Red triangle (badge)

{{Short description| Symbol of anti-fascism }} {{Redirect|Red inverted triangle||Red triangle}} {{Copy edit| for = spelling / tone / cohesion|date=September 2025}} {{use dmy dates| date = July 2025}} {{use British English| date = July 2025}} {{Multiple image | align = right | perrow = 2 | total_width = 420 | caption_align = center | image2 = 15.05.2021 - AfD Landesparteitag Niedersachsen (Braunschweig) (51181534584).jpg | caption2 = Protest against Alternative for Germany (AfD) in 2021.{{efn| Image from a protest in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony in 2021. The banner says "crash the party" (in English) with ''Nationalismus ist keine Alternative'' (NIKA, English: Nationalism is not an alternative) underneath, and had been used at earlier protests as well.<ref name="Nasr" >The banner says "crash the party" (in English) with ''Nationalismus ist keine Alternative'' (English: Nationalism is not an alternative) underneath. The gallery of this story includes an image of the full banner at protest in 2019: {{cite news | last1 = Nasr | first1 = Joseph | title = German far-right AfD party elects new leader backed by radical wing | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/world/german-far-right-afd-party-elects-new-leader-backed-by-radical-wing-idUSKBN1Y40A6/ | work = reuters.com | publisher = Reuters | date = 1 December 2019 | quote = [2/6] Demonstrators hold a banner during an anti-AfD protest ahead of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party meeting in Braunschweig, Germany, 30 November 2019 | others = photo credit: Fabian Bimmer }}</ref>}} | image3 = Uniform of a Belgian political prisoner in Dachau.jpg | caption3 = Dachau uniform at Belgium's National Museum of the Resistance | caption4 = ''The Red Wedge'', Nikolai Kolli, 1918 | image4 = Nikolai Kolli The Red Wedge 1918.jpg | image1 = AfD-Ban.jpg | caption1 = VVN-BdA protest in 2025 against the AfD.{{efn| Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists (VVN-BdA) protest banner at a protest against Alternative for Germany in Frankfurt in 2025. Translation: "Ban the AfD now! Ban Nazi parties, before it's too late".}} }} {{Anti-fascism sidebar}}

The '''red triangle''', also known as the '''red wedge''', was a required accessory worn by left-wing dissidents incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps during World War Two. A red triangle patch pointing upwards designated prisoners within the jurisdiction of the Wehrmacht, including prisoners of war,{{citation needed| reason = most sources show downward arrows on all non-Germans | date = August 2025 }} spies, and military deserters.<ref name="tafel-mit" /> An inverted red triangle was worn by political prisoners, including resistance fighters.<ref name="DW 08-04-2024" /><ref name="USHMM combined symbols" /><ref name="HCP doc" /> The political ideologies designated by the red triangle included communists, liberals, anarchists, Social Democrats, and Freemasons.<ref name="HCP doc" /><ref name="Montreal Holocaust Museum" /> After the war, the inverted red triangle symbol was reclaimed by anti-fascists in Europe, similar to the way that the pink triangle used to mark gay prisoners became a symbol of LGBTQ pride. The reclaimed red triangle symbol has been used as the logo for the Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists in Germany and numerous other post-war remembrances and memorial groups. It has also been worn as a lapel pin by left-wing politicians from Belgium, France, and Spain.

Other left-wing, anti-fascist, and resistance groups have used red triangle or red wedge symbols that reference images and symbols from before WWII.<ref name="Silver 16 August 2024" /> One of these is ''Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge'', a 1919 propaganda poster by El Lissitzky.<ref name="Silver 16 August 2024" /> An earlier image recalled by some labour movements is an equilateral triangle representing eight-hours of work, eight-hours of leisure, and eight hours of sleep in the 24-hours of a day.

In 2020, Donald Trump's presidential re-election campaign attracted controversy by using the symbol in social media advertisements attacking his own far-left opponents, whom he described as "Antifa".<ref name="NPR Trump 18 June 2020" />

== Before Nazi Germany == {{see also|{{ target of |Red triangle (badge) }} #Ongoing anti-fascist use|#Media references to the red triangle and red wedge|selfref=yes}}

=== Eight-hour workday === {{further | Second International #Pre-foundation conferences (1881–1889) | Eight-hour day movement | Haymarket affair | 8 =:fr: Triangle rouge #Revendication ouvrière | label8 = Red triangle: Workers' demands (Triangle rouge: Revendication ouvrière) on French Wikipedia | 9 =:nl: Rode driehoek | label9 = Red triangle (Rode driehoek) on Dutch Wikipedia }}

The red triangle has been a left-wing political symbol since the 19th century. On Labor Day in 1890 in France workers wore a red triangle as a symbol of the eight-hour working day they were fighting for, with the three points representing 8 hours of work, 8 hours of rest, and 8 hours of leisure.<ref name="solidair 31 July 2019" /><ref name="May Day" /> It is still used with this meaning in some parts of Europe, in conjunction with Labour Day celebrations on 8 May.<ref name="driehoek" />

In July 1889 in Paris, at the meeting of the Second International, the workers' association bringing together European socialist and workers' parties, decided that the following year, workers would demonstrate on May 1 to demand the eight-hour day.<ref name="[1] Solidaire" /> The red leather triangle was adopted on 1 May 1890 in Paris during the workers' struggles so that the demonstrator could distinguish himself from the man in the street.<ref name="[2] Rodriguez 1990" >{{cite book| author1 = Michel Rodriguez | title = Le 1er mai | publisher = :fr: Éditions Gallimard en: Gallimard | year = 1990 | page = 158 | quote = D'autres signes relèvent de la symbolique du rouge, dès la première célébration. A Paris, de petits triangles en cuir rouge – allusion aux trois huit – sont fabriqués en grande quantité pour que le manifestant puisse se distinguer de l'homme de la rue. | trans-quote = Other signs reflect the symbolism of red, from the very first celebration. In Paris, small red leather triangles – an allusion to the three eights – are produced in large quantities so that the demonstrator can distinguish himself from the man in the street. |isbn=978-2-07-071860-3}} – cited in {{ill|Triangle rouge|fr}} on French Wikipedia: {{cite book|author1=Michel Rodriguez |date=1990 |isbn=978-2-07-071860-3 |page=158 « D’autres signes relèvent de la symbolique du rouge, dès la première célébration. A Paris, de petits triangles en cuir rouge – allusion aux trois huit – sont fabriqués en grande quantité pour que le manifestant puisse se distinguer de l’homme de la rue. » |publisher=Gallimard |title=Le 1er mai}}</ref> The badge symbolizes workers' demand for a maximum eight-hour work day, which reserved 8 hours of sleep and 8 hours of leisure. The inscription "1 May, 8 hours of work" was sewn onto the triangle for the demonstration.<ref name="[3] 1890" >{{cite journal| title = 1er Mai | journal = La gazette de Liège | year = 1890 | quote = fr: Dix mille affiches vont être placardées à Paris. Elles seront imprimées sur papier rouge. Elles portent en tête: Fête du travail. La pétition des chambres syndicales et des groupes socialistes de France sera portée, le 1er mai, à la chambre des députés par une délégation. La délégation partira de la place de la Concorde à 2 heures de l’après-midi. L’insigne adopté par les manifestants est un petit triangle en cuir rouge dans lequel se trouve cette inscription: (citation: 1er mai, 8 heures de travail). On remarquera l’orthographe particulière du mot: heures. Cette orthographe et les caractères, qui ne sont certainement pas français, laissent facilement voir que la matrice a été fabriquée en Suisse ou en Allemagne. L’insigne se vendra 5 centimes. | trans-quote = Ten thousand posters will be put up in Paris. They will be printed on red paper. They will bear the heading: Labor Day. The petition from the trade union chambers and socialist groups of France will be taken to the Chamber of Deputies on May 1st by a delegation. The delegation will leave from the Place de la Concorde at 2:00 p.m. The badge adopted by the demonstrators is a small red leather triangle containing this inscription: "1er mai, 8 heures de travail". Note the particular spelling of the word: heures. This spelling and the characters, which are certainly not French, make it easy to see that the stamp was made in Switzerland or Germany. The badge will sell for 5 centimes. }} – cited in {{ill|Triangle rouge|fr}} on French Wikipedia</ref>

Following the immense success of the mobilization of the 1 May 1890 – in Belgium, 150,000 workers went on strike – it was decided shortly afterward to make this date a worldwide day of action, this is the creation of the International Workers' Day ({{ langx |fr| Journée internationale des travailleurs }}).<ref name="[1] Solidaire" /> The eight-hour day was obtained in 1919 in France and in 1921 in Belgium.<ref name="[1] Solidaire" >{{cite web| url = https://www.solidaire.org/articles/triangle-rouge-les-origines-ouvrieres-d-un-symbole-antifasciste | title = Triangle rouge: les origines ouvrières d'un symbole antifasciste | website = solidaire.org | date = 29 July 2019 | access-date = 26 January 2025 | author = Jonathan Lefèvre}} – cited in {{ill|Triangle rouge|fr}} on French Wikipedia: {{cite web|access-date=26 January 2025 |author=Jonathan Lefèvre |date=29 July 2019 |title=Triangle rouge: les origines ouvrières d'un symbole antifasciste |url=https://www.solidaire.org/articles/triangle-rouge-les-origines-ouvrieres-d-un-symbole-antifasciste |website=solidaire.org}}</ref>

<gallery align=left mode=packed heights=150 caption = "Advertisements for 'Three 8' brand soap {{efn|name=Three8| 'Three 8' referred to 8 hours of work, 8 hours of leisure, and 8 hours of sleep. }}{{efn|name=WS| {{ commons category-inline |Workers' Soap Factory}} }}" > File: Placard publicitaire Savon des Trois 8 - 02.jpg | '3x8' brand soap {{additional citation needed| reason = off-wiki sources about these images|date=September 2025}} File: Publicité pour le savon Le 3-8, illustration.jpg | {{langx|fr| Savon des Trois 8 || {{nowrap|Soap of the Three 8}} }} </gallery>

=== El Lissitzky's Red Wedge {{ anchor |Red Wedge|red wedge|El Lissitzky's Red Wedge|}}=== {{further | El Lissitzky | Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge #Modern use | :ru: Бей жидов — спасай Россию! | :ru: Бей жида-политрука, рожа просит кирпича! }} [[File:Der Apikoires 1931 № 6.jpg|thumb|right|320px| Cover of ''{{ ill |Der Apikojres|he|דער אפיקוירעס}}'' {{nowrap|№ 6}} ({{langx|yi|דער אפיקוירעס}}), by El Lissitzky in 1931 (a periodical published by the League of Militant Atheists). ]]

