common language among residents from different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds.<ref>{{citation|editor-last1=Lehnert-LeHouillier|editor-first1=H.|editor-last2=Fine|editor-first2=A.B.|last1=Paauw|first1=S.|title=One Land, One Nation, One Language: An Analysis of Indonesia's National Language Policy|work=University of Rochester Working Papers in the Language Sciences|publisher=University of Rochester|year=2009|volume=5|number=1|pages=2–16}}</ref>

The Betawi language of the Betawi community is a Malay-based variety that developed in Batavia and Jakarta through contact among different linguistic groups.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Siregar|first1=I.|last2=Hamzah|first2=N.H.B.|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Preservation&ff1=subCultural+Maintenance&id=EJ1475123|title=Effectiveness of the Language Preservation Model in the Betawi Community|journal=Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics|date=2024|volume=10|issue=2|pages=274–281|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> It is closely related to the informal speech of Jakarta, while colloquial Jakartan Indonesian has become an influential urban variety of Indonesian.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=J.N.|title=Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University|year=2006|isbn=0-85883-571-1}}</ref>

Jakarta's migrant communities also maintain a range of heritage languages in family and community settings. Studies have examined the use or maintenance of Batak,<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Simanjuntak|first1=M.B.|display-authors=etal|url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/incclusi-22/125976714|title=Local Wisdom's Value of Toba Bataknese Language for Daily Communication in Jakarta|conference=Proceedings of the International Conference on Communication, Policy and Social Science (InCCluSi 2022)|series=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research|volume=682|publisher=Atlantis Press|date=15 November 2022|pages=109–116|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> Minangkabau,<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Hastuti|first1=E.|last2=Oswari|first2=T.|title=The Influence of Effort on the Minangkabau Language Maintenance in Jakarta|conference=Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Arts Language and Culture (ICALC 2019)|series=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research|volume=421|publisher=Atlantis Press|date=25 March 2020}}</ref> and Sundanese in particular Jakarta communities.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kurniawati|first=W.|url=https://berkalaarkeologi.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/berkalaarkeologi/article/view/746|title=Sundanese Language in Jatinegara Kaum and Settlement of Prince Achmad Djaketra's Descendants|journal=Berkala Arkeologi|volume=16|number=1|pages=49–57|year=1996|doi=10.30883/jba.v16i1.746|doi-broken-date=21 May 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111220739/https://berkalaarkeologi.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/berkalaarkeologi/article/view/746|archive-date=11 November 2025|url-status=dead|access-date=19 April 2026|language=id}}</ref> Among Jakartan Chinese Indonesians, research has found a shift towards Indonesian in everyday use, with Chinese heritage languages maintained unevenly across families and generations.<ref name="Yuliana">{{cite journal|last1=Yuliana|first1=V.|last2=Yanti|title=Language Attitudes, Shift, and Maintenance: A Case Study of Jakartan Chinese Indonesians|journal=Linguistik Indonesia|date=August 2023|volume=41|issue=2|pages=241–262|doi=10.26499/li.v41i2.517}}</ref>

===Education=== {{see also|List of universities in Indonesia|List of schools in Indonesia}} [[File:Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia.JPG|thumb|The University of Indonesia's Faculty of Medicine in Salemba, Central Jakarta, occupies the former STOVIA medical school building, which opened in 1919 as part of Batavia’s medical precinct.<ref name="Pols" />]]

Jakarta and its surrounding metropolitan area contain several major public universities. These include the University of Indonesia, the State University of Jakarta, and Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Soetjipto|first1=A.|display-authors=etal|date=2014|title=Autonomy and Governance of State Universities: Case Studies in the University of Indonesia, the Jakarta State University, and the Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University|journal=Jurnal Masyarakat Dan Budaya|volume=16|number=2|pages=293–304|doi=10.14203/jmb.v16i2.74|doi-broken-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> The city also has a large private higher-education sector, including institutions such as Trisakti University and Atma Jaya University.

Modern higher education in Jakarta has roots in colonial-era medical training in Batavia. In 1851, the Dutch East Indies administration established a programme to train young Javanese men as vaccinators; the curriculum was expanded in later decades and developed into institutions such as STOVIA and the Batavia Medical School.<ref name="Pols">{{cite journal|last=Pols|first=H.|title=The expansion of medical education in the Dutch East Indies and the formation of the Indonesian medical profession|journal=Medical History|volume=68|issue=2|pages=162–182|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=8 April 2024|doi=10.1017/mdh.2024.11|doi-access=free|pmid=38586988|pmc=11458337}}</ref>

For primary and secondary education, Jakarta has public and private schools, including bilingual and international institutions. The provincial government lists several international schools operating in the city, including the Jakarta Intercultural School and Australian Independent School.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Schools Jakarta|publisher=Jakarta Provincial Government|url=https://www.jakarta.go.id/storage/files/shares/Landing%20Page/Jakarta%20Global%20City/12.%20International%20Schools%20Jakarta.pdf|access-date=29 April 2026|pages=3–5}}</ref>

===Religion=== [[File:Masjid Istiqlal - Panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Istiqlal Mosque, the largest mosque in Southeast Asia]] According to 2024 data from Indonesia's Ministry of Religious Affairs, Islam is the largest religion in Jakarta, followed by Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism; a small number of residents are recorded in other categories.<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama|title=Number of Population by Religion|publisher=Ministry of Religious Affairs|year=2024|access-date=30 March 2026|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204023807/https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama|archive-date=4 February 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

Several national Islamic organisations have offices in Jakarta. The Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), founded in Jakarta in 1975, is based in Central Jakarta,<ref>{{cite web|title=MUI Profile|url=https://mui.or.id/profil-mui|access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref> while Nahdlatul Ulama's central secretariat is also located in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact Us - NU's Online|url=https://nu.or.id/page/kontak-kami|access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref> Muhammadiyah is formally based in Yogyakarta, but its central leadership operates from offices in both Yogyakarta and Jakarta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muhammadiyah Bylaws|url=https://muhammadiyah.or.id/anggaran-rumah-tangga/|access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>

Christian communities form the second-largest religious grouping in the city. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Jakarta is a metropolitan archdiocese whose ecclesiastical province includes the dioceses of Bandung and Bogor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jaka0|title=Metropolitan Archdiocese of Jakarta, Indonesia|publisher=GCatholic.org|access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Buddhist, Hindu, and Confucian communities are smaller but remain part of Jakarta's religious profile.<ref name="RELIGION" /> The city also has smaller Sikh and Baháʼí communities; studies of Jakarta's Sikh community describe gurdwaras as religious and social centres, while the Baháʼí International Community maintains a regional office in Jakarta.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Handayani|first=L.|title=Development of the Sikh Community in Jakarta: History and Social Dynamics|journal=Hanifiya: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama|date=April 2025|volume=8|pages=129–138|doi=10.15575/hanifiya.v8i1.43926}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bahá'í International Community|url=https://www.bic.org/offices/jakarta|date=21 April 2015|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003014602/https://www.bic.org/offices/jakarta|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy== [[File:Jakarta Scyscrappers from GBK.jpg|thumb|The Sudirman Central Business District is a prominent business centre in Jakarta]] Jakarta is Indonesia's financial capital. A 2024 law frames the province's post-capital-transfer role as a national economic centre and global city, with functions in trade, services, finance, and national, regional, and global business activity.<ref name="DKJ">{{cite web|title=Law Number 2 of 2024 concerning the Special Region of Jakarta Province|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/283616/uu-no-2-tahun-2024|website=Audit Board of Indonesia Legal Documentation and Information Network (JDIH) – Regulations Database|publisher=Audit Board of Indonesia|language=id|access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> Jakarta's economic position can be traced through the port and administrative functions of Sunda Kelapa, Batavia, and colonial Jakarta, and later through its place in national and global economic networks.<ref name="Indraprahasta">{{cite journal|last1=Indraprahasta|first1=G.S.|last2=Derudder|first2=B.|title=World City-ness in a historical perspective: Probing the long-term evolution of the Jakarta metropolitan area|journal=Habitat International|volume=89|article-number=102000|date=July 2019|doi=10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102000}}</ref>