Similar symbols were being used in far-left politics in early 20th century Russia. A red triangle or "red wedge" features on some early communist posters. A red wedge appeared in a 1919 soviet propaganda poster by constructivist artist El Lissitzky titled "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge", referring to the anti-communist White movement, who were defeated by the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.<ref name="Ginsberg 2017" /><ref name="Anti-Fascist Action" /> The term "whites" referred to the White movement, a conservative, right-wing, monarchist movement whose factional colour was white. The title, allegedly recommended by Ilya Ehrenburg, is possibly a response to the pogrom slogan "Beat the Jews!" ({{langx|ru|Бей жидов!|Bej zhidov!}}).<ref name="red wedge title" >{{cite web | date = 16 August 2024 | last1 = Silver | first1 = Steve | title = Berlin and the red triangle | magazine = Searchlight | url = https://searchlightmagazine.com/2024/08/berlin-and-the-red-triangle/ | quote = In 1918 Nikolai Kolli … The avant-garde Russian Jewish artist El Lissitsky echoed that sculpture in his famous "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge" poster, some arguing that the slogan was chosen to counter the Russian pogromist slogan "Bej zhidov!" (“Beat the Jews”).}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Forgács|first1=Éva| title = Malevich, Lissitzky, and the culture of the future|journal=The Structurist| date = 1999 |volume=39|issue=50| url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/9985cd3575a5cf0562940b631d849760/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816542| access-date = 30 August 2022 |language=en| page = 49 | quote = Lissitzky’s choice of the words “Beat the Whites!” (Bei bielykh!) — supposedly on the advice of Ilya Ehrenburg — recalled the dreaded pogrom slogan “Beat the Jews!” (Bei zhidov!). }}</ref><ref name="no contemporary" /> The full slogan was {{ ill |Beat the Jews – save Russia!|ru|Бей жидов — спасай Россию!}} ({{langx|ru|Бей жидов — спасай Россию!}}), and it was predominantly used by right wing monarchists and their militant ''Black Hundreds''.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Скобелев Андрей Владиславович (Skobelev, Andrey Vladislavovich) | trans-title = "There is much that is unclear in a strange country..." III. Materials for commenting on selected works by V. S. Vysotsky. Literary criticism | title = "Много неясного в странной стране…" III. Материалы к комментированию избранных произведений В. С. Высоцкого. Литературоведение | url = https://worlds-vv.albumplayer.ru/static/upload/ABC%202012%20s.pdf#page=39 | location = Воронеж | publisher = Эхо | year = 2012 | ref = Скобелев | page = 38 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Размолодин | first = М. Л. | trans-title = The Russian Question in the Ideology of the Black Hundreds: Monograph | title = Русский вопрос в идеологии черной сотни: монография | editor = ред. Иерусалимский, Юрий Юрьевич | location = Ярославль | publisher = Нюанс | edition = 2-е издание, доп. и перераб | year = 2013 | page = 103}}</ref><ref>{{ill|Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution|ru|Антисемитизм: историческая энциклопедия предрассудков и преследований}} — {{Cite book | first = John D. | last = Klier | author-link = John D. Klier | chapter = Black Hundreds | title = Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution | editor = Richard S. Levy | location = Santa Barbara, California | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 2005 | volume = 1 | series = Contemporary world issues | isbn = 978-1-85109-439-4 |language=en| page = 71 }}</ref>

Numerous modern left-wing groups and publications have used symbols that reference the red wedge, or the reclamation or the red triangle badge that the Nazis used to mark their political opponents, or both.<ref name="Silver 16 August 2024">{{cite news | date = 16 August 2024 |last1 = Silver |first1=Steve | title = Berlin and the red triangle |work=Searchlight | url = https://searchlightmagazine.com/2024/08/berlin-and-the-red-triangle/ |quote = It wasn't only in Germany that the red triangle was an anti-fascist symbol. It was also an anti-fascist symbol in Britain. Anti-Fascist Action used the symbol in the 1980s with the red triangle piercing a swastika (right).}}</ref> The black flag used by modern anti-fascists (Antifa) also refers back to the era of the Russian Revolution.<ref>{{cite web| last1 = Jones | first1=Seth G. | title = Who Are Antifa, and Are They a Threat? | url = https://www.csis.org/analysis/who-are-antifa-and-are-they-threat | website = www.csis.org | publisher = Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) | date = 4 June 2020 | quote = One of the most common symbols used by Antifa combines the red flag of the 1917 Russian Revolution and the black flag of 19th century anarchists.}}</ref> The El Lissitzky poster was the namesake of the 1980s British left-wing musical collective Red Wedge, they opposed British conservatives but did not describe themselves as communist.<ref name="Grime4Corbyn" /><ref name="Watson 2017-06-06" /><ref name="wedge crack" />

[[File: Klinom Krasnym Bej Belych.JPG |thumb|center|480px| El Lissitzky's 1919 anti-White movement poster, ''Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge'' <small>({{langx|ru|Клином красным бей белых}})</small>.<ref>{{cite web | title = "Клином красным бей белых", "Не болтай" и другие образы революции | work=BBC News Русская служба | url = https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-41944547 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = "Не уйти из-под красного вала!" Революционный угар плакатов Гражданской войны | work=BBC News Русская служба | url = https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-41856721 }}</ref> ]]

== Opponents of the Nazi Party == {{further | Victims of Nazi Germany #Political groups | Historiography of German resistance to Nazism }} {{Anti-communism}}

=== Background to Nazi persecution of left-wing opponents === {{further | Communist Party of Germany | Dachau concentration camp | Protective custody (Nazi Germany) | First They Came }}

The colour of the symbol comes from the party colours of the Communist Party of Germany, one of the first groups to be detained in the Nazi concentration camps.<ref name="DW 08-04-2024" /> Nazi crackdowns on their left wing political enemies started very early. As depicted in the famous poem, First They Came by Martin Niemöller, a German priest. It begins, ''"When the Nazis came for the communists, I kept quiet; I wasn't a communist"'' ({{langx|de|Als die Nazis die Kommunisten holten}}).<ref name="Martin-Niemöller-Haus"/> The most comon English version begimns, "First they came for the Communists".<ref name="firsttheycame" /><ref name="Martin-Niemöller-Haus" /> In a 2024 article about the origins of the red triangle symbol, Germany's public broadcaster Deutsche Welle reported, "At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors.. most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries".<ref name="DW 08-04-2024" />

=== The red triangle badge in Nazi concentration camps === {{further | Nazi concentration camp badge #Single triangles | Strafbataillon | LGBTQ symbols #Triangle badges of Nazi Germany | Resistance during World War II | Buchenwald Resistance | Auschwitz bombing debate }} {| class="floatright" style="text-align:center;" ! Red triangle <br> prisoner categories |- | communists<ref name="La Vanguardia 16 January 2020" /> |- | social democrats<ref name="La Vanguardia 16 January 2020" /> |- | liberals<ref name="La Vanguardia 16 January 2020" /> |- | style="width: 12em;" | members of the Resistance <ref name="La Vanguardia 16 January 2020" /> |- | anarchists<ref name="La Vanguardia 16 January 2020" /> |- | trade unionists<ref name="La Vanguardia 16 January 2020" /> |- | Freemasons<ref name="La Vanguardia 16 January 2020" /> |- | Strasserists<ref name="La Vanguardia 16 January 2020" /> |- |}

A red inverted triangle was worn by political prisoners in Nazi concentration camps.<ref>{{cite web| title = Red triangle symbol: Germany debating a ban – DW – 08/04/2024 | url = https://www.dw.com/en/germany-debates-banning-red-triangle-symbol-linked-to-hamas/a-69840776 | website = dw.com | publisher = Deutsche Welle | date = 4 August 2024 |language=en |quote = From the mid-1930s, political prisoners were forced to wear cloth badges with the triangle in Nazi concentration camps. It was part of an extensive dehumanizing classification system. 'At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors,' Jens-Christian Wagner, the director of the Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora Memorials Foundation, told DW. Later, he explained, most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries.}}</ref><ref name="USHMM combined symbols">{{cite web | title = Classification System in Nazi Concentration Camps | url = https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/classification-system-in-nazi-concentration-camps |website = Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher = ushmm.org |language=en |quote = Jewish prisoners were identified by a yellow star. If they were imprisoned for another reason, a triangle of the appropriate colour was added to their badge. Therefore, if a Jewish prisoner was also considered a political opponent, a red triangle was sewn over the yellow triangle. Criminals were marked with green inverted triangles, political prisoners with red, "asocials" (including Roma, nonconformists, vagrants, and other groups) with black or – in the case of Roma in some camps – brown triangles. Gay men and men accused of homosexuality were identified with pink triangles. And Jehovah's Witnesses were identified with purple ones … The two triangles forming the Jewish star badge would both be yellow unless the Jewish prisoner was included in one of the other prisoner categories. A Jewish political prisoner, for example, would be identified with a yellow triangle beneath a red triangle.}}</ref><ref name="Montreal Holocaust Museum">{{cite web | title = Identification Badge of a Political Prisoner | url = https://museeholocauste.ca/en/objects/identification-badge-of-a-political-prisoner-nazi-camps/ |website = museeholocauste.ca |publisher = Musée de l'Holocauste Montréal [Montreal Holocaust Museum] |location = Montreal, Canada |language=en}}</ref> The red triangle was only used for Jewish prisoners in unusual circumstances, such as when the Nazi authorities in the prison were unaware that the prisoner was Jewish.<ref name="15 March 2025">{{cite news | date = 15 March 2025 | title = Testimonies From Auschwitz Reveal a Network of Women Who Saved Lives and Prepared for Rebellion | newspaper = Haaretz | url = https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2025-03-15/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/auschwitz-testimonies-reveal-network-of-women-who-saved-lives-and-prepared-for-rebellion/00000195-96aa-d4de-a3fd-96ab9a520000 | quote = Though this group consisted only of Jewish girls, there was one girl who wore a red triangle on her number, identifying her as a Pole. She was Jewish, but had succeeded in maintaining her false identity as a non-Jew. This girl was either directly involved with the Polish Underground or was close enough to them to have gained their confidence. She used to supply us with current political news… She told us that the Polish Home Army [the largest Polish underground movement] was organizing a revolt in Warsaw… }}</ref>

German communists were among the first to be imprisoned in concentration camps.<ref name="MNN">{{cite journal| title = Ein Konzentrationslager für politische Gefangene In der Nähe von Dachau| url = http://www.holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/photo.cgi?02|journal = Münchner Neueste Nachrichten ("The Munich Latest News")| date = 21 March 1933|publisher = The Holocaust History Project|language = de|quote = The Munich Chief of Police, Himmler, has issued the following press announcement: On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000 persons. 'All Communists and—where necessary—Reichsbanner and Social Democratic functionaries who endanger state security are to be concentrated here, as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening these prisons, and on the other hand these people cannot be released because attempts have shown that they persist in their efforts to agitate and organise as soon as they are released.'| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130506090957/http://www.holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/photo.cgi?02| archive-date = 2013-05-06| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/camps.htm| title = Holocaust Timeline: Camps|publisher = The History Place |access-date = 2012-01-30}}</ref> Their ties to the USSR concerned Hitler, and the Nazi Party was intractably opposed to communism. Rumors of communist violence were spread by the Nazis to justify the Enabling Act of 1933, which gave Hitler his first dictatorial powers. Hermann Göring testified at Nuremberg that Nazi willingness to repress German Communists prompted Hindenburg and the old elite to cooperate with them. Hitler and the Nazis also despised German leftists because of their resistance to Nazi racism. Hitler referred to Marxism and "Bolshevism" as means for "the international Jew" to undermine "racial purity", stir up class tension and mobilise trade unions against the government and business. When the Nazis occupied a territory, communists, socialists and anarchists were usually among the first to be repressed; this included summary executions. An example is Hitler's Commissar Order, in which he demanded the summary execution of all Soviet troops who were political commissars who offered resistance or were captured in battle.<ref name="CO">{{cite web | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007454 | title = Commissar Order |work= United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date = 27 September 2015 | quote = The Commissar Order read: "The originators of barbaric, Asiatic methods of warfare are the political commissars... Therefore, when captured either in battle or offering resistance, they are to be shot on principle."}}</ref>{{verify source | reason = copied from "victims of Nazi Germany" page, double check for here | date = July 2025 }}

Many red triangle wearers were interned at Dachau concentration camp. The triangle and star system was used at the Dachau concentration camp from 1938 to 1942.<ref>{{cite web | title = Classification System in Nazi Concentration Camps | url = https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/classification-system-in-nazi-concentration-camps | website = Holocaust Encyclopedia |language=en| quote = Among the first victims of persecution in Nazi Germany were political opponents—primarily Communists, Social Democrats, and trade unionists. … From 1938, Jews in the camps were identified by a yellow star sewn onto their prison uniforms, a perversion of the Jewish Star of David symbol. After 1939 and with some variation from camp to camp, the categories of prisoners were easily identified by a marking system combining a colored inverted triangle with lettering. The badges sewn onto prisoner uniforms enabled SS guards to identify the alleged grounds for incarceration. … A chart of prisoner markings used in German concentration camps. Dachau, Germany, ca. 1938–1942 … Beginning in 1937–1938, the SS created a system of marking prisoners in concentration camps. Sewn onto uniforms, the color-coded badges identified the reason for an individual’s incarceration, with some variation among camps. The Nazis used this chart illustrating prisoner markings in the Dachau concentration camp. }}</ref>