In 2024, Jakarta's gross regional domestic product (GRDP) at current prices reached Rp 3,679.36 trillion, and the city's economy grew by 4.90%.<ref name="BPS Jakarta 2024">{{cite web|title=Jakarta's Economic Growth in the Fourth Quarter of 2024|publisher=Statistics Indonesia - DKI Jakarta Province|date=5 February 2025|url=https://jakarta.bps.go.id/en/pressrelease/2025/02/05/1198/jakartaseconomic-growth-in-the-fourth-quarter-of-2024.html|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> The same BPS release identifies wholesale and retail trade, including motor-vehicle and motorcycle repair, as the largest industry in Jakarta's economic structure, while household final consumption was the largest expenditure component.<ref name="BPS Jakarta 2024" /> Investment is also substantial: total realised investment in Jakarta reached Rp 241.9 trillion in 2024, the second-highest total among Indonesian provinces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://invest.jakarta.go.id/news/207/the-jakarta-investment-realization-recap-2024|title=The Jakarta Investment Realization Recap 2024|date=5 March 2025|publisher=Jakarta Investment Centre|access-date=31 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208140918/https://invest.jakarta.go.id/news/207/the-jakarta-investment-realization-recap-2024|archive-date=8 December 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

Services dominate Jakarta’s economy. Trade, finance, business services, information and communications, transport, hospitality, and public administration are part of the city's industries.<ref name="BPS Jakarta 2024" /><ref name="DKJ" /> Its labour market and business activity also extend beyond the provincial boundary into the Jakarta metropolitan area, where commuting and suburban development link the city with surrounding municipalities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aritenang|first1=A.F.|title=Identifying post-suburbanization: The case of the Jakarta metropolitan area (JMA)|journal=Habitat International|volume=138|article-number=102857|date=August 2023|doi=10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102857}}</ref>

===Shopping=== {{see also|List of shopping malls in Jakarta}} [[File:Inside of Grand Indonesia.jpg|thumb|220px|Grand Indonesia shopping mall]]

Jakarta has a large retail sector, with modern shopping centres operating alongside traditional markets. Recent market reports estimate total retail stock in Jakarta at around 4.8 million square metres, with shopping centres concentrated in major commercial areas.<ref>{{cite report|title=Indonesia - Jakarta - Retail 4Q24|url=https://assets.cushmanwakefield.com/-/media/cw/marketbeat-pdfs/2024/q4/apac-and-gc/indonesia---jakarta---retail-4q24.pdf|publisher=Cushman & Wakefield|date=2024|access-date=31 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401123826/https://assets.cushmanwakefield.com/-/media/cw/marketbeat-pdfs/2024/q4/apac-and-gc/indonesia---jakarta---retail-4q24.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> Major malls include Grand Indonesia, Plaza Indonesia, Pacific Place, and Senayan City.<ref name="Lamb">{{cite web|last=Lamb|first=K.|title=Inside the bubble: the air-conditioned alternate reality of Jakarta's megamalls|date=24 November 2016|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/nov/24/jakarta-megamalls-air-conditioned-alternate-reality|work=The Guardian|access-date=18 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260403041143/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/nov/24/jakarta-megamalls-air-conditioned-alternate-reality|archive-date=3 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> Shopping malls are also used for leisure, socialising, and recreation. Studies of Jakarta's malls describe them as climate-controlled environments used for leisure as well as retail, particularly in a city where heat, congestion, and limited public space shape everyday urban life.<ref name="Lamb" /><ref name="Grzegorzewski">{{cite journal|last1=Grzegorzewski|first1=M.J.|title=Shopping mall city and escapism: Urban life and privatized comfort in Jakarta, Indonesia|journal=Cities|volume=167|article-number=106335|date=December 2025|doi=10.1016/j.cities.2025.106335}}</ref><ref name="Suryadjaja">{{cite thesis|last=Suryadjaja|first=R.|title=Jakarta's Tourism Evolution: Shopping Center as Urban Tourism|date=2012|hdl=2099/12013}}</ref>

Traditional markets (''pasar'') are a part of the city's retail life.<ref name="Utari">{{cite journal|last1=Utari|first1=R.|display-authors=etal|title=Policy analysis of sustainable traditional market management|journal=Community Service for Sustainable Community Journal|publisher=University of Indonesia|volume=1|issue=1|year=2024|pages=12–22|doi=10.61511/csjsc.v1i1.2024.702}}</ref> Prominent market districts include Tanah Abang, known for textiles and garments;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oktarina|first1=F.|display-authors=etal|title=Textile and texture in Tanah Abang Market: architectural evolution from the colonial to the post-colonial era|journal=City, Territory and Architecture|publisher=Springer Nature Link|volume=12|number=7|date=21 April 2025|article-number=7|doi=10.1186/s40410-025-00257-9|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pasar Baru, a historic commercial street with diverse retail uses;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sholihah|first1=A.B.|last2=Heath|first2=T.|title=Assessing the Quality of Traditional Street in Indonesia: A case study of Pasar Baru Street|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences|publisher=Elsevier|volume=234|number=7|date=31 October 2016|pages=244–254|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.240}}</ref> and Glodok, whose alleys and markets are known for Chinese Indonesian commerce.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Budianto|first1=V.|display-authors=etal|title=An evaluation of the alleys of Glodok and its market culture|journal=ARTEKS: Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur|volume=8|issue=3|date=1 December 2023|pages=395–404|doi=10.30822/arteks.v8i3.2547}}</ref> Other specialised markets include the Jalan Surabaya antique market and Jakarta Gems Centre in Rawa Bening.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Natalia|first1=L.|last2=Winata|first2=T.|title=Reorganizing the Jalan Surabaya Antique Market through a Millennial Shopping Behavior Approach|journal=Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (STUPA)|language=id|publisher=Tarumanegara University|volume=4|number=2|date=23 January 2023|doi=10.24912/stupa.v4i2.21709}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Asmoro|first1=U.Y.|display-authors=etal|title=A Quality System Model for the Gemstone Craft Subsector of the Creative Industry in DKI Jakarta|journal=IKRA-ITH Teknologi Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi|language=id|publisher=Persada University Indonesia|volume=4|number=2|date=July 2020|pages=20–27}}</ref>

===Tourism=== {{main|Jakarta Tourism and Culture Office}} [[File:Angel island - The sixth stop (16932410548).jpg|thumb|220x220px|''Pulau Bidadari'', part of the Thousand Islands north of Jakarta's coast]]