According to the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland, 95% of prisoners at Auschwitz concentration camp were accused of political crimes.{{efn| Note: Auschwitz is the German name for Oświęcim. }}<ref name="USA TODAY" >{{cite news | last1 = Shannon | first1= Joel | title = Nazis used red triangles to mark political prisoners. That symbol is why Facebook banned a Donald Trump reelection campaign ad. | url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/18/nazis-used-red-triangles-they-symbol-organized-hate/3217951001/ | work = USA Today | date = 18 June 2020 | others = updated 19 June 2020) | quote = Political prisoners were forced to wear red triangles. And those red triangles were common in the camps. The Auschwitz Memorial in Oświęcim, Poland, tweeted Thursday that 95% of prisoners at Auschwitz were accused of political crimes in August 1944. A letter could also be included inside the triangle to mark a person's nationality, the museum said.}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Later this expanded and many political detainees were German and foreign civilian activists from across the political spectrum who opposed the Nazi regime, captured resistances fighters (many of whom were executed during—or immediately after—their interrogation, particularly in occupied Poland and France) and, sometimes, their families. German political prisoners were a substantial proportion of the first inmates at Dachau (the prototypical Nazi concentration camp). The political People's Court was notorious for the number of its death sentences.<ref>Frei, Norbert (1993) ''National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State 1933–1945'' Translated by Simon B. Steyne. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 147, 212 n.43 {{isbn|0-631-18507-0}}</ref><ref>Rvans, Richard J. (2005) ''The Third Reich in Power'' New York: Penguin Books. pp.69–70. {{isbn|0-14-303790-0}}</ref>

{{Gallery | title = Schematics of prisoner badge symbols in Nazi concentration camps | height = 240 | mode = packed | File: Concentration Camp Badges.png | Schematic | File: Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1993-051-07, Tafel mit KZ-Kennzeichen (Winkel) retouched.jpg | German Federal Archives | File: Kennzeichen_für_Schutzhäftlinge_in_den_Konzentrationslagern.jpg | USHMM, USA | File:Badges2.jpg | USHMM (English) }}

== After WWII == {{Commons category|VVN}} [[File:Floral tribute at the red triangle, 8 May commemoration 2022, Fort Breendonk.jpg |thumb|180px| Floral tribute at the red triangle, 8 May 2022, Fort Breendonk ]]{{Further| anti-fascism | Anti-Fascist Action | Anti-Nazi League }}

Since the end of World War II the red triangle has been used as an anti-fascist symbol.<ref name="Silver 16 August 2024"/> The pink triangle and red triangle were both reclaimed after the war as symbols of pride and remembrance.<ref name="DW 08-04-2024"/>

=== Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists === {{see also|#Symbols at protests}} {{further | Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists | :de: antifa (Zeitschrift) | International Federation of Resistance Fighters – Association of Anti-Fascists }}

The ''Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists'' ({{langx|de|Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes – Bund der Antifaschistinnen und Antifaschisten}}, VVN-BdA) is a German political confederation founded in 1947 and based in Berlin. The VVN-BdA, formerly the VVN, emerged from victims' associations in Germany founded by political opponents to Nazism after the Second World War and the end of the Nazi rule in Germany.{{verify source | reason = copied from "Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists", so sources may be avaliable there if the sources in this paragraph don't cover all of this. | date = July 2025}}

With the end of World War II, self-help groups of former resistance fighters were founded in "anti-fascist committees", known as "Antifas", involving working class militants, in particular but not only Communists<ref>David Kahn ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OGVYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22antifa%22 Betrayal: our occupation of Germany]'' Beacon Service Co., 1950</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RfkqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22antifa%22 Information Bulletin], Office of Military Government Control Office, Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, U.S. Zone). Issues 1–22, 1945, pp.13–15</ref><ref>Leonard Krieger "[http://www.psqonline.org/article.cfm?IDArticle=5990 The Inter-Regnum in Germany: March–August 1945]" ''Political Science Quarterly'' Volume 64 – Number 4 – December 1949, pp. 507–532</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Pritchard | first = Gareth | title = Niemandsland: A History of Unoccupied Germany, 1944–1945 | year = 2012 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1107013506}}</ref> which were banned immediately by the military administrations of each of the British and American occupation zones for being far politically left.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Michelmann | first1 = Jeannette | title = Aktivisten der ersten Stunde: die Antifa in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone | date = 2002 | publisher = Böhlau | location = Köln | isbn = 9783412046026 | page = 369}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Woller | first1 = Hans | title = Gesellschaft und Politik in der amerikanischen Besatzungszone: die Region Ansbach und Fürth | date = 1986 | publisher = Oldenbourg | location = München | isbn = 9783486594751 | page = 89 | language = German}}</ref> By June 26, 1945, an "association of political prisoners and persecutees of the Nazi system" had been founded in Stuttgart, and in the following weeks and months, there were regional groups of ex-political prisoners and other persecuted individuals formed with the permission of the allied forces, in each of the four occupation zones.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Oppenheimer | first1 = Max | title = Vom Häftlingskomitee zum Bund der Antifaschisten: der Weg der VVN | date = 1972 | publisher = Röderberg-Verlag | location = Frankfurt | page = 9 | series = Bibliothek des Widerstandes | oclc = 971411934 |language=de}}</ref>

The group are critical of far-right politicians in Germany and abroad. In 2025, the group claimed that, "The weakening of universities has long been a declared goal of the US right".<ref>{{cite web | title = Trumps Angriff auf Unis – Magazin der VVN-BdA | url = https://antifa.vvn-bda.de/2025/07/06/trumps-angriff-auf-unis/ }}</ref>

{{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | total_width = 180 | caption_align = center | image1 = VVN-BdA Logo.svg | caption1 = Logo of VVN-BdA | image2 = Logo antifa periodical.svg | caption2 = Logo of the VVN-BdA's magazine ''{{ ill | lt =Antifa|Antifa (magazine)|de|antifa (Zeitschrift)}}'' }}

{{gallery| align = center | mode = packed | height = 160 | File: VVN-Gedenkstein.jpg | Memorial in Lüderitz, Saxony-Anhalt {{efn| saying {{langx|de|DIE OPFER DER IMPERIALISTISCHEN WILLKÜR MAHNEN DIE LEBENDEN KÄMPFT FÜR DEN FRIEDEN||THE VICTIMS OF IMPERIALIST ARBITRARY WARNING THE LIVING FIGHTS FOR PEACE}} }} | File: VVN-Denkmal in Teltow.JPG | VVN  memorial in Teltow with a red triangle to symbolise political prisoners | File: VVN-Denkmal in Teltow (cropped).JPG | VVN memorial in Teltow (close up) {{langx|de| die{{nbs}}Toten{{nbs}}mahnen || the{{nbs}}dead{{nbs}}warn }} | File: Aken,VVN-Denkmal,Mahnmal für die Opfer des Faschismus.jpg | VVN memorial to the victims of fascism | File: Vor 70 Jahren 27-30 May 1950 Deutschlandtreffen der Jugend, Pfingsten Berlin (49948810593).jpg | Postcard showing the  VVN event in the Lustgarten, Berlin<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/sludgeulper/49948810593/ 27-30 May 1950 German Youth Meeting]</ref> | File:AfD Niedersachsen Landesparteitag 2022 Gegenkundgebung Fahnen.jpg | VVN-BdA flags at a protest against the AfD in Hannover, Lower Saxony in 2022. | File:Cornelia Keith und Florian Gutsche vom VVD-BdA sprechen bei Hand in Hand gegen den Faschismus. (53519468163).jpg|  VVN-BdA members wearing red triangle anti-AfD symbols }} [[File:KdAW_logo_DDR.png |thumb|180px| Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters ]]

=== Use in East Germany (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) === {{main|Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters}}

From 1975 onwards, the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR, also known as East Germany) released a medal for the "Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters" (KdAW, {{langx|de|Komitee der Antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer}}) of the GDR that included a red triangle.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Medaille des Komitee der antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer | publisher = DDR Museum Berlin | url = https://www.ddr-museum.de/de/objects/1023642 | access-date = 2025-07-26 | website = www.ddr-museum.de | date = 18 February 2017 }}</ref> The Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters (KdAW) was formed in 1953. Practically speaking, it functioned as the East German counterpart of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime (''Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes''). The KdAW enjoyed a close relationship with the Socialist Unity Party, although it was not a member of the National Front.{{verify source| reason = unclear which points the following citation covers | date = July 2025}} The organisation played an important role in the commemoration of German resistance to Nazism and The Holocaust in East Germany.<ref>{{Cite book | title = DDR Handbuch |publisher = Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik |year=1985 |isbn=9783804686427 |editor-last=Ulrich |editor-first=Horst |volume=1 |language=de |trans-title = DDR Handbook}}</ref> East Germany used such commemorative functions to emphasise the anti-fascist orientation of the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bouma |first=Amieke | title = German Post-Socialist Memory Culture: Epistemic Nostalgia | date = 2019-07-30 |publisher = Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789048544677 |location = Amsterdam |doi=10.1515/9789048544677}}</ref> Membership in the KdAW served as a means of accessing benefits. For instance, membership made one eligible to receive the Medal for Fighters Against Fascism.<ref>{{Cite journal | date = 1958-02-22 | title = Statut der "Medaille für Kämpfer gegen den Faschismus 1933–1945 |trans-title = Statute of the “Medal for Fighters against Fascism 1933–1945” |journal=Gesetzblatt der DDR [Law Gazette of the German Democratic Republic] |language=de| volume=1 |pages=198}}</ref> It also contained a number of working groups, which brought people with similar backgrounds together. The most prominent of these were groups for survivors of various concentration camps and prisons; for example one existed for former prisoners of Brandenburg-Görden Prison. Another working group was formed for veterans of the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War.<ref name="Runden Ecke">{{Cite web | title = Komitee der Antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer | url = https://www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de/sammlung/pop_zusatz.php?w=w00125 |access-date = 2024-02-02 |website = runde-ecke-leipzig.de |publisher = Museum in der "Runden Ecke" [Museum in the 'Round Corner', Leipzig]}}</ref>

=== The red triangle on memorials === {{see also|Spomenik|Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps |Forced labour under German rule during World War II}}

In addition to the Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists (VVN-BdA) memorials above, the red triangle also features on numerous other war memorials in Europe. War memorials featuring the red triangle symbol exist in Germany and in areas of Europe that were occupied by Germany during World War Two.<ref name="DW 08-04-2024"/>

File: KZ Sachsenhausen - zentrales Mahnmal.JPG | Memorial on the grounds of Sachsenhausen

File: Memorial to the French victims of Dachau Concentration Camp at Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.jpg | Memorial to French victims of Dachau in Paris

File: Gedenkstätte Lindenring (2).jpg | Memorial  for the 2,000 women victims of Ravensbrück

File: Crawinkel Gedenktafel.JPG | Buchenwald death march route historical information signage

File: Denkmal für die Opfer der NS-Konzentrationslager Zgorzelec.JPG | Memorial in Zgorzelec, Poland, with a P-symbol on a red triangle

File: Zittau Ehrenmal für die Opfer des Faschismus (9899).jpg | Memorial to forced labor deaths at the truck factory in Zittau, Germany

</gallery>

=== Service medals === {{See also|German-occupied Europe|Poland in World War II|Cross of the Warsaw Uprising|5=Sonderkommando Revolt in Auschwitz|label 5=Revolt in Auschwitz 7 October 1944|7=Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium #World War II}} {{Multiple image | header = Auschwitz Cross and Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945 | align = right | perrow = 2 / 2 | direction = horizontal | caption_align = center | width3 = 120 | image3 = Krzyż Oświęcimski Szymona Klugera, MZ-326-O 02.jpg | caption3 = P (Polish) on the ''Auschwitz Cross'' | width4 = 120 | image4 = Krzyż Oświęcimski Szymona Klugera, MZ-326-O 03.jpg | caption4 = Reverse of the ''Auschwitz Cross'' | width5 = 110 | image5 = Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940-1945.jpg | width6 = 130 | image6 = Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940-1945 REVERS.jpg | caption6 = B (Belgian) on the Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945 }}