Jakarta is an urban tourism destination and one of Indonesia's main international entry points. Studies of foreign tourist distribution identify Jakarta as one of three Indonesia's major gateways, alongside Bali and Batam.<ref name="Supriono" /> In 2024, Jakarta recorded about 2.5 million foreign tourist arrivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jakarta.bps.go.id/en/statistics-table/2/MjQxIzI%3D/kunjungan-wisatawan-mancanegara-yang-datang-ke-dki-jakarta-dan-indonesia.html|title=Number of International Tourist Arrivals in DKI Jakarta and Indonesia, 2024|publisher=Statistics Indonesia - DKI Jakarta Province|date=7 October 2025|access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> Domestic tourism is larger in volume; in the first quarter of 2025, domestic tourist trips to Jakarta reached about 23.2 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jakarta.bps.go.id/en/pressrelease/2025/05/02/1210/--growth-of-tourism-in-dki-jakarta-province--march-2025.html|title=Growth of Tourism in DKI Jakarta Province, March 2025|publisher=Statistics Indonesia - DKI Jakarta Province|access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref>

Many visitors come to Jakarta for business, meetings, transit rather than mainly for leisure.<ref name="Supriono">{{cite journal|last1=Supriono|display-authors=etal|title=Problem Identification of Foreign Tourist Distribution in Indonesia|journal=Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences|year=2017|volume=7|number=67|pages=115–120|doi=10.18551/rjoas.2017-07.13}}</ref> Research on Jakarta's foreign visitors identifies several visitor types, including groups with strong shopping and cultural interests,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Srihadi|first1=T.F.|display-authors=etal|title=Segmentation of the tourism market for Jakarta: Classification of foreign visitors' lifestyle typologies|journal=Tourism Management Perspectives|date=July 2016|volume=19|pages=32–39|doi=10.1016/j.tmp.2016.03.005}}</ref> while studies of the city's shopping centres describe them as part of Jakarta's urban tourism and recreational life.<ref name="Suryadjaja">{{cite thesis|last=Suryadjaja|first=R.|title=Jakarta's Tourism Evolution: Shopping Center as Urban Tourism|date=2012|hdl=2099/12013}}</ref> Input-output analysis also identifies tourism as a contributing sector within Jakarta's provincial economy.<ref name="Rosyadi">{{cite journal|last1=Rosyadi|first1=M.F.|display-authors=etal|journal=Jurnal Info Sains: Informatika Dan Sains|title=The Influence Of The Tourism Sector On The Economy Of The Special Capital Province Of Jakarta: Input Output Analysis|publisher=Sean Institute|year=2023|volume=13|number=2|pages=268–296}}</ref>

==Culture== [[File:Sang Pawang Ondel Ondel.jpg|thumb|''Ondel-ondel'', a large traditional puppet, is an icon of Jakarta and a symbol of Betawi culture]]

Jakarta's culture draws from its mixed population and its long history of migration from across Indonesia. Betawi traditions are part of Jakarta's local culture, while communities from other regions have added their own languages, customs, music, and foodways to urban life.<ref name="Hadi" /><ref name="Castles" />{{sfn|Martinez|Masron|2020|pp=6–8}}

===Arts and festivals=== Betawi arts are among Jakarta's most recognisable local cultural forms. They include music, dance, theatre, and performance traditions such as tanjidor, gambang kromong, lenong, ''palang pintu'', and ''ondel-ondel''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hadijah|first1=S.|display-authors=etal|url=https://ijmmu.com/index.php/ijmmu/article/view/6738|title=The Uniqueness of Betawi Arts in Betawi Culture in Jakarta-Indonesia|journal=International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding|volume=12|issue=4|date=April 2025|pages=214–230|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> Community events such as ''Lebaran Betawi'' present Betawi culture through performances, food, and ceremonial displays.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Petricia|first1=Y.|title=Understanding Betawi Culture in Jakarta People Through the Implementation of the Betawi Lebaran Event|journal=COMMENTATE: Journal of Communication Management|publisher=LSPR Institute of Communication & Business|volume=3|number=1|date=30 June 2022|pages=83–90|doi=10.37535/103003120228}}</ref> Condet in East Jakarta has also been promoted as a Betawi cultural heritage area.{{sfn|Nas|Grijns|2000|p=319}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Natalia|first1=L.|display-authors=etal|title=Planning the Betawi Cultural Heritage Area of Condet Ciliwung, East Jakarta, as a Cultural and Nature Tourism Destination|journal=Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (STUPA)|language=id|publisher=Tarumanegara University|volume=2|number=2|date=1 November 2020|doi=10.24912/stupa.v2i2.8858}}</ref>

Jakarta also hosts traditional and contemporary performing arts. Wayang orang performances are staged at the Bharata theatre in Senen,<ref>{{cite web|title='Wayang Orang Bharata' strives to preserve traditional culture|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/07/01/wayang-orang-bharata-endangered-art-form-striving-to-preserve-traditional-culture.html|publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=1 July 2016|access-date=31 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702150239/https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/07/01/wayang-orang-bharata-endangered-art-form-striving-to-preserve-traditional-culture.html|archive-date=2 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> while Aula Simfonia Jakarta is one of the city's main venues for Western classical music.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Andita|first=A.|title=The Colonial Histories and Contemporary Practices of Western Classical Music in Indonesia: the Cases of Jakarta, Bandung, and Yogyakarta|publisher=Royal Holloway, University of London|date=13 July 2022}}</ref> The city also hosts recurring cultural events, including Jakarta Fashion Week and the Java Jazz Festival.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Luvaas|first1=B.|title=Third World No More: Rebranding Indonesian Streetwear|journal=Fashion Practice: The Journal of Design, Creative Process & the Fashion Industry|publisher=Taylor & Francis Online|volume=5|issue=2|date=27 April 2015|pages=203–227|doi=10.2752/175693813X13705243201496}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|last1=Bonneau|first1=M.C.|last2=Parantika|first2=A.|title=Jazz in Jakarta: a Challenge for Tourism in the Fast-Transforming City|conference=Asia Tourism Forum 2016 - The 12th Biennial Conference of Hospitality and Tourism Industry in Asia|pages=289–292|publisher=Atlantis Press|year=2016|doi=10.2991/atf-16.2016.42}}</ref> International cultural institutions with Jakarta offices include the Japan Foundation and Erasmus Huis.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Japan Foundation, Jakarta|url=https://ja.jpf.go.jp/en/|website=The Japan Foundation|access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Erasmus Huis|url=https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/indonesia/themes/culture|website=Netherlands and You|access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref>

===Cuisine=== {{main|Betawi cuisine}} [[File:Soto Betawi Jakarta Street Side Food.JPG|thumb|''Soto Betawi'', a popular variant of ''soto'' in the Jakarta area]]