Service medals awarded to prisoners of war and other camp inmates after WWII feature the triangle that was used on prisoners' uniforms. The Auschwitz Cross, a Polish medal for camp victims and the Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945, a Belgian medal both show a red triangle with a nationality indicator, and the ribbons replicate the striped fabric of some camp uniforms.<ref name="decree"/>

The ''Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945'' ({{langx|fr|Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940–1945}}, {{langx|nl|Politieke Gevangenkruis 1940–1945}}) was a Belgian war medal established by royal decree of the Regent on 13 November 1947 and awarded to Belgian citizens arrested and interned by the Germans as political prisoners during the Second World War. The award's statute included provisions for posthumous award should the intended recipient not survive detention, and the right of the widow, the mother or the father of the deceased to wear the cross.<ref name="decree">{{full citation needed| date = August 2025}} {{cite report |author-link=Belgian government | title = Royal Decree of the Regent of 13 November 1947 creating the Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940–1945 |publisher = Belgian Defence Ministry | date = 1947-11-13}}</ref>

The ''Auschwitz Cross'' ({{langx|pl|Krzyż Oświęcimski}}), instituted on 14 March 1985, was a Polish decoration awarded to honour survivors of Nazi German concentration camps, including Auschwitz.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Auschwitz Cross | url = https://kolekcje.polin.pl/en/auschwitz-cross |access-date = 2025-01-30 | website = POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews }}</ref> Auschwitz is a German name for the Polish town Oświęcim, where a complex of concentration camps was built by Nazi Germany during the German occupation of Europe during WWII.{{additional citation needed| reason = not covered very directly in the other sources in this paragraph | date = July 2025}} It was awarded generally to Poles, but it was possible to award it to foreigners in special cases. It could be awarded posthumously. It ceased to be awarded in 1999. An exception was made in the case of Greta Ferušić, who was awarded it in February 2004.<ref>{{cite web | last = Gitelman | first = Zvi | title = American Jewish Yearbook 2004 | publisher = AJC | url = http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2004_11_CentralEastEurope.pdf |access-date = 2008-01-23}}</ref> Some of the people awarded the medal were Jewish, including Szymon Kluger (Shimson Kleuger).<ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714022448/https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/2894 | url=https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/2894 | title=Szymon Kluger's Auschwitz Cross | archive-date=2025-07-14 | quote= Instituted by Poland in 1985, the Auschwitz Cross is a decoration awarded to honour survivors of Nazi German concentration camps. Szymon Kluger (1925–2000), the last Jewish resident of Oświęcim, was presented with the Auschwitz Cross on 27 September 1989. Szymon Kluger was one of the Jewish residents of Oświęcim who survived the Holocaust and eventually returned to their hometown}}</ref>

=== Belgium === [[File: Sigle CNPPA au Cimetière FNAPG.jpg |thumb|200px| Acronym of the National Confederation of Political Prisoners and Rights Holders (C.N.P.P.A.) at the entrance to the F.N.A.P.G. cemetery in the commune of Sainte-Ode {{efn| {{ langx |fr| Sigle de la Confédération nationale des prisonniers politiques et ayant droits (C.N.P.P.A.) à l'entrée du cimetière de la F.N.A.P.G. dans la commune de Sainte-Ode }} }} ]] {{see also|{{ target of |Red triangle (badge)}} #Red triangle lapel pins|#Museums|selfref=yes}} {{further | :fr: Antisémitisme en Belgique #Difficulté du travail de mémoire | :fr: Triangle rouge #Antifascisme | Avenue Louise #World War II | Politics of Belgium }}

{{ ill |Territoires de la Mémoire|fr|Antisémitisme en Belgique #Difficulté du travail de mémoire|nl}} and {{ ill |Triangle Rouge|nl||fr}} (Red Triangle) are Belgian organisations who promote the use of the red triangle as a symbol of anti-fascism and anti-racism.<ref name="Territoires" /><ref name="antis definition" />{{efn| Note: as of 2023-06-08 their page-long French language definition of Anti-Semitism made no mention of either Israel or Zionism, see also: IHRA definition of antisemitism.<ref name="antis definition" /> }} <!-- French Wikipedia: Antisémitisme en Belgique #Difficulté du travail de mémoire

En 1993 est créée l'association Territoires de la Mémoire pour l’« éducation à la résistance et à la citoyenneté par le biais du travail de mémoire »[102]. Le Directeur adjoint de l'association, Philippe Marchal décrit le contexte de montée de l'extrême droite qui joue un rôle dans sa création: « C'était le Vlaamse Blok en Flandres, Agir en Wallonie...imaginez l'effroi des rescapés des camps qui ont alors estimé qu'il était absolument nécessaire de créer, non pas un musée comme les autres, mais un réel centre d'éducation ! ». En 2018, l'association accueille près de 50 000 visiteurs par an à ses expositions et à ses activités[103]. L'association s'oppose à une « faute morale irréparable » et à la transmission traumatique, et prone pour une démarche de libre-examen[102]. En 2018, Geoffrey Grandjean, professeur de l’Université de Liège met en évidence les difficultés liées à un apprentissage de la Shoah chez les jeunes et émet l'hypothèse d'un échec dans la politique mémorielle et du travail de mémoire[102]. -->

{{Expand section|find=National Museum of the Resistance|find2=Belgian resistance|date=July 2025}}

== Recent anti-fascist and left-wing usage == {{see also|Searchlight (magazine)|Anti-Fascist Action|LGBTQ symbols #Triangle badges of Nazi Germany|Pink triangle}}

After the war the red triangle and pink triangle symbols were reclaimed by those who opposed the Nazis' oppression of those groups.<ref name="DW 08-04-2024"/> The red triangle became a symbol of resistance against the German occupation of Europe during the war, and the pink triangle used to mark gay prisoners became a symbol of LGBTQ pride.<ref name="DW 08-04-2024"/> Like the pink triangle, the red also was used in some broader contexts, not just directly related to memorializing the victims of Nazi Germany. Some of the broader usage referenced the El Lissitsky poster.<ref name="Silver 16 August 2024"/>

Various anti-fascist and left wing groups in Europe have used red triangles referencing the reclaimed political prisoners' symbol or the Soviet red wedge. In the United Kingdom in the 1980s Anti-Fascist Action sometimes used the symbol.<ref name="Anti-Fascist Action"/><ref name="British vs USA" /> For example, they produced a badge that showed a red triangle / red wedge symbol aggressively attacking a black swastika and smashing it.<ref name="Anti-Fascist Action"/> In the dandruff era, the Red Wedge were a left wing pop group in the UK who took their name from the Soviet poster.<ref name="Red Wedge: another strange story of">{{cite journal |last1 = Street |first1=John | title = Red Wedge: another strange story of pop's politics |journal=Critical Quarterly | date = September 1988 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=79–91 |doi=10.1111/J.1467-8705.1988.TB00323.X}}</ref>

=== Symbols at protests === {{commons category| Demonstrations and protests against Alternative für Deutschland }}{{see also|2024–2025 German anti-extremism protests}} {{Multiple image | header = Pink triangles | align = right | direction = vertical | total_width = 240 | border = infobox | caption_align = center | image1 = Queercore chicago pride parade.jpg | caption1 = Pink triangle symbol at a queer pride parade on a banner about the Stonewall riots. | image2 = Trump inauguration protest SF Jan 20 2017 08.jpg | caption2 = Banner calling Trump a fascist with a pink triangle, in San Francisco in 2017 }}

Red triangle and red wedge symbols often feature at protests against far-right political movements, particularly in Germany.<ref>Example: {{Cite web| title = 03.12.2022 – Demonstration "Nicht mit uns – Wir frieren nicht für eure Profite" in Saarbrücken | date = 3 December 2022 | url = https://www.flickr.com/photos/kaischwerdt/52553487439/ | archive-date = 2025-09-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250918030553/https://www.flickr.com/photos/kaischwerdt/52553487439/ | via = Flickr }}</ref>

The German protest group NIKA ({{langx|de|Nationalismus ist keine Alternative||Nationalism is not an alternative}}) was started in response to the rise of Germany's far-right party, the AfD ({{langx|de|Alternative für Deutschland||Alternative for Germany}}).<ref name="Nasr" >The banner says "crash the party" (in English) with ''Nationalismus ist keine Alternative'' (English: Nationalism is not an alternative) underneath. The gallery of this story includes an image of the full banner at protest in 2019: {{cite news | last1 = Nasr | first1 = Joseph | title = German far-right AfD party elects new leader backed by radical wing | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/world/german-far-right-afd-party-elects-new-leader-backed-by-radical-wing-idUSKBN1Y40A6/ | work = reuters.com | publisher = Reuters | date = 1 December 2019 | quote = [2/6] Demonstrators hold a banner during an anti-AfD protest ahead of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party meeting in Braunschweig, Germany, 30 November 2019 | others = photo credit: Fabian Bimmer }}</ref>

{{Multiple image | align = left | total_width = 720 | border = infobox | header_align = center | header = | image1 = 15.05.2021 - AfD Landesparteitag Niedersachsen (Braunschweig) (51181834435).jpg | caption1 = | image2 = 15.05.2021 - AfD Landesparteitag Niedersachsen (Braunschweig) (51181534584).jpg | caption2 = | image3 = 15.05.2021 - AfD Landesparteitag Niedersachsen (Braunschweig) (51180058232).jpg | caption3 = | footer_align = center | footer = Protest against Alternative for Germany (AfD), in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony in 2021. <br> The same protest banner saying "crash the party" was also used by NIKA in 2017.<ref name="Nasr" >The banner says "crash the party" (in English) with ''Nationalismus ist keine Alternative'' (English: Nationalism is not an alternative) underneath. The gallery of this story includes an image of the full banner at protest in 2019: {{cite news | last1 = Nasr | first1 = Joseph | title = German far-right AfD party elects new leader backed by radical wing | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/world/german-far-right-afd-party-elects-new-leader-backed-by-radical-wing-idUSKBN1Y40A6/ | work = reuters.com | publisher = Reuters | date = 1 December 2019 | quote = [2/6] Demonstrators hold a banner during an anti-AfD protest ahead of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party meeting in Braunschweig, Germany, 30 November 2019 | others = photo credit: Fabian Bimmer }}</ref> }}

File:AfD Niedersachsen Landesparteitag 2022 Gegenkundgebung Fahnen.jpg | VVN-BdA flags at a protest against Alternative for Germany (AfD) in Hannover in Lower Saxony in 2022.

File: March Against Racism and Fascism (33524936388).jpg | alt=banner shows a Star of David made from a red triangle pointing down and a black triangle pointing up, the antifascist red and black flags a are in the center, and text under it says "death to fascism, freedom to the people" | A Jewish anti-fascist symbol {{efn| Similar symbols have been used elsewhere, such as by ''Jewish Anti Fascist Action'' in the UK }} on a banner in New York City at a rally against the Christchurch mosque massacre and other fascist violence on 16 March 2019 {{efn| March Against Racism and Fascism in New York City on 16 March 2019. More images: {{commons cat inline| New York City rally in support of the victims of the Christchurch mosque shootings in Civic Center, Manhattan}} }}<ref>{{cite web |title=March Against Racism and Fascism |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/otto-yamamoto/33524936388/ |website=flickr.com |publisher=The All-Nite Images | via = flickr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914165238/https://www.flickr.com/photos/otto-yamamoto/33524936388/ |archive-date=2025-09-14 |date=16 March 2019 |quote=Multiple group action regarding Fascism in general and the 15th March 2016 New Zealand Mosque Terrorist Attack in particular.}} (Metadata: Uploaded on 17 March 2019, Taken on 16 March 2019)</ref>

File: Protest against an AfD meeting in the Zitadelle Spandau 04.jpg | NIKA logo in the corner of a banner saying in {{langx|de|Stoppt die Berliner AfD || Stop the AfD Berlin }}, in Spandau in 2018 {{efn| Protest against the party conference of the Berlin regional association of the AfD in 2018. The banner says: {{langx|de|STOPPT DIE BERLINER AFD||STOP THE BERLIN AFD}},  See also: {{commons category-inline| Protest against an AfD meeting in the Zitadelle Spandau on 04-09-2018 }} }}

File: Internationale vrouwendag, bijeenkomst bij het Ravensbrück-monument in Amsterdam, Bestanddeelnr 933-2591.jpg | Women with symbols of all persecuted groups on International Women's Day at the Ravensbrück monument in Amsterdam in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Internationale vrouwendag, bijeenkomst bij het Ravensbrück-monument in Amsterdam; vrouwen met symbolen van alle vervolgde groepen | publisher = Nationaal Archief | url = https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/fotocollectie/ad43fa16-d0b4-102d-bcf8-003048976d84 | access-date = 2025-09-15 | website = www.nationaalarchief.nl }}</ref>

</gallery>

=== Political discourse ===

Political discussions often include comparisons to Nazi Germany or fascism more broadly, the analogy is often criticised and particularly controversial when applied to Israel (the self-described "Jewish State" in the Levant).