Jakarta's cuisine includes Betawi dishes and food traditions brought by communities from across Indonesia and abroad. Betawi cuisine developed in Batavia and Jakarta through trade, migration, and culinary contact with Chinese, Arab, European, and other Indonesian traditions.<ref name="Kartika">{{cite conference|last1=Kartika|first1=D.I.|last2=Kartika|first2=Y.|title=The Spice Route from Arabic, Europe and China to Jayakarta toward Batavian Cuisine: Revitalization of Batavian Local Wisdom Values through Batavian Culinary Gastronomy|conference=Proceedings of the 9th Asbam International Conference (Archeology, History, & Culture In The Nature of Malay) (ASBAM 2021)|publisher=Atlantis Press|year=2022|pages=722–733|doi=10.2991/assehr.k.220408.101}}</ref> One of the best-known Betawi dishes is ''soto betawi'', a beef-and-offal soup served in a spiced broth made with coconut milk or cow's milk.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yudhistira|first1=B.|last2=Fatmawati|first2=A.|title=Diversity of Indonesian soto|journal=International Journal of Ethnic Foods|volume=7|number=27|date=26 August 2020|article-number=27|doi=10.1186/s42779-020-00067-z|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Street vendors and informal eateries are common in Jakarta. Studies of food vending and small food businesses in the city describe street food, roadside stalls, and ''warteg'' eateries, which serve inexpensive everyday meals.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vita|first1=B.|display-authors=etal|title=The online marketing of Indonesian street food in Jakarta|journal=Cogent Business & Management|volume=8|issue=1|date=6 November 2021|article-number=1996215|doi=10.1080/23311975.2021.1996215|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Sugiana">{{cite journal|last1=Meilasari-Sugiana|first1=A.|last2=Susanto|first2=T.|last3=Novianti|first3=M.D.|title=Jakarta's WARTEG food stall phenomenon: Constraints and opportunities for integration|journal=Human Geographies – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography|volume=13|number=2|date=November 2019|doi=10.5719/hgeo.2019.132.5|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Several districts are known for concentrations of food vendors and restaurants. The Sabang and Kebon Sirih area in Central Jakarta has been studied as an urban culinary network,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tanuwijaya|first1=A.|last2=Ratnaningrum|first2=D.|title=City Culinary Network in Kebon Sirih|journal=Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (STUPA)|language=id|publisher=Tarumanegara University|volume=2|number=1|date=16 June 2020|doi=10.24912/stupa.v2i1.6868}}</ref> while Blok M has been examined as a culinary-tourism area.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Kulsum|first1=D.S.|last2=Tjkrosaputro|first2=M.|title=Understanding Behavioral Intention in Blok M's Culinary Tourism: Gastronomy Image, Experiences, and Satisfaction|conference=Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Entrepreneurship and Business Management UNTAR 2024 (ICEBM 2024)|publisher=Atlantis Press|series=Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research|date=13 August 2025|doi=10.2991/978-94-6463-809-7_24|doi-access=free}}</ref> Chinese culinary traditions are especially visible in Glodok, where studies of Chinatown tourism link food with the area's destination image.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Christalyn|first1=R.|last2=Sarudin|first2=R.|title=Analysis of the Influence of Chinese Cuisine Culinary Tourism on the Image of Glodok Chinatown Destination in West Jakarta|conference=International Proceeding Global Sustainable Tourism Conference|publisher=Bunda Mulia University|year=2024|doi=10.30813/glost.v0i0.5856|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Sports=== [[File:U17 World Cup Brazil England.jpg|thumb|The Jakarta International Stadium in northern Jakarta. With a seating capacity of 82,000, it is Indonesia's biggest stadium.]]

Jakarta has hosted major international sporting events, including the 1962 and 2018 Asian Games, which it co-hosted with Palembang.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oca.asia/games/104-jakarta-1962.html|title=Jakarta 1962|publisher=Olympic Council of Asia|access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oca.asia/games/5-jakarta-palembang-2018.html|title=Jakarta - Palembang 2018|publisher=Olympic Council of Asia|access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> The Gelora Bung Karno Stadium was also one of the venues for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-07-03/asian-cup-venue-gelora-bungkarno-stadium/88198|title=Asian Cup venue: Gelora Bungkarno Stadium|publisher=ABC News|date=3 July 2007|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029002313/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-07-03/asian-cup-venue-gelora-bungkarno-stadium/88198|archive-date=29 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex is one of Jakarta's best-known sporting complexes. It includes venues for football, athletics, aquatic sports, tennis, and indoor arena sports.<ref>{{cite web|title=GBK - Sports Complex|url=https://gbk.id/|access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> Other major venues include the Jakarta International Stadium, a retractable-roof football stadium opened in 2022,<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia: Jakarta International Stadium inaugurated!|url=https://stadiumdb.com/news/2022/07/indonesia_jakarta_international_stadium_inaugurated|date=27 July 2022|publisher=Stadium DB|access-date=31 March 2026|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727163357/https://stadiumdb.com/news/2022/07/indonesia_jakarta_international_stadium_inaugurated|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Jakarta International Velodrome, which was used for the 2018 Asian Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/08/04/jakpost-guide-to-asian-games-2018-jakarta.html|title=Jakpost guide to Asian Games 2018|publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=4 August 2018|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830015847/https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/08/04/jakpost-guide-to-asian-games-2018-jakarta.html|archive-date=30 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jakarta residents also use streets and public spaces for exercise and organised events. Jakarta Car-Free Day is used for exercise and social activity along major streets,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta Car Free Day: Exercise and Socialise|last=Azhar|first=R.|url=https://www.nowjakarta.co.id/jakarta-car-free-day-exercise-and-socialise/|publisher=Now Jakarta|date=11 July 2019|access-date=31 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216014400/https://www.nowjakarta.co.id/jakarta-car-free-day-exercise-and-socialise/|archive-date=16 February 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> while the Jakarta Marathon has been held since 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=IAAF Approves Jakarta Marathon's Route|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/525201/iaaf-approves-jakarta-marathons-route|date=28 October 2013|publisher=Tempo|access-date=7 July 2019|archive-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707150917/https://en.tempo.co/read/525201/iaaf-approves-jakarta-marathons-route|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has also hosted international motorsport, including the Jakarta ePrix, first held in 2022 at the Jakarta International e-Prix Circuit in Ancol, North Jakarta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Last year in Jakarta...|url=https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/420725/last-year-in-jakarta-|publisher=ABB FIA Formula E World Championship|date=1 June 2023|access-date=31 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601195945/https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/420725/last-year-in-jakarta-|archive-date=1 June 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Media and entertainment=== [[File:TVRITower.jpg|thumb|upright|The main TV tower of TVRI at its headquarters in Jakarta]] {{see also|List of newspapers in Indonesia|List of radio stations in Jakarta|List of television stations in Indonesia}}

Jakarta is the main centre of Indonesia's national media industry, with broadcasting, publishing, media ownership, and content production heavily concentrated in the capital.<ref name="Nugroho2">{{cite report|last1=Nugroho|first1=Y.|display-authors=etal|title=Mapping the Landscape of the Media Industry in Contemporary Indonesia|series=Engaging Media, Empowering Society: Assessing Media Policy and Governance in Indonesia through the Lens of Citizens' Rights|publisher=Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance|location=Jakarta|year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Masduki|last2=D’Haenens|first2=L.|title=Concentration of Media Ownership in Indonesia: A Setback for Viewpoint Diversity|journal=International Journal of Communication|volume=16|year=2022|pages=2239–2259}}</ref> Its media history reaches back to colonial Batavia, where ''Bataviase Nouvelles'' appeared in 1744 and circulated mainly among VOC employees and Europeans.<ref name="Adam">{{cite thesis|last1=Adam|first1=A.B.|title=The Vernacular Press and the Emergence of Modern Indonesian Consciousness (1855-1913)|publisher=SOAS University of London|year=1995|pages=3–8|doi=10.25501/SOAS.00033755}}</ref> The paper was used largely for official notices and auction advertisements, while the later establishment of the Government Printing Press (''Landsdrukkerij'') in 1809 marked an important stage in the development of colonial printing.<ref name="Adam" />