==={{ visible anchor |Red triangle lapel pins}} in European politics === {{further | Politics of Spain | Politics of Belgium | Left-wing politics in France | Far-left politics in France | Communism in France | :fr: Triangle rouge #Antifascisme }} {{commons category| People wearing a red triangle pin }}

Red triangle lapel pins are widely distributed Western European countries. Red triangle pins are worn by socialist, communist, and other left-wing or far-left politicians in countries such as Belgium, Spain, and France.<ref name="23 February 2017" /><ref>[https://www.solidair.org/artikels/rode-driehoek-de-arbeidersstrijd-en-het-antifascistisch-symbool "Rode Driehoek: de arbeidersstrijd en het antifascistisch symbool"], '':nl:Solidair (blad) Solidair (Solidarity)'', 31 juli 2019, online geraadpleegd op 9 mei 2022. </ref><ref>{{cite web |language=es| url = https://www.niusdiario.es/nacional/politica/que-significa-triangulo-rojo-garzon-iglesias-prometen-cargo_18_2882520134.html | title = Qué significa el triángulo rojo invertido con el que han prometido su cargo Iglesias y Garzón}} ''NIUS'', 13 januari 2020, online geraadpleegd op 9 mei 2022.</ref>

Left-wing French presidential candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon wore a red triangle lapel pin during his campaign, the message was particularly aimed at diffentiating himself from far-right National Front candidate Marine Le Pen (daughter of the party's even more controversial founder, Jean-Marie Le Pen).<ref name="23 February 2017" />

<blockquote> Jean-Luc Mélenchon explained the meaning of the symbol, "I have been compared to the National Front. I was outraged. I said to myself, what could I wear? And someone, a Belgian, a comrade, said to me, 'Listen, I'll give you mine, it's the insignia of the communist deportees in the Nazi concentration camps'. And so I said: 'now I'm putting it on, I'm not taking it off' ... We forget this moment in history. But the first to be deported and massacred were the communists..."<ref name="23 February 2017" > {{cite web| date = 23 February 2017 | author-link = Baptiste Legrand | trans-title = Jean-Luc Mélenchon: what does the red triangle on his jacket symbolize? | title = Jean-Luc Mélenchon: que symbolise le triangle rouge sur sa veste? | work = L'Obs | url = https://www.nouvelobs.com/presidentielle-2017/20170223.OBS5711/jean-luc-melenchon-que-symbolise-le-triangle-rouge-sur-sa-veste.html| archive-date = 2018-07-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180707005744/https://www.nouvelobs.com/presidentielle-2017/20170223.OBS5711/jean-luc-melenchon-que-symbolise-le-triangle-rouge-sur-sa-veste.html | language=fr| quote = Il était porté dans les camps nazis par les déportés politiques, comme l'étoile jaune pour les déportés juifs et le triangle rose pour les homosexuels. "C'est l'insigne des déportés communistes", a confirmé Jean-Luc Mélenchon dans une vidéo diffusée en 2011… "Ce sont des Belges qui me l'ont filé. On m'a comparé au Front national. J'ai été outré. Je me suis dit, qu'est-ce que je pourrais mettre ? Et quelqu'un, un Belge, un camarade, m'a dit 'écoute, je te donne le mien, c'est l'insigne des déportés communistes dans les camps de concentration nazis'. Et donc j'ai dit: 'maintenant, je le mets, je ne l'enlève plus' … On oublie ce moment d'histoire. Mais les premiers qui ont été déportés et massacrés, ce sont les communistes, les sociaux-démocrates et les homosexuels. Et après, ils ont ramassé les Tsiganes et les Juifs en paquets." Le pin's en forme de triangle rouge est répandu en Belgique, où il est resté un symbole de la résistance à l'extrême droite. | trans-quote = This triangle is loaded with symbols and Jean-Luc Mélenchon has been wearing it for several years now. It was worn in the Nazi camps by political deportees, like the yellow star for Jewish deportees and the pink triangle for homosexuals. "This is the insignia of communist deportees" Jean-Luc Mélenchon confirmed in a video released in 2011… "It was Belgians who gave it to me. I have been compared to the National Front. I was outraged. I said to myself, what could I wear? And someone, a Belgian, a comrade, said to me, 'Listen, I'll give you mine, it's the insignia of the communist deportees in the Nazi concentration camps'. And so I said: 'now I'm putting it on, I'm not taking it off' … We forget this moment in history. But the first to be deported and massacred were the communists, the social democrats, and the homosexuals. And then they picked up the Gypsies and Jews in bundles." The red triangle pin is widespread in Belgium, where it has remained a symbol of resistance to the far-right.}} {{verify source| reason = can a French speaker verify the translation please | date = September 2025}}</ref></blockquote>

French politician Ugo Bernalicis, from the Left Party (previously from the Socialist Party), represents the department of Nord, in the French National Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/deputes/fiche/OMC_PA720430 | title = M. Ugo Bernalicis | access-date = 20 December 2017 |work=National Assembly |language=French}}</ref> Bernalicis was born into a family close to the communist movement, with a militant father, an elected grandfather and a great-grandfather who was deported to the Dachau concentration camp because of his political convictions.<ref>{{cite web|author= P. Gril and Julien Chehida | url = http://rmc.bfmtv.com/emission/ugo-26-ans-depute-la-france-insoumise-j-ai-envie-de-casser-les-codes-a-l-assemblee-1190169.html| title = Ugo, 26 ans, député La France insoumise: "J'ai envie de casser les codes à l'Assemblée" |language=fr|publisher = rmc.bfmtv.com| date =20 September 2017 |access-date = 20 December 2017}}</ref>

In 2020, red lapel pins were worn by Spanish politicians Pablo Iglesias (Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain, hhh) and Alberto Garzón (Ministry of Consumer Affairs, from the United Left party) when they were sworn into government by the King of Spain.<ref name="niusdiario.es 13 Jan 2020" >{{cite news | title = Qué significa el triángulo rojo invertido con el que han prometido su cargo Iglesias y Garzón | trans-title = What does the inverted red triangle with which Iglesias and Garzón swore their oath of office mean? | url = https://www.niusdiario.es/nacional/politica/que-significa-triangulo-rojo-garzon-iglesias-prometen-cargo_18_2882520134.html | work = Nius Diario www.niusdiario.es | publisher = Telecinco | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200114201329/https://www.niusdiario.es/nacional/politica/que-significa-triangulo-rojo-garzon-iglesias-prometen-cargo_18_2882520134.html | archive-date = 2020-01-14 | location = Madrid | date = 13 January 2020 | language = es | quote = El nuevo vicepresidente segundo del Gobierno, Pablo Iglesias, y el nuevo ministro de Consumo, Alberto Garzón, han tomado posesión de sus cargos este lunes portando en la solapa de sus chaquetas un pin del triángulo rojo invertido, que simboliza la lucha antifascista... El color rojo fue elegido inicialmente por los nazis para identificar a los comunistas, pero luego fue usado también para demócratas, liberales, masones, anarquistas y posteriormente a antifascistas y otros opositores políticos. Con el fin de la guerra, el triángulo rojo invertido se convirtió en un símbolo de antifascismo y de memoria de los prisioneros políticos que murieron en los campos de concentración. Este triángulo rojo es ahora utilizado por la izquierda radical como un símbolo antifascista. | trans-quote = The new second vice president of the Government, Pablo Iglesias, and the new Minister of Consumer Affairs, Alberto Garzón, took office this Monday wearing on their jacket lapels an inverted red triangle pin , which symbolizes the anti-fascist struggle... The color red was initially chosen by the Nazis to identify communists, but it was later also used for democrats, liberals, Freemasons, anarchists, and subsequently for anti-fascists and other political opponents. With the end of the war, the inverted red triangle became a symbol of anti-fascism and a memorial to the political prisoners who died in concentration camps. This red triangle is now used by the radical left as an anti-fascist symbol.}}</ref> Alberto Garzón has been wearing the symbol since 2016.<ref> https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2020-01-13/pin-triangulo-invertido-pablo-iglesias-alberto-garzon-556_2409063/ </ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=240px style="font-size:85%" > File:Jean-Luc Mélenchon 2022 (cropped).jpg | Jean-Luc Mélenchon, La France Insoumise (photo 2022)

File:Réunion publique FI, Le Creusot, 15 May 2019 - 01 (cropped).jpg | Ugo Bernalicis, Left Party,{{efn| Nord, French National Assembly }} French (photo 2019)

File:Alberto Garzón 2020 (cropped).jpg | Alberto Garzón,{{efn| Spain's Minister of Consumer Affairs }} Communist Party of Spain (photo 2020)

File:Pablo Iglesias 2020 (portrait).jpg | Pablo Iglesias Turrión, Podemos, Spain (photo 2020) </gallery>

=== Modern persecution of leftists and criticism of the far-right === {{see also|2024–2025 German anti-extremism protests}}

In 2020, Donald Trump's presidential re-election campaign attracted controversy by using the symbol in social media adversisements attacking his own far-left opponents, whom he described as "Antifa". Facebook banned the ad on the basis of the historical use by the Nazi Party in their persecution of their political opponents.<ref name="NPR Trump 18 June 2020"/> A spokesperson for the campaign claimed it was not a hate symbol on the basis that it was not in the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) database of hate symbols. ADL's CEO Jonathan Greenblatt, pointed out the database only included symbols used in the United States, not historical or foreign symbols.<ref name="NPR Trump 18 June 2020" /> "Gigafact" published a fact check with the question "Does Antifa commonly use an inverted red triangle symbol once used by Nazis?" and their headline answer was "NO", but they did point out that the red triangle has been used by some European anti-fascist groups.<ref name="British vs USA" >{{cite web| title = Does Antifa commonly use an inverted red triangle symbol once used by Nazis? NO | website = gigafact.org | publisher = Gigafact | url = https://gigafact.org/fact-briefs/does-antifa-commonly-use-inverted-red-triangle-symbol-once-used-nazis/ | quote = The most common symbol of Antifa, a loose collection of far-left activist groups, is a black and red double flag. Some European anti-fascist groups have used a red triangle in the past, but they appear to have done so to refer to a symbol of violence used originally against leftist political activists. Mark Bray, in The Antifascist Handbook, cites its use by a British anti-fascist group in the 1980s. }}</ref>

==== 2020 Trump campaign {{ visible anchor |terrorism}} accusations against antifa ==== {{see also|Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign #June 2020|Antifa (United States)}}

In June 2020, Donald Trump's election campaign included an advertisement on social media saying that he would make "Antifa" (short for anti-fascism) a "designated terrorist" group. The advertisement showed the red triangle as an antifa symbol.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Facebook removes Trump ads with Nazi symbol – DW – 06/18/2020 | url = https://www.dw.com/en/facebook-removes-trump-ads-for-use-of-nazi-symbol/a-53865468 | access-date = 2025-07-26 | website = www.dw.com}}</ref>