Broadcasting also developed around institutions based in the capital. Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) was established in 1945, with its headquarters in Central Jakarta,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worlddab.org/about/worlddab-members/483/rri-%28radio-republik-indonesia%29|title=RRI (Radio Republik Indonesia)|publisher=WorldDAB|access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> and television began in Indonesia in 1962 through the Jakarta-based Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI).<ref name="Kitley">{{cite book|last1=Kitley|first1=P.|title=Television, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia|publisher=Ohio University Press|series=Research in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series|date=2000|edition=1|isbn=0-86840-598-1}}</ref> Private television, radio, and digital media later expanded the sector, but ownership and production remained strongly centred in Jakarta.<ref name="Nugroho2" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Armando|first1=A.|title=The greedy giants: Centralized television in post-authoritarian Indonesia|journal=International Communication Gazette|volume=76|issue=4|date=10 March 2014|pages=390–406|doi=10.1177/1748048514524106}}</ref>

Jakarta’s entertainment and creative activity includes film screenings, music events, exhibitions, live performances, arts venues, commercial spaces, and cultural institutions.<ref name="Fleming">{{cite report|last1=Fleming|first1=T.|display-authors=etal|title=Indonesia Cultural Cities Profile: Jakarta|publisher=British Council|year=2021}}</ref> Research on the city’s creative economy also maps networks of practitioners, venues, and creative hubs across Jakarta.<ref name="Ekraf">{{cite report|author=British Council|author2=Jakarta Creative Economy Committee|title=Jakarta Creative Practitioners and Hubs Mapping Research|publisher=British Council|year=2023}}</ref>

==Government and politics== {{Main|Governor of Jakarta}} [[File:Balaikota DKI Jakarta.jpg|thumb|The Jakarta City Hall]]

Jakarta is a province-level special region. Under Law No. 2 of 2024, it remains Indonesia's capital until a presidential decree transfers the capital to Nusantara; the same law designates Jakarta after the transfer as a national economic centre and global city.<ref name="JakartaSpecialRegion2024" />

The provincial government is led by a directly elected governor and vice governor, while legislative authority is exercised by the Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council ({{lang|id|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah}}, DPRD DKI Jakarta).<ref>{{cite web|title=Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 29 of 2007 concerning the Governance of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta as the Capital of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia|website=Ministry of Finance Legal Documentation and Information Network|url=https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/api/download/fulltext/2007/29TAHUN2007UU.htm|access-date=31 March 2026|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401114419/https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/api/download/fulltext/2007/29TAHUN2007UU.htm|archive-date=1 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> Jakarta's administrative cities and its administrative regency are headed by mayors and a regent appointed by the governor, rather than by directly elected local executives.<ref name="Sapii">{{cite journal|last1=Sapii|first1=R.B.S.|display-authors=etal|title=Regulation of the Appointment and Dismissal of Mayors/Regents by the Governor: Before and After the Enactment of the Special Region of Jakarta Law|journal=Journal of the Association of Constitutional Law and Administrative Law Lecturers (JAPHTN-HAN)|volume=4|issue=2|year=2025|pages=85–104|language=id|doi=10.55292/japhtnhan.v4i2.193}}</ref> The governor's office and provincial administrative headquarters are located at Jakarta City Hall ({{lang|id|Balai Kota DKI Jakarta}}) in Central Jakarta, immediately south of Merdeka Square.<ref>{{cite web|title=Provincial Government Office Address|website=Official Portal of the Province of DKI Jakarta|url=https://www.jakarta.go.id/kantor-pemerintah-provinsi|date=19 June 2023|access-date=31 March 2026|language=id}}</ref>

At the national level, Jakarta is represented in the People's Representative Council ({{lang|id|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat}}, DPR). In the 2024 election, the province was allocated 21 DPR seats across three electoral districts: Jakarta I, Jakarta II, and Jakarta III.<ref>{{cite web|title=Decision of the General Elections Commission Number 1206 of 2024 concerning the Determination of Elected Members of the House of Representatives in the 2024 General Election|website=Legal Documentation and Information Network (JDIH) of the General Elections Commission of the Republic of Indonesia|date=25 August 2024|url=https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2024kpt1206.pdf|access-date=31 March 2026|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401114537/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2024kpt1206.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> Like other Indonesian provinces, Jakarta also sends four representatives to the Regional Representative Council ({{lang|id|Dewan Perwakilan Daerah}}, DPD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Law Number 17 of 2014 concerning the People's Consultative Assembly, the House of Representatives, the Regional Representative Council, and the Regional People's Representative Councils|website=The House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2014_17.pdf|access-date=31 March 2026|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401083106/https://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2014_17.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Administrative divisions=== {{See also|List of districts of Jakarta}} thumb|170px|Map of Jakarta's administrative cities, with the Thousand Islands Regency shown in a lower-left inset.

Jakarta is divided into five administrative cities ({{lang|id|kota administrasi}}) and one administrative regency ({{lang|id|kabupaten administrasi}}). The administrative cities are Central Jakarta, West Jakarta, South Jakarta, East Jakarta, and North Jakarta, while the Thousand Islands form the province's sole administrative regency.{{sfn|Martinez|Masron|2020|p=2}}<ref name="UCLG">{{cite report|title=DKI Jakarta Province Voluntary Local Review 2021|publisher=Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta|year=2021|page=2|url=https://gold.uclg.org/sites/default/files/field-document/jakarta_2021.pdf|access-date=31 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605231020/https://gold.uclg.org/sites/default/files/field-document/jakarta_2021.pdf|archive-date=5 June 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

Each administrative city is headed by a mayor and the Thousand Islands by a regent. These units are further divided into districts ({{lang|id|kecamatan}}).{{sfn|Martinez|Masron|2020|p=2}}<ref name="UCLG" /> Unlike autonomous cities and regencies elsewhere in Indonesia, Jakarta's administrative cities and regency do not have their own local legislatures and operate under the provincial government.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Uzdah|first=N.|title=Analysis of Governance System and Authority Distribution in DKI Jakarta: A Study of Government Structure and Electoral System|journal=Mahadi: Indonesia Journal of Law|volume=3|number=1|year=2024|pages=42–50|doi=10.32734/mah.v3i01.15483}}</ref>

===Public safety=== [[File:Polda Metro Jaya dari Simpang Susun Semanggi (2024).jpg|thumb|170px|The headquarters of Polda Metro Jaya]]

Policing in Jakarta is handled by the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police (''Polda Metro Jaya''), a regional command of the Indonesian National Police. Its jurisdiction covers Jakarta and surrounding areas, including Depok, Tangerang, South Tangerang, Bekasi city and Bekasi regency.<ref name="PMJ">{{cite web|title=Polda Metro Jaya - Profile|website=Tribrata News|url=https://tribratanews.metro.polri.go.id/profil/|access-date=13 February 2026|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213110755/https://tribratanews.metro.polri.go.id/profil/|archive-date=13 February 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> The force is led by a regional police chief with the rank of inspector general.<ref name="PMJ" />