In June 2020, the re-election campaign of Donald Trump posted an advertisement on Facebook stating that "Dangerous MOBS of far-left groups are running through our streets and causing absolute mayhem" and identifying them as "ANTIFA", accompanied by a graphic of a downward-pointing red triangle. The ads appeared on the Facebook pages of Donald Trump, the Trump campaign, and Vice President Mike Pence. Many observers compared the graphic to the symbol used by the Nazis for identifying political prisoners such as communists, social democrats and socialists. Many noted the number of ads – 88 – which is associated with neo-Nazis and white supremacists.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Breland|first=Ali| title = Nazis put this symbol on political opponents' arms. Now Trump is using it.| url = https://www.motherjones.com/2020-elections/2020/06/trump-upside-down-triangle-antifa/|access-date = 2020-06-19|website = Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Morrison|first=Sara| date = 2020-06-18| title = Facebook takes down another Trump campaign ad, this time for Nazi imagery| url = https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/6/18/21295226/facebook-trump-campaign-nazi-symbol-antifa|access-date = 2020-06-19|website = Vox|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rodrigo|first=Chris Mills| date = 2020-06-18| title = Facebook takes down Trump ads featuring symbol used by Nazis to mark political prisoners| url = https://thehill.com/policy/technology/503421-facebook-takes-down-trump-ads-featuring-symbol-used-by-nazis-to-mark|access-date = 2020-06-19|website = TheHill|language=en}}</ref>

Progressive and conservative Jewish groups both expressed public disapproval for Trump's use of the symbol. "Bend the Arc: Jewish Action", a Progressive Jewish site, stated the campaign was using the symbol "to smear millions of protestors".<ref> {{cite tweet| title = tweet | number = 1273482511918616578 | quote = The President of the United States is campaigning for reelection using a Nazi concentration camp symbol. Nazis used the red triangle to mark political prisoners and people who rescued Jews. Trump & the RNC are using it to smear millions of protestors | user = jewishaction | via = reported by NPR and Mother Jones USA }} </ref><ref name="action" /><ref name="UzmzDaRBup" >pic.twitter.com/UzmzDaRBup</ref><ref name="Cite tweet" /><ref name="profile" >{{Cite Twitter profile|jewishaction}}</ref><ref name="bendthearc" >{{cite web| url = https://www.bendthearc.us/ | title = the account of Bend the Arc: Jewish Action | website = bendthearc.us }}</ref>

Facebook removed the campaign ads with the graphic, saying that its use in this context violated their policy against "organized hate".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shannon|first=Joel| title = Nazis used red triangles to mark political prisoners. That symbol is why Facebook banned a Donald Trump reelection campaign ad.| url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/18/nazis-used-red-triangles-they-symbol-organized-hate/3217951001/|access-date = 2021-12-22|website = USA Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url = https://www.newsweek.com/history-red-triangle-used-concentration-camps-team-trump-facebook-ad-1511897|first=James|last=Crowley| title = The History of The Concentration Camp Badge in a Team Trump Ad For Facebook|website = Newsweek| date = 18 June 2020|access-date = 16 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url = https://forward.com/fast-forward/449073/trump-antifa-nazi-concentration-camp/| title = Facebook removes Trump ad that identifies Antifa with red triangle similar to Nazi symbol|first=Ari|last=Feldman|website = The Forward| date = 18 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url = https://www.dailydot.com/debug/trump-ad-nazi-symbol/|first=Claire|last=Goforth| title = Trump campaign accused of using a Nazi symbol in Facebook ad| date = 27 January 2021|website = The Daily Dot|access-date = 16 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Facebook removes Trump ads for violating 'organized hate' policy| url = https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/facebook-removes-trump-ads-violating-organized-hate-policy-n1231468|access-date = 2020-06-18|website = NBC News| date = 18 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Stanley-Becker|first=Isaac| title = Facebook removes Trump ads with symbol once used by Nazis to designate political prisoners| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/18/trump-campaign-runs-ads-with-marking-once-used-by-nazis-designate-political-prisoners/|access-date = 2020-06-18|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en| url-access=limited}}</ref> The Trump campaign's communications director wrote, "The red triangle is a common Antifa symbol used in an ad about Antifa." Historian Mark Bray, author of ''Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook'', disputed this, saying that the symbol is not associated with Antifa in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Karni|first=Annie| date = June 18, 2020| title = Facebook removes Trump ads displaying symbol used by Nazis| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/18/us/politics/facebook-trump-ads-antifa-red-triangle.html|website = The New York Times| url-access=limited}}</ref>

Trump lost the 2020 election, but won the next, then in his second term Trump again tried to use terrorist designations very broadly, to target drug cartels in Central America.<ref>{{Cite web | title = The Dangerous Sweep of Trump's Plan to Designate Cartels as Terrorist Organizations | publisher = Brennan Center for Justice | url = https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/dangerous-sweep-trumps-plan-designate-cartels-terrorist-organizations | access-date = 2025-07-26 | website = www.brennancenter.org | date = 8 July 2025 }}</ref>

== Logos of political and activist groups == {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image_gap = 20 | total_width = 160 | image5 = VVN-BdA.svg | caption5 = VVN-BdA (see{{spaces}}above)  | image4 = Flag of the Organisation of Communist Internationalists.svg | caption4 = {{ ill |Organisation of Communist Internationalists|zh|共产主义国际主义者组织| lt =OCI}} {{nowrap| ({{lang|ru|ОКИ}}) }} | caption_align = center | border = infobox }} {{see also|Red triangle}}

* Anti-Fascist Action in the United Kingdom used the symbol in badges in the 80s, the one example showed the pointed red shape smashing a black swastika.<ref name="Anti-Fascist Action" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/47917/have-antifa-members-used-an-inverted-red-triangle-as-a-symbol|title=Have Antifa members used an inverted red triangle as a symbol?|website=Skeptics Stack Exchange}}</ref> * Anti-Racist Action (1988) use a red triangle in the form of a forked red slingshot.<ref>{{cite web| website = antiracistaction.org | url= https://antiracistaction.org | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231001081049/https://antiracistaction.org/ | archive-date = 2023-10-01 | title = (official website) }}</ref> * Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists (VVN-BdA, see above). * The Network of Communists (RdC, {{langx|it|Rete dei Comunisti}}) is a communist political movement network, founded in Bologna, Italy on 13 September 1998.<ref name=":0" >{{Cite web | title = Nasce la Rete dei Comunisti | url = http://www.contropiano.org/Archivio/1998/Anno6-N4.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928235816/http://www.contropiano.org/Archivio/1998/Anno6-N4.pdf | archive-date = 28 September 2011}}</ref> * NIKA ({{langx|de| Nationalismus ist keine Alternative ||Nationalism is not an alternative}}) was started in Germany in response to the rise of Germany's far-right party, the AfD ({{langx|de|Alternative für Deutschland||Alternative for Germany}}).<ref>Example: the second image in the gallery of this Reuters story is a banner that says "crash the party" in English and then in German "Nationalismus ist keine Alternative": {{cite news | last1 = Nasr | first1 = Joseph | title = German far-right AfD party elects new leader backed by radical wing, By Joseph Nasr, 1 December 2019 3:26 AM GMT+10, Updated 30 November 2019 | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/world/german-far-right-afd-party-elects-new-leader-backed-by-radical-wing-idUSKBN1Y40A6/ | quote = [2/6] Demonstrators hold a banner during an anti-AfD protest ahead of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party meeting in Braunschweig, Germany, 30 November 2019 | publisher = Reuters | others = photo credit: Fabian Bimmer }}</ref> * {{ ill |Organisation of Communist Internationalists|zh|共产主义国际主义者组织|ru|Организация Коммунистов Интернационалистов}} {{nowrap| ({{langx|ru|Организация Коммунистов Интернационалистов}}) }} * Qassam Brigades ({{langx|ar|كتئب القسام|Kataeb al-Qassam}}) have used an inverted red triangle ({{langx|ar|المثلث الأحمر المقلوب}}) in their propaganda videos since November 2023.<ref name="aja.ws - e4x3gn" /><ref>{{cite news | script-title = ar: لارتباطه بحماس.. جدل في ألمانيا حول حظر رمز "المثلث الأحمر" | publisher = DW | date = 2024-08-08 | url = https://www.dw.com/ar/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1/a-69871450 | work = dw.com |language=ar}}</ref> The inverted red triangle was later included in the logo of their Military Media division.<ref name="new logo" /><ref name="old logo" /> Qassam differ from most of the other groups by being religious and nationalist. Most media have said Qassam's symbol has different origins (see below). * Ras l'front (RLF, English: ''"Fed up"'') use an inverted red triangle in some of their modern logos.  For example: {{ ill |RLF Voiron|fr}}.<ref>{{cite web| title = RLF Voiron – Ni Le Pen ni ses idées! | url = https://rlf38.org | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250920003730/https://rlf38.org/ | archive-date = 2025-09-20 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1 = Schoene | first1 = Edouard | title = Voiron. Face à l'extrême droite, comprendre pour agir | url = https://travailleur-alpin.fr/2023/01/16/voiron-face-a-lextreme-droite-comprendre-pour-agir/ | website = :fr: Travailleur alpin | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230130091417/https://travailleur-alpin.fr/2023/01/16/voiron-face-a-lextreme-droite-comprendre-pour-agir/ | date = 16 January 2023 | archive-date = 2023-01-30 |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

* Revolutionary Left ({{langx|es|Izquierda Revolucionaria}}) in Spain used a red wedge in their first logo. * {{ ill |Territoires de la Mémoire|fr|Antisémitisme en Belgique #Difficulté du travail de mémoire|nl|Territoires de la Mémoire}} (Territories of Memory) and {{ ill |Triangle Rouge|nl||fr}} (Red Triangle) are Belgian organisations who promote the use of the red triangle as a symbol of anti-fascism and anti-racism.<ref name="Territoires" />{{efn| Note: as of 2023-06-08 their page-long French language definition of Anti-Semitism made no mention of either Israel or Zionism, see also: IHRA definition of antisemitism.<ref name="antis definition" /> }} (See also: {{Section link| Avenue Louise | World War II }})

{{spaces}}<gallery mode="packed" heights="100px" >

File: ANED logo.svg | {{ ill | lt =ANED|Associazione nazionale ex deportati nei campi nazisti|it}}

File: Logo rete dei comunisti.jpg | Network of Communists

File: IzquierdaRevolucionarialogoantiguo.jpg | First logo of Revolutionary Left, Spain {{nowrap| ({{lang|es| Izquierda Revolucionaria }}) }}

File: Logo of the Organisation of Communist Internationalists.svg | {{ ill |Organisation of Communist Internationalists|zh|共产主义国际主义者组织}} {{efn| ({{lang|ru|Организация Коммунистов Интернационалистов}}) }}

</gallery>

== The red triangle and red wedge in arts and media == === Left-wing news and non-fiction ===

* Searchlight use the red wedge in their current logo.<ref name = "Silver 16 August 2024"/> * ''Antifaschistisches Infoblatt'' (''AIB'') is an anti-fascist publication in Berlin, Germany.<ref name = "lnet">{{cite news| title = AIB – Antifaschistisches Info Blatt| url = http://www.linksnet.de/de/organisation/aib_antifaschistisches_info_blatt |access-date = 9 December 2016 | work = Linksnet |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author = Bernd Hüttner| title = Handbuch Alternativmedien 2011/2012: Printmedien, Freie Radios, Archive & Verlage in der BRD, Österreich und der Schweiz| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6qqLUfuDaVoC&pg=PA184 | year = 2011|publisher = AG SPAK Bücher|language = German|isbn = 978-3-940865-22-9|page = 184}}</ref> * The ''People's History of Australia'' podcast uses a logo with a red wedge attacking a white map of Australia.<ref>{{cite web | title = People's History of Australia (Home page) | website = www.peopleshistory.com.au | url = https://www.peopleshistory.com.au/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220304131420/http://www.peopleshistory.com.au/ | archive-date = 2022-03-04 | quote = People's History of Australia is a podcast and blog looking at Australian history from the perspective of ordinary people fighting together for a better life. While most of the history we get taught focuses on the deeds of the great and powerful, we want to turn this upside down, and amplify those moments when ordinary people across Australia have made history – by coming together, overcoming the barriers and divisions that keep us isolated and atomised, and struggling collectively for justice.}} (Note: the archived page from 2022-03-04 shows the logo in the top left corner, and the quote is at the bottom of the page.)</ref>

=== Music ===

* The British band Red Wedge reference Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge in their name.<ref name = "Red Wedge: another strange story of"/><ref name = "Anti-Fascist Action" /> * L'affiche rouge is a song by Léo Ferré commemorating victims of the Affiche Rouge affair.