The Indonesian Army maintains a regional command in the capital, the Jayakarta Military Regional Command (''Kodam Jaya''). The command covers Jakarta and nearby areas such as Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi, and carries out territorial defence and security functions in the capital region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tniad.mil.id/kodam-jayajayakarta-tanamkan-sikap-patriot/|title=Kodam Jaya/Jayakarta Fosters Patriotism|publisher=Indonesian Army|language=id|date=3 January 2015|access-date=21 May 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919133556/https://tniad.mil.id/kodam-jayajayakarta-tanamkan-sikap-patriot/|archive-date=19 September 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Darwanto|first=H.|title=Military Operations Other Than War|website=Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia|url=https://www.kemhan.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/bab47c96d3592e7652310529454b1107.pdf|access-date=31 March 2026|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601221635/https://www.kemhan.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/bab47c96d3592e7652310529454b1107.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Regulation of the Minister of Defense Number 35 of 2011 concerning Military Assistance by the Indonesian National Armed Forces to Regional Governments|website=Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia|url=https://www.kemhan.go.id/ppid/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/Permenhan-Nomor-35-Tahun-2011-Lampiran-1.pdf|access-date=31 March 2026|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628020319/https://www.kemhan.go.id/ppid/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/Permenhan-Nomor-35-Tahun-2011-Lampiran-1.pdf|archive-date=28 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Municipal finances=== Jakarta's provincial revenue is drawn mainly from locally generated revenue (''pendapatan asli daerah'', PAD), supported by transfers from the national government. In the audited 2024 financial statements, realised PAD was Rp50.74 trillion, while realised transfer revenue was Rp21.62 trillion.<ref name="LKPD2024">{{cite web|title=DKI Jakarta Provincial Government 2024 Financial Statements (Audited)|website=Official Portal of the Province of DKI Jakarta|url=https://www.jakarta.go.id/storage/files/shares/Laporan%20Keuangan/lkpd-2024202506101006.pdf|access-date=31 March 2026|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401115258/https://www.jakarta.go.id/storage/files/shares/Laporan%20Keuangan/lkpd-2024202506101006.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> PAD consisted chiefly of regional taxes, which accounted for Rp44.45 trillion of local revenue in 2024; vehicle ownership tax and vehicle transfer fees were among the largest tax items.<ref name="LKPD2024" />

Provincial spending covers basic services and other government functions, including education, health, public works and spatial planning, housing, public order, and social affairs.<ref name="LKPD2024" /> In 2024, Jakarta recorded realised regional revenue of Rp72.95 trillion, regional spending and transfers of Rp70.01 trillion, and a year-end budget surplus financing balance (''SiLPA'') of Rp4.43 trillion.<ref name="LKPD2024" />

==Infrastructure== ===Transportation=== {{Main|Transport in Jakarta}}

{{multiple image | perrow = 1 | footer = Two examples of public transport in Jakarta, the KRL Commuterline and the Transjakarta bus | align = right | width = 220 | image1 = Tokyo Metro 6000(6116) 10sf @ Tebet-Cawang (20230713) (53329661540) (13.5-9).jpg | alt1 = MRT | image2 = SJM-240014 Sinar Jaya Transjakarta E-Cityline 3 Laksana.jpg | alt6 = BRT }}

Jakarta relies heavily on road transport, and congestion has long affected travel across the city and the greater metropolitan area.<ref name="OECD2024">{{cite report|title=OECD Economic Surveys: Indonesia 2024|publisher=OECD|date=2024|url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/11/oecd-economic-surveys-indonesia-2024_e3ab8960/de87555a-en.pdf|page=123|access-date=1 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209181250/https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/11/oecd-economic-surveys-indonesia-2024_e3ab8960/de87555a-en.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Indonesia Mass Transit Project|publisher=World Bank|date=29 April 2022|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/612481653404109130/pdf/Indonesia-Mass-Transit-Project.pdf|page=10|access-date=1 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105161531/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/612481653404109130/pdf/Indonesia-Mass-Transit-Project.pdf|archive-date=5 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is served by toll roads including the Jakarta Inner Ring Road, the Jakarta Outer Ring Road, and radial expressways linking it with surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Toll Road Concession Business|website=PT Jasa Marga (Persero) Tbk|url=https://www.jasamarga.com/bisnis-jasa-marga/bisnis-konsesi|access-date=1 April 2026|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211065042/https://www.jasamarga.com/bisnis-jasa-marga/bisnis-konsesi|archive-date=11 December 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> To manage traffic on selected roads, Jakarta uses an odd-even licence-plate restriction system.<ref>{{cite web|title='Even-Odd' Set to Replace 3-in-1 on Jakarta Roads|publisher=Jakarta Globe|date=5 April 2016|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/news/even-odd-replace-three-in-one|access-date=1 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401123317/https://jakartaglobe.id/news/even-odd-replace-three-in-one|archive-date=1 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jakarta's public transport network includes bus rapid transit, the Jakarta MRT, Jakarta LRT, KRL Commuterline, and the airport rail link.<ref name="ITDP">{{cite web|title=Lessons Learned from Jakarta's Journey to Integrated and Resilient Transport Systems|website=Institute for Transportation and Development Policy|date=18 November 2021|url=https://itdp.org/publication/lessons-learned-from-jakartas-journey-to-integrated-and-resilient-transport-systems/|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Jakarta Deep Dive|publisher=Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative|date=2024|url=https://transformative-mobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Jakarta-Deep-Dive.pdf|access-date=1 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611023539/https://transformative-mobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Jakarta-Deep-Dive.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent transport policy has placed greater emphasis on integration between modes, including intermodal hubs, fare integration, walking access, and cycling facilities.<ref name="ITDP" /> Jakarta received the 2021 Sustainable Transport Award for work on integrated and resilient transport systems.<ref name="ITDP" /> The network also serves large commuter flows between Jakarta and surrounding municipalities in Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi.<ref>{{cite report|title=Commuter Statistics of Greater Jakarta: Results of the 2023 Jabodetabek Commuter Survey|publisher=Statistics Indonesia|date=28 March 2024|language=id|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/03/28/33b6bef825944e576e7ea3ba/statistik-komuter-jabodetabek-hasil-survei-komuter-jabodetabek-2023.html|access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

The Jakarta metropolitan area is served by Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, the main airport for the region, while Halim Perdanakusuma Airport handles domestic and secondary air services.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Harjono|first1=O.S.|display-authors=etal|url=https://ojs.balitbanghub.dephub.go.id/index.php/warlit/article/view/2312|title=Stochastic Modelling of Aircraft Ground Time at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport|journal=Warta Penelitian Perhubungan|volume=35|number=2|date=16 January 2024|pages=291–303|doi=10.25104/warlit.v35i2.2312|access-date=19 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915200724/https://ojs.balitbanghub.dephub.go.id/index.php/warlit/article/view/2312|archive-date=15 September 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=At Halim military airbase, defense comes after business|publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=11 July 2016|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/07/11/at-halim-military-airbase-defense-comes-after-business.html|access-date=1 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712123414/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/07/11/at-halim-military-airbase-defense-comes-after-business.html|archive-date=12 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The city's principal seaport is Tanjung Priok, Indonesia's main maritime gateway and its busiest port,<ref name="Susantono">{{cite journal|last1=Susantono|first1=B.|display-authors=etal|title=Improving Logistics Distribution Through Transportation Infrastructure Development in Greater Jakarta|journal=CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development|publisher=Tarumanegara University|volume=1|issue=1|date=21 May 2015|pages=101–109|doi=10.32783/csid-jid.v1i1.13|doi-access=free}}</ref> while the Muara Angke harbour serves boat traffic to the Thousand Islands.<ref>{{cite web|title=Want Vacation? Here are Boat Fares to Seribu Islands|publisher=Berita Jakarta|date=23 December 2022|url=https://m.beritajakarta.id/en/read/48489/want-vacation-here-are-boat-fares-to-seribu-islands|access-date=1 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223134845/https://m.beritajakarta.id/en/read/48489/want-vacation-here-are-boat-fares-to-seribu-islands|archive-date=23 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Healthcare=== [[File:Ciptomangun-hospital.jpg|thumb|Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta|alt=]]

Jakarta's healthcare system includes public and private hospitals, clinics, and community health centres (''puskesmas''). Public facilities include national referral hospitals such as Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, as well as district hospitals and puskesmas.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mahendradhata|first1=Y.|display-authors=etal|title=The Republic of Indonesia health system review|journal=Health Systems in Transition|date=10 March 2017|volume=7|issue=1|hdl=10665/254716}}</ref>

Local and national health-insurance policies affect access to care. In late 2012, then governor Joko Widodo introduced the ''Kartu Jakarta Sehat'' (Healthy Jakarta Card, KJS), a provincial programme intended to expand access to medical care through public health facilities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jokowi set to launch 'Jakarta Health Card'|publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=10 November 2012|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/11/10/jokowi-set-launch-jakarta-health-card.html|access-date=1 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108193723/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/11/10/jokowi-set-launch-jakarta-health-card.html|archive-date=8 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Indonesia launched the national ''Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional'' (JKN) system in January 2014, administered by BPJS Kesehatan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pisani|first=E.|title=Indonesia's road to universal health coverage: a political journey|journal=Health Policy and Planning|volume=32|issue=2|year=2017|pages=267–276|doi=10.1093/heapol/czw120|pmid=28207049|pmc=5400042}}</ref> A 2025 Jakarta planning document reported that universal health coverage in the province had reached 98.5% in 2023.<ref name="Rise20">{{cite report|title=Jakarta Rise#20: Path Towards Top 20 Global City|publisher=Regional Development Planning Agency DKI Jakarta Province|year=2025|page=19}}</ref>

===Water supply=== {{further|Water privatisation in Jakarta}}

Jakarta's piped-water system was long operated under a concession model. The public utility PAM Jaya retained ownership of the underlying assets, while private operators handled service delivery in different parts of the city.<ref name="PPPWorldBank">{{cite web|title=Drinking Water Supply, Jakarta, Indonesia|website=Public-Private Partnership Resource Center, World Bank|url=https://ppp.worldbank.org/water-and-sanitation/drinking-water-supply-jakarta-indonesia|access-date=1 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401121505/https://ppp.worldbank.org/water-and-sanitation/drinking-water-supply-jakarta-indonesia|archive-date=1 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Valette">{{cite journal|last=Valette|first=H.|title=Analysing the Evolution of Water Governance Models in Indonesia Through the Economies of Worth Framework|journal=Water Alternatives|volume=17|issue=1|year=2024|url=https://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol17/v17issue1/739-a17-1-6/file|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> In February 2023, PAM Jaya resumed full operation of the city's piped-water services.<ref name="Tobing">{{cite web|title=PAM Jaya Starts 100% Independent Operations Today|last=Tobing|first=A.G.L.|website=Berita Jakarta|date=1 February 2023|url=https://m.beritajakarta.id/en/read/49060/pam-jaya-starts-100-independent-operations-today|access-date=1 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807120941/https://m.beritajakarta.id/en/read/49060/pam-jaya-starts-100-independent-operations-today|archive-date=7 August 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> An important part of Jakarta's raw water supply comes through the West Tarum Canal, which carries water from the Jatiluhur reservoir system on the Citarum River toward the capital.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hadipuro|first=W.|display-authors=etal|title=Market Triumphalism in Water Governance: A Study of the Indonesian West Tarum Canal Water Allocation|pages=368–380|journal=International Journal of Water|volume=8|number=4|date=24 November 2014|article-number=65793|doi=10.1504/IJW.2014.065793|bibcode=2014IJWat...8..368H}}</ref>

Piped-water coverage remains incomplete. A 2022 spatial study reported that piped-water coverage in Jakarta was about 64%, and proposed priority areas for network expansion in response to groundwater abstraction, land subsidence and groundwater-quality concerns.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Taftazani|first1=R.|display-authors=etal|title=Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Abstraction and Land Subsidence for Planning the Piped Water Supply in Jakarta, Indonesia|journal=Water|volume=14|issue=20|date=11 October 2022|article-number=3197|doi=10.3390/w14203197|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022Water..14.3197T}}</ref> Earlier research also found that poor households often faced barriers to individual network connections.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bakker|first1=K.|display-authors=etal|title=Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households|journal=World Development|volume=36|number=10|year=2008|pages=1891–1915|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.015}}</ref> Many residents therefore rely on self-supplied groundwater or other non-networked sources.<ref name="Priadi">{{cite journal|last1=Priadi|first1=C.R.|display-authors=etal|title=Policy and regulatory context for self-supplied drinking water services in two cities in Indonesia: Priorities for managing risks|journal=Environmental Development|volume=49|date=March 2024|article-number=100940|doi=10.1016/j.envdev.2023.100940|bibcode=2024EnvDe..4900940P}}</ref> Studies have linked heavy groundwater abstraction to land subsidence, while also identifying salinity and contamination as concerns for groundwater quality.<ref name="Kooy">{{cite journal|last1=Kooy|first1=M.|last2=Walter|first2=C.T.|last3=Prabaharyaka|first3=I.|title=Inclusive development of urban water services in Jakarta: The role of groundwater|journal=Habitat International|volume=73|date=March 2018|pages=109–118|doi=10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.10.006|bibcode=2018HabI...73..109K}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Geological Agency: Jakarta Experiencing Clean Water Crisis|language=id|website=Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia|date=9 June 2017|url=https://www.esdm.go.id/en/media-center/news-archives/badan-geologi-jakarta-alami-krisis-air-bersih--1|access-date=1 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401121758/https://www.esdm.go.id/en/media-center/news-archives/badan-geologi-jakarta-alami-krisis-air-bersih--1|archive-date=1 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International relations== {{See also|List of diplomatic missions in Jakarta}}

As Indonesia's capital, Jakarta hosts foreign embassies, the ASEAN Secretariat, and permanent missions connected with ASEAN member states and several partner countries.<ref name="Salmande">{{cite web|last=Salmande|first=A.|title=What does Indonesia's new capital mean for Jakarta and the ASEAN headquarters?|website=Indonesia at Melbourne|date=14 June 2024|url=https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/what-does-indonesias-new-capital-mean-for-jakarta-and-the-ASEAN-headquarters/|access-date=1 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815193808/https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/what-does-indonesias-new-capital-mean-for-jakarta-and-the-ASEAN-headquarters/|archive-date=15 August 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> The city also takes part in international urban networks. It has been a member of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group since 2006,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta, Indonesia|website=C40 Cities|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/jakarta/|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> and is part of the ASEAN Smart Cities Network, a platform for cooperation on smart and sustainable urban development.<ref>{{cite web|title=ASEAN Smart Cities Network|website=ASEAN|url=https://asean.org/our-communities/asean-smart-cities-network/|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref>

===Twin towns – sister cities=== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia}}