=== Visual arts === {{further| Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge #Modern use }}

* A political cartoon by Brazilian artist Carlos Latuff depicted a Palestinian man behind the West Bank barrier in the striped uniform of a Nazi concentration camp, with a red crescent in place of the red triangle work by political prisoners, or red and yellow star worn by Jewish political prisoners. In 2006 a Latuff's cartoon won second prize in the 2006 International Holocaust Cartoon Competition in Iran.<ref>{{Cite journal| last = Jaspal | first = Rusi | date = 2014-05-04 | title = Delegitimizing Jews and Israel in Iran's International Holocaust Cartoon Contest | url = https://doi.org/10.1080/14725886.2014.919804 | journal = Journal of Modern Jewish Studies | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–189 | doi = 10.1080/14725886.2014.919804 | issn = 1472-5886 |url-access = subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| date = 2016-05-12 | title = The First Post-Nuclear Deal Holocaust Cartoon Contest Is Coming to Tehran | url = https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/the-first-post-nuclear-deal-holocaust-cartoon-contest-is-coming-to-tehran | access-date = 2025-06-10 | website = Tablet Magazine }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | date = 1 February 2007 | title = Ahmadinejad, Iran, and Holocaust Manipulation: Methods, Aims, and Reactions | url = http://jcpa.org/article/ahmadinejad-iran-and-holocaust-manipulation-methods-aims-and-reactions/ |url-status=dead| archive-date = 30 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121030105351/http://jcpa.org/article/ahmadinejad-iran-and-holocaust-manipulation-methods-aims-and-reactions/ | access-date = 16 September 2012 | publisher = Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs | location = Israel }}</ref> The competition in Iran was started as retaliation for Western cartoonists' depictions of the Prophet Muhammed and associated claims of "free speech", by choosing the topic Western audiences would find most offensive.<ref>{{cite news| title = Holocaust Cartoon Contest In Iran – CBS News | url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/holocaust-cartoon-contest-in-iran/ | work = www.cbsnews.com | date = 7 February 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250921023501/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/holocaust-cartoon-contest-in-iran/ | archive-date = 2025-09-21 | quote = A prominent Iranian newspaper says it is going to hold a competition for cartoons on the Holocaust to test whether the West will apply the principle of freedom of expression to the Nazi genocide against Jews as it did to the caricatures of the Prophet Muhammad. Hamshahri, which is among the top five of Iran's mass circulation papers, made clear the contest is a reaction to European newspapers' publication of Danish cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad, which have led to demonstrations, boycotts and attacks on European embassies across the Islamic world.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Australian in Iran cartoon 'hoax' | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4711504.stm | date = 14 February 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070110225810/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4711504.stm | archive-date = 2007-01-10 | quote = Iran's competition was launched in response to the publication in Europe of caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed.}}</ref> * The Russian artist Sergei Bugaev produced an "Anti-Lissitzky" series at the end of the Cold War, between 1991 and 1995, which included several derivative works based on "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge".<ref name = "Vladey" >{{cite web| title = Sergey Bugaev-Afrika | url = https://vladey.net/en/artist/sergey-bugaev-afrika | website = VLADEY | access-date = 24 March 2021 }}</ref> * {{ill|Kunstverein Roter Keil|de}} (Red Wedge art and culture association) say their name is a coincidence.

=== Fiction ===

* A variant of the image by El Lissitzky is used as the logo for the "Peacekeepers" on Sci-Fi TV show Farscape.<ref>{{cite book| title = Farscape: the Illustrated Companion | date = 2000 | publisher = Titan Books | isbn = 1840231785 |pages = 27–28}}</ref>

== See also == {{Commons category|Red triangles (political prisoners)}} {{Commons category|Red triangles}} {{Commons category|VVN}} {{div col|colwidth=48em}} * {{annotated link |Anti-fascism }} * {{annotated link |Black triangle (badge) }} * {{annotated link |Brown triangle}} * {{annotated link |Communist Party of Germany }} * {{annotated link |German-occupied Europe}} * {{annotated link |Historiography of German resistance to Nazism}} * {{annotated link |Identification in Nazi camps }} * {{section link | LGBTQ symbols #Triangle badges of Nazi Germany }} * {{section link | Nazi concentration camp badge #Single triangles }} * {{annotated link |P (Nazi symbol) }} * {{annotated link |Pink triangle }} * {{annotated link |Protective custody (Nazi Germany)}} * {{annotated link |Red triangle (Palestinian symbol) }} * {{annotated link |Trotskyism}} * {{section link | Victims of Nazi Germany #Political groups }} * {{section link |Yellow badge #Political groups }} {{end div col}}

== References ==

=== Footnotes === {{notelist| refs =  }}

=== Citations === <references>

<ref name="NPR Trump 18 June 2020" >{{cite news | last1=Allyn | first1=Bobby | title = Facebook Removes Trump Ads With Symbol Used By Nazis. Campaign Calls It An 'Emoji' | url = https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/880377872/facebook-removes-trump-political-ads-with-nazi-symbol-campaign-calls-it-an-emoji | work = NPR | date = 18 June 2020 |language=en| quote = Trump campaign spokesman Tim Murtaugh said that some products are sold online that use the inverted red triangle in antifa imagery … The (Trump) campaign also said that the symbol is not in the Anti-Defamation League Hate Symbols Database … Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO of the Anti-Defamation League, pointed out that the database is not a collection of historical Nazi imagery. "It's a database of symbols commonly used by modern extremist groups and white supremacists in the United States", he said. }}</ref>

<ref name="action" >{{Cite web| last1 = Breland | first1 = Ali | title = Nazis put this symbol on political opponents' arms. Now Trump is using it.| url = https://www.motherjones.com/2020-elections/2020/06/trump-upside-down-triangle-antifa/|access-date = 2021-12-22 | website = Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref>

<ref name="Cite tweet" >{{Cite tweet | number = 1273482511918616578 | user = jewishaction | title = The President of the United States is campaigning for reelection using a Nazi concentration camp symbol. Nazis used the red triangle to mark political prisoners and people who rescued Jews. Trump & the RNC are using it to smear millions of protestors. Their masks are off. (with screenshots and other images)}}</ref>

<ref name="tafel-mit" >{{cite web | year = 2025 | url = https://germanhistorydocs.org/de/deutschland-nationalsozialismus-1933-1945/tafel-mit-farbigen-kennzeichen-winkeln-fuer-haeftlinge-in-konzentrationslagern-1939-1942 | title =Tafel mit farbigen Kennzeichen (Winkeln) für Häftlinge in Konzentrationslagern (ca. 1938–1944) | publisher = German History in Documents and Images}}</ref>

<ref name="HCP doc" >{{cite web | title = Identification Badges in the Holocaust | url = https://hcofpgh.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Pages-from-Badges-and-Stages-of-Genocide-version1.pdf |website = hcofpgh.org |publisher = Holocaust Center of Pittsburgh |quote = Political prisoners: social democrats, socialists, trade unionists, communists and anarchists}}</ref>

<ref name="Anti-Fascist Action" >{{cite web |last1 = Silver |first1=Steve | title = Berlin and the red triangle |magazine=Searchlight | url = https://searchlightmagazine.com/2024/08/berlin-and-the-red-triangle/ | date = 16 August 2024 |quote = It wasn’t only in Germany that the red triangle was an anti-fascist symbol. It was also an anti-fascist symbol in Britain. Anti-Fascist Action used the symbol in the 1980s with the red triangle piercing a swastika (right). That particular image harked back to early Soviet propaganda. In 1918 Nikolai Kolli … The avant-garde Russian Jewish artist El Lissitsky echoed that sculpture in his famous "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge" poster, some arguing that the slogan was chosen to counter the Russian pogromist slogan "Bej zhidov!" ("Beat the Jews").}}</ref>

<ref name="Ginsberg 2017" >{{Cite book | editor-first = Mary | editor-last = Ginsberg | year = 2017 | url = https://researchonline.rca.ac.uk/2239/ | title = Communist Posters |isbn=978-1-78023-724-4| publisher = Reaktion Books | page = 40 }}</ref>

<ref name="new logo" >{{cite news | trans-title = The "inverted red triangle" returns to the forefront of discussions with the return of Qassam operations in Gaza. | script-title = ar: "المثلث الأحمر المقلوب" يعود لواجهة التفاعلات مع عودة عمليات القسام بغزة | url = https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2025/4/21/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9 | website = www.aljazeera.net | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250422012116/https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2025/4/21/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9 | archive-date = 2025-04-22 |language=ar}}</ref>

<ref name="old logo" >{{Cite web | title=Old logo | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSr4XwbfBLw | publisher= Al Arabiya | via=YouTube}} timestamp: 0:34</ref>

<ref name="solidair 31 July 2019" >{{cite web| date = 31 July 2019 | last1 = Lefèvre | first1 = Jonathan | title = Rode Driehoek: de arbeidersstrijd en het antifascistisch symbool | trans-title = Red Triangle: the workers' struggle and the anti-fascist symbol | url = https://www.solidair.org/artikels/rode-driehoek-de-arbeidersstrijd-en-het-antifascistisch-symbool | website = Solidair | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923100512/https://www.solidair.org/artikels/rode-driehoek-de-arbeidersstrijd-en-het-antifascistisch-symbool | archive-date = 2020-09-23 |language=nl-BE| quote = De voorbije weken haalden heel wat mensen een rode driehoek boven om hun afkeer voor extreemrechts te tonen. De rode driehoek is het symbool van het antifascisme sinds de nazi’s hun politieke gevangenen in de kampen dwongen dit te dragen. Maar het symbool dateert van veel vroeger … Op 1 Mei van 1890 dragen linkse militanten een rode driehoek. De Gazette de Liège van 25 april 1890 (de krant van katholiek reactionair rechts): “1 Mei. Tienduizend affiches zullen worden uitgehangen in Parijs. Ze worden gedrukt op rood papier. Bovenaan staat: Feest van de Arbeid. Een delegatie zal de petitie van de syndicale kamers en van de socialistische fracties van Frankrijk op die 1 mei bij de Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers indienen. De delegatie vertrekt op de Place de la Concorde om 2 u in de namiddag. Het insigne dat de manifestanten zullen dragen is een lederen rode driehoek, waarbinnen deze inscriptie staat: '1 Mei, 8 uren arbeid’.1 De eerste hoek staat voor 8 uur werken, de tweede voor 8 uur ontspanning en de derde voor 8 uur rust. | trans-quote = In recent weeks, many people have pulled out a red triangle to show their dislike for the extreme right. The red triangle has been the symbol of anti-fascism since the Nazis forced their political prisoners in the camps to wear it. But the symbol dates back to much earlier ... On May 1 of 1890, left-wing militants wear a red triangle. The Gazette de Liège of April 25, 1890 (the newspaper of the Catholic reactionary right): "May 1. Ten thousand posters will be hung in Paris. They are printed on red paper. At the top it says: Labor Day. A delegation will submit the petition of the trade union chambers and the socialist groups of France to the Chamber of Deputies on May 1. The delegation leaves the Place de la Concorde at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. The insignia that the demonstrators will wear is a leather red triangle, within which is this inscription: '1 May, 8 hours of work'. 1 The first corner represents 8 hours of work, the second 8 hours of relaxation, and the third 8 hours of rest. }}</ref>

<ref name="May Day" >{{cite web | title = May Day: origins and traditions | url = https://www.accentfrancais.com/blog/may-day-origins-and-traditions | website = Accent Francais | quote = The workers marched to demand the eight-hour day. They wore a red triangle in their buttonholes. Its three sides symbolise the division of time between work, leisure and sleep.}}</ref>