Jakarta has signed sister city agreements with a number of cities. Its sister cities are:<ref name=sisters>{{cite web|title=21 State Capitals Working with Sister City with Jakarta|url=https://www.beritajakarta.id/en/read/29691/21-state-capitals-working-with-sister-city-with-jakarta|publisher=Berita Jakarta|date=13 February 2019|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721063802/https://www.beritajakarta.id/en/read/29691/21-state-capitals-working-with-sister-city-with-jakarta|url-status=live}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=16em}} * Bangkok, Thailand * Beijing, China * Berlin, Germany * Casablanca, Morocco * East Jerusalem, Palestine * Hanoi, Vietnam * Islamabad, Pakistan * Istanbul, Turkey * Jeddah, Saudi Arabia * Kyiv, Ukraine * Los Angeles, United States * Maputo, Mozambique * Mumbai, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html|title=BMC plans 'sister city square' to celebrate Mumbai's bond with its 15 sister cities|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=6 March 2022|access-date=2 December 2022|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203044959/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * Moscow, Russia * Pyongyang, North Korea * Seoul, South Korea * Shanghai, China * Tokyo, Japan  {{div col end}}

Jakarta has also established cooperation arrangements with other cities and regions. Its partnership with Rotterdam has included capacity-building and knowledge exchange on integrated urban water management.<ref name="NESO">{{cite web|title=Jakarta and Rotterdam strengthen ties on urban water management|date=16 September 2014|publisher=Neso Indonesia|url=http://www.nesoindonesia.or.id/berita/2014/september/jakarta-and-rotterdam-strengthen-ties-on-urban-water-management|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807135334/http://www.nesoindonesia.or.id/berita/2014/september/jakarta-and-rotterdam-strengthen-ties-on-urban-water-management|archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> In addition to its sister cities, Jakarta cooperates with:<ref name=sisters/> * Arkansas, United States * Budapest, Hungary * New South Wales, Australia * New York, United States<ref name="GlobalOutreach">{{cite web|title=NYC's Partner Cities|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814165415/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml|archive-date=August 14, 2013|access-date=March 26, 2015|publisher=The City of New York}}</ref> * Osaka, Japan<ref>{{cite web|title=The City of Osaka's International Network|url=https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/keizaisenryaku/english/international_network.html|website=city.osaka.lg.jp|publisher=Osaka|access-date=December 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415203553/https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/keizaisenryaku/english/international_network.html|archive-date=April 15, 2021}}</ref> * Paris, France * Rotterdam, Netherlands

==Notable people== {{main category|People from Jakarta}}

==See also== {{portal|Indonesia|Jakarta|Cities|Asia}} * Betawi people * Climate change in Indonesia * Greater Jakarta * List of tallest buildings in Jakarta * Outline of Jakarta * Transport in Jakarta

==Notes== {{Notelist}} {{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Cortesão|first=Armando|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC|title=The Suma oriental of Tome Pires, books 1-5|date=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-0535-7|location=New Delhi}} * {{cite book|last=Knörr|first=Jacqueline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bo0dDAAAQBAJ|title=Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia|date=2007|volume=9|publisher=Berghahn Books|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qcwb1|isbn=978-1-78238-268-3|jstor=j.ctt9qcwb1|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325104504/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bo0dDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite journal|last1=Martinez|first1=R.|last2=Masron|first2=I.N.|title=Jakarta: A city of cities|journal=Cities|date=November 2020|volume=106|article-number=102868|doi=10.1016/j.cities.2020.102868|pmid=32863521|pmc=7442427}} * {{cite book|last1=Nas|first1=Peter J.M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBJr9viseXEC|title=Jakarta-Batavia: Socio-cultural Essays|last2=Grijns|first2=Kees|date=2000|publisher=KITLV Press|isbn=90-6718-139-0|location=Leiden|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202111722/https://books.google.com/books?id=cBJr9viseXEC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Reid|first1=Anthony|title=The New Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 3: The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries|chapter=Islam in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean Littoral, 1500-1800: Expansion, Polarization, Synthesis|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2010a|hdl=1885/18044|isbn=978-1-10-745697-6}} * {{cite book|last=Ricklefs|first=M.C.|author-link=Merle Ricklefs|year=2001|title=A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200|edition=3rd|place=Basingstoke; Stanford, CA|publisher=Palgrave; Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-4480-5}} * {{cite book|last=Vickers|first=A.|title=A History of Modern Indonesia|edition=2nd|url=https://www.cambridge.org/universitypress/subjects/history/south-east-asian-history/history-modern-indonesia-2nd-edition|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-107-62445-0}} {{refend}}

===Further reading=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last1=Hellman|first1=Jorgen|last2=Thynell|first2=Marie|last3=Voorst|first3=Roanne van|title=Jakarta: Claiming spaces and rights in the city|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtJMDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-62044-4|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829213725/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jakarta/wtJMDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Heuken|first=Adolf|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16|date=1999|volume=1|publisher=Cipta Loka Caraka|trans-title=Original sources of Jakarta's history, Volume I: Historical documents of Jakarta up to the end of the 16th century}} * {{cite book|last=Kusno|first=Abidin|year=2000|title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures|location=New York City|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SSWwAtgkB8C|isbn=978-0-415-23615-7|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233104/https://books.google.com/books?id=1SSWwAtgkB8C|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Merrillees|first=Scott|title=Jakarta: Portraits of a Capital 1950–1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akLWjgEACAAJ&q=JAKARTA:+Portraits+of+a+Capital+1950-1980|location=Jakarta|publisher=Equinox Publishing|date=2015|isbn=978-602-8397-30-8|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330012722/https://books.google.com/books?id=akLWjgEACAAJ&q=JAKARTA%3A+Portraits+of+a+Capital+1950-1980|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Ring|first=Trudy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqHPpNaZfNwC|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|date=1994|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|isbn=1-884964-05-2|editor-last=Schellinger|editor-first=Paul E.|volume=5|location=Chicago|editor-last2=Salkin|editor-first2=Robert M.}} {{refend}}

==External links== * {{Official website|https://jakarta.go.id}} * [https://jakarta-tourism.go.id/ Jakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116222403/https://jakarta-tourism.go.id/|date=16 November 2021}} (official travel website) * {{OSM relation|6362934}}

{{Geographic location |North = Java Sea |Northwest = Thousand Islands |West = Tangerang |Centre = Jakarta |Southwest = South Tangerang |South = Depok |Southeast = ''Cileungsi'', Bogor Regency |East = Bekasi |Northeast = ''Tarumajaya'', Bekasi Regency }}

{{Jakarta topics}} {{Jakarta}} {{Navboxes|list= {{Provinces of Indonesia}} {{Provincial capitals in Indonesia}} {{Most populous cities in Indonesia}} {{List of Asian capitals by region}} {{United States of Indonesia}} {{Asian Games host cities}} {{Megacities}} }} {{Subject bar|portal1=Jakarta|portal2=Geography|portal3=Asia|portal4=Indonesia|commons=y|n=y|n-search=Category:Jakarta|wikt=y|b=y|q=y|s=y|v=y|voy=y|d=y|d-search=Q3630}} {{Authority control}}

Jakarta Category:Capital districts and territories Category:Provinces of Indonesia Category:Capital cities in Asia Category:Populated coastal places in Indonesia Category:Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company Category:1610 establishments in the Dutch Empire Category:Special Regions of Indonesia Category:Populated places established in 1527 Category:Megacities