<ref name="driehoek" >{{cite web| date = 4 April 2023 | title = Waarom een rode driehoek? | url = https://hetgrootverzet.org/waarom-een-rode-driehoek/ |website = Het Groot Verzet |language=nl-NL| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230606001026/https://hetgrootverzet.org/waarom-een-rode-driehoek/ | archive-date = 2023-06-06 |access-date = 2025-09-08}}</ref>

<ref name="firsttheycame" >{{cite web| author-link = Martin Niemöller | author = Martin Niemöller | title = First They Came – by Pastor Martin Niemöller | url = https://hmd.org.uk/resource/first-they-came-by-pastor-martin-niemoller/ | website = Holocaust Memorial Day Trust | archive-date = 2018-12-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181208123448/https://hmd.org.uk/resource/first-they-came-by-pastor-martin-niemoller/ |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="DW 08-04-2024">{{cite web | title = Red triangle symbol: Germany debating a ban – DW – 08/04/2024 | url = https://www.dw.com/en/germany-debates-banning-red-triangle-symbol-linked-to-hamas/a-69840776 |website = dw.com |publisher = Deutsche Welle | date = 4 August 2024 |language=en| quote = From the mid-1930s, political prisoners were forced to wear cloth badges with the triangle in Nazi concentration camps. It was part of an extensive dehumanizing classification system. 'At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors', Jens-Christian Wagner, the director of the Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora Memorials Foundation, told DW. Later, he explained, most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries.}}</ref>  <ref name="aja.ws - e4x3gn" >{{Cite news| trans-title = Has Qassam's media outperformed the occupation during the year of war on Gaza? | script-title = ar: هل تفوق إعلام القسام على الاحتلال خلال عام من الحرب على غزة؟ | url = https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2024/10/7/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4 | website = aljazeera.net | archive-date = 2024-10-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241008003906/https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2024/10/7/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4 | script-quote = ar: وكان من أبرز ما لمع وارتبط اسمه وشكله بعمليات القسام هو "المثلث الأحمر المقلوب" فمنذ عام وكتائب عز الدين القسام الجناح العسكري لحركة حماس تستخدمه في عملياتها. ودائما ما كان يُرفق "المثلث الأحمر المقلوب" لتحديد المركبات والجنود الإسرائيليين الذين يتم إيقاعهم بالكمائن أو استهدافهم من قبل قناصي القسام في مقاطع الفيديو التي توثق المعارك المستمرة في قطاع غزة … لدرجة أن المثلث الأحمر المقلوب أصبح رمزا من رموز النضال الفلسطيني ضد الاحتلال، مما جعل مجلس النواب في العاصمة الألمانية برلين يصنّف رمز المثلث المقلوب من الرموز الممنوع استخدامها في المظاهرات والتجمعات المناصرة للقضية الفلسطينية والمنددة بالحرب الإسرائيلية على غزة. | trans-quote = The "inverted red triangle" has always been attached to identify Israeli vehicles and soldiers ambushed or targeted by Qassam snipers in videos documenting the ongoing battles in the Gaza Strip. To the point that the inverted red triangle has become a symbol of the Palestinian struggle against the occupation, the German parliament in Berlin has classified the inverted triangle as a symbol prohibited from use in demonstrations and gatherings supporting the Palestinian cause and denouncing the Israeli war on Gaza. }}</ref>

<ref name="Grime4Corbyn" >{{cite web | title = The Mandem Need You: Can Grime4Corbyn succeed where Red Wedge failed? | url = https://crackmagazine.net/article/long-reads/mandem-need-grime4corbyn-history-pop-resistance/ |website = Crack Magazine |quote = The name Red Wedge was adopted from a lithographic soviet propaganda poster from 1919. The artwork, designed by constructivist artist El Lissitzky, was titled Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge in reference to the Bolshevik faction defeating the anti-communist White Movement confederation during the Russian Civil War. The image of a red triangle penetrating a large white circle was also reinterpreted by Bragg and his musical comrades. However, despite the poster's communist ancestry, the 1985 movement insisted it was not a communist organisation.}}</ref>

<ref name="Watson 2017-06-06" >{{cite web | author1 = Tom Watson | date = 2017-06-06 | title = 06.06.17 (Words by: Tom Watson) "I'm a socialist, which means my glass is half full. I'm encouraged by the young people being mobilised." – Billy Bragg "The mandem need you." – Novelist | website = crackmagazine.net | url = https://crackmagazine.net/article/long-reads/mandem-need-grime4corbyn-history-pop-resistance/ | quote = The name Red Wedge was adopted from a lithographic soviet propaganda poster from 1919. The artwork, designed by constructivist artist El Lissitzky, was titled Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge in reference to the Bolshevik faction defeating the anti-communist White Movement confederation during the Russian Civil War. The image of a red triangle penetrating a large white circle was also reinterpreted by Bragg and his musical comrades. However, despite the poster's communist ancestry, the 1985 movement insisted it was not a communist organisation.}}</ref>

<ref name="wedge crack" >{{cite web | title = The Mandem Need You: Can Grime4Corbyn succeed where Red Wedge failed? | url = https://crackmagazine.net/article/long-reads/mandem-need-grime4corbyn-history-pop-resistance/ | website = Crack Magazine | quote = The name Red Wedge was adopted from a lithographic soviet propaganda poster from 1919. The artwork, designed by constructivist artist El Lissitzky, was titled Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge in reference to the Bolshevik faction defeating the anti-communist White Movement confederation during the Russian Civil War. The image of a red triangle penetrating a large white circle was also reinterpreted by Bragg and his musical comrades. However, despite the poster's communist ancestry, the 1985 movement insisted it was not a communist organisation. }}</ref>  <ref name="Martin-Niemöller-Haus" >Originally in {{langx|de| Als die Nazis die Kommunisten holten || When the Nazis came for the communists, I kept quiet; I wasn't a communist}}, {{cite web| url = https://www.niemoeller-haus-berlin.de/niemoeller-gedicht/ | title = Martin Niemöllers Gedicht |publisher = Martin-Niemöller-Haus |location = Berlin-Dahlem | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230604231323/https://www.niemoeller-haus-berlin.de/niemoeller-gedicht/ | archive-date = 2023-06-04 |language=de}} Publisher: {{ill|Martin-Niemöller-Haus Berlin-Dahlem|de}}</ref>  <ref name="no contemporary" >{{Cite thesis| title = El Lissitzky|last=Birnholz|first=Alan Curtis| date = 1974|degree=PhD|publisher = Yale University| url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/302668778|id={{ProQuest|302668778}}| page = 113 | quote = I have found no contemporary references to the slogan "Beat the Whites", but it strikingly recalls the traditional shout of the pogroms, "Bei zihidov," or "Beat the Jews"— though "beat" is too weak, and "Jews" too polite for an accurate translation of this phrase. }}</ref>  <ref name="Territoires" >{{cite web | title = L'Extême droite c'est toujours 𝐍𝐎𝐍 en fait ! | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVkkt5IgpIo | website = www.youtube.com/@territoiresdelamemoire4559 | publisher = Territoires de la Mémoire | via = YouTube | date = 8 May 2024 | quote = Nous restons fermement décidés à défendre, promouvoir et construire un monde solidaire, inconditionnellement antiraciste, antisexiste, et dénonçant toutes les formes de discriminations. 🔻 NON à la haine 🔻 NON à l’extrême droite 🔻 🔻𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐋𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐄 𝐑𝐎𝐔𝐆𝐄 🔻 🔻www.trianglerouge.be🔻 | trans-quote = We remain firmly committed to defending, promoting and building a world of solidarity, unconditionally anti-racist, anti-sexist, and denouncing all forms of discrimination. 🔻 NO to hatred 🔻 NO to the far right 🔻 🔻LET'S WEAR THE RED 🔻 TRIANGLE 🔻🔻 www.trianglerouge.be}}</ref>

<ref name="antis definition" >{{cite web | title = Glossaire – Antisémitisme | trans-title = Glossary – Anti-Semitism | url = https://trianglerouge.be/glossaire/antisemitisme/ | website = trianglerouge.be | publisher = Triangle Rouge | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230608141003/https://trianglerouge.be/glossaire/antisemitisme/ | archive-date = 2023-06-08 | trans-quote = Because the time, the nineteenth century, was at the explanation of the world by the scientific theory of races, the age-old hatred and rejection of Jews in Europe changed register, passing from religion to science: anti-Judaism (religious hatred) became anti-Semitism (racial hatred). "Between 1789 and 1815, Jews had been emancipated in most Western countries, and now aspired to become citizens like others. (...) Now, in the age of science, the theological argument of the curse was no longer appropriate to demand the re-establishment of the ghettos, and so it was that the Jewish "deicide" caste was transmuted, in the aftermath of its emancipation, into the "inferior" Semitic race. (...) The ineradicable feelings and resentments of the Christian West were now expressed in a new vocabulary. (Leon Poliakov, The Aryan Myth. Essai sur les sources du racisme et des nationalismes, Calmann-Lévy, 1971, p. 195). up … And if the "racial" dimension of contemporary anti-Semitism can be considered marginal, the fact remains that xenophobia against Jewish people remains a particular and almost unique case of a xenophobia that has its roots deep in the famous "ineradicable feelings and resentments of the Christian West".}}</ref>

<ref name="La Vanguardia 16 January 2020">{{cite web | title = Qué significa en realidad el triángulo rojo de Iglesias y Garzón | url = https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20200116/472924930852/que-significa-en-realidad-el-triangulo-rojo-de-iglesias-y-garzon.html | website = La Vanguardia | language = es | date = 16 January 2020 | trans-quote = Although the color was originally assigned exclusively to communists, its use spread to any political opponent of Hitler's regime, including social democrats, liberals, members of the Resistance in general and Strasserists (a current within the Nazi Party that did not agree with Hitler's policies) along with anarchists, trade unionists, Freemasons... After 1939, and with certain variations in each camp, prisoners began to be classified into categories according to a broader system of markings. | quote = Aunque en origen se asignó ese color exclusivamente a los comunistas, su uso se extendió a cualquier opositor político al régimen de Hitler, entre los que figuraban socialdemócratas, liberales, miembros de la Resistencia en general y strasseristas (corriente del Partido Nazi que no comulgaba con la política de Hitler) junto a anarquistas, sindicalistas, masones... Después de 1939, y con determinadas variaciones en cada campo, se comenzó a clasificar a los prisioneros en categorías de acuerdo con un sistema más amplio de marcas.}}</ref>

</references>

== External links == * {{cite web | author1 = LangLаngС (pen name) | title = Have Antifa members used an inverted red triangle as a symbol? | url = https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/47917/have-antifa-members-used-an-inverted-red-triangle-as-a-symbol | website = Skeptics Stack Exchange | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250705151228/https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/47917/have-antifa-members-used-an-inverted-red-triangle-as-a-symbol | archive-date = 2025-07-05 | date = 26 June 2020 | language = en}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Becker | first1 = Maximilian | title = Tales of Antifascism: International Survivors' Organizations during the Cold War | journal = Fascism | date = 21 December 2020 | volume = 9 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 244–271 | doi = 10.1163/22116257-09010009 | issn = 2211-6249 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite web | title = Website of the VVN-BdA (Bund der Antifaschistinnen und Antifaschisten) | url = https://vvn-bda.de/ | website = vvn-bda.de |access-date = 26 July 2025 |language=de}}

{{Resistance in World War II by country}} {{KZ}} {{Fascism}} {{authority control}} {{Portal bar| Politics | Communism | Fascism | Socialism | Anarchism | History | World War II | Discrimination }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Red Inverted Triangle}} Category:Terminology of Nazi concentration camps Category:Socialism in Germany Category:Communism in Germany Category:History of socialism Category:History of anarchism Category:Anarchism in Germany Category:Resistance against the Axis powers Category:Anti-fascism Category:Far-left politics Category:Left-wing politics in Europe Triangle, red Category:Triangles

Red triangle (badge)

Connections

Linked from (25 total)

Links to (213 total)