Interrogative word

{{Short description|Words that indicate a question is being asked, as a grammatical category}} {{Multiple issues|section=| {{Globalize|article|Anglophone|2name=the English-speaking world|date=May 2017}} {{More citations needed|date=May 2020}} }} An '''interrogative word''' or '''question word''' is a function word used to ask a question, such as ''what, which'', ''when'', ''where'', ''who, whom, whose'', ''why'', ''whether'' and ''how''. They are sometimes called '''wh-words''', because in English most of them start with ''wh-'' (compare Five Ws). Most may be used in both direct (''Where is he going?'') and in indirect questions (''I wonder where he is going''). In English and various other languages the same forms are also used as relative pronouns in certain relative clauses (''The country where he was born'') and certain adverb clauses (''I go where he goes''). It can also be used as a modal, since question words are more likely to appear in modal sentences, like (''Why was he walking?'')

A particular type of interrogative word is the '''interrogative particle''', which serves to convert a statement into a yes–no question, without having any other meaning. Examples include ''est-ce que'' in French, ли ''li'' in Russian, ''czy'' in Polish, чи ''chy in'' Ukrainian, ''ĉu'' in Esperanto, ''āyā'' آیا in Persian, কি ''ki'' in Bengali, {{linktext|lang=zh-hant|嗎}}/{{linktext|lang=zh-hans|吗}} ''ma'' in Mandarin Chinese, ''{{lang|tr|mı}}''/''{{lang|tr|mi}}''/{{lang|tr|mu}}''/''{{lang|tr|mü}}<ref name="vHarmony">''Finnish and Turkish have vowel harmony, see more here''</ref> in Turkish, ''pa'' in Ladin, {{lang|ja|か}} ''ka'' in Japanese, {{lang|ko|까}} ''kka'' in Korean, ''ko/kö''<ref name="vHarmony" /> in Finnish, ''Kasi'' (or "Ka" for short) in Tumbuka, ''tat'' in Catalan, (да) ли ''(da) li'' in Serbo-Croatian and {{lang|eu|al}} and {{lang|eu|ote}} in Basque. ''"Is it true that..."'' and ''"... right?"'' would be a similar construct in English. Such particles contrast with other interrogative words, which form what are called ''wh''-questions rather than yes–no questions.

For more information about the grammatical rules for using formed questions in various languages, see Interrogative.

==In English== {{Main|English interrogative words}} Interrogative words in English can serve as interrogative determiners, interrogative pronouns, or interrogative adverbs. Certain pronominal adverbs may also be used as interrogative words, such as ''whereby'' or ''wherefore''.

=== Interrogative determiner === The interrogative words ''which'', ''what'' and ''whose'' are interrogative determiners when specifying a noun or nominal phrase: The question ''Which farm is the county’s largest?'' specifies the noun ''farm'' as definite, while ''What farm?'' is indefinite. In the question ''Whose gorgeous, pink painting is that?'', ''whose'' is the interrogative, personal, possessive determiner prompting a specification for the possessor of the noun phrase ''gorgeous pink painting''.

=== Interrogative pronoun === The interrogative words ''who'', ''whom'', ''whose'', ''what'' and ''which'' are interrogative pronouns when used in the place of a noun or noun phrase. In the question ''Who is the leader?'', the interrogative word ''who'' is a interrogative pronoun because it stands in the place of the noun or noun phrase the question prompts (e.g. ''the king'' or ''the woman with the crown''). Similarly, in the question ''Which leads to the city center?'' the interrogative word ''which'' is an interrogative pronoun because it stands in the place of a noun or noun phrase (e.g. ''the road to the north'' or ''the river to your east''). Note, ''which'' is an interrogative pronoun, not an interrogative determiner, because there is no noun or noun phrase present to serve as a determiner for. Consequently, in the question ''Which leads to the city center?'' the word ''which'' is an interrogative pronoun; when in the question ''Which road leads to the city center?'' the word ''which'' is an interrogative determiner for the noun ''road''.

=== Interrogative adverb === The interrogative words ''where, when, how, why, whether, whatsoever'', and the more archaic ''whither'' and ''whence'' are interrogative adverbs when they modify a verb. In the question ''How did you announce the deal?'' the interrogative word ''how'' is an interrogative adverb because it modifies the verb ''did'' (past tense of ''to do''). In the question ''Why should I read that book?'' the interrogative word ''why'' is an interrogative adverb because it describes the verb ''should''.

Note, in direct questions, interrogative adverbs always describe auxiliary verbs such as ''did'', ''do'', ''should'', ''will'', ''must'', or ''might''.

===Yes–no questions=== A yes–no question can begin with an interrogative subject-verb inversion involving an auxiliary verb (or negative contraction), sometimes even if it is not performing the auxiliary function: * A finite inflection of be (e.g. Are you hungry?, Are you working from home today?) * A finite inflection of have (e.g. Have you any soup? Hasn’t she eaten lunch?) * A conjugation of do (e.g. Do you want fries?) - see {{section link|Do-support|In questions}} * A conjugation of a modal verb (e.g. Can't you move any faster?)

English questions can also be formed without an interrogative word as the first word, by changing the intonation or punctuation of a statement. For example: "You're done eating?"

===Forms with ''-ever''=== Most English interrogative words can take the suffix ''-ever'', to form words such as ''whatever'' and ''wherever''. (Older forms of the suffix are ''-so'' and ''-soever'', as in ''whoso'' and ''whomsoever''.) These words have the following main meanings: *As more emphatic interrogative words, often expressing disbelief or puzzlement in mainly rhetorical questions: ''Whoever could have done such a thing? Wherever has he gone?'' *To form free relative clauses, as in ''I'll do whatever you do'', ''Whoever challenges us shall be punished'', ''Go to wherever they go''. In this use, the nominal ''-ever'' words (''who(m)ever'', ''whatever'', ''whichever'') can be regarded as indefinite pronouns or as relative pronouns. *To form adverbial clauses with the meaning "no matter where/who/etc.": ''Wherever they hide, I will find them.''

Some of these words have also developed independent meanings, such as ''however'' as an adverb meaning "nonetheless"; ''whatsoever'' as an emphatic adverb used with ''no'', ''none'', ''any'', ''nothing'', etc. (''I did nothing wrong whatsoever''); and ''whatever'' in its slang usage.

==Other languages== A frequent class of interrogative words in several other languages is the interrogative verb:

*Korean: {{fs interlinear|indent=3 |날씨가 '''어떻'''습니까? |Nalssi-ga '''eotteo'''-sseumni-kka? |Weather-NOM be.how-{{gcl|POL5|politeness fifth level}}-INTERR |"How's the weather?"}}

*Mongolian: {{interlinear|indent=3 |Chi '''yaa'''-vch jaahan huuhed bish gej bi bod-jii-ne |You do.what-CONC small child not that I think-PROG-NPAST |"Whatever you do, I think you're not a small child." (Example taken from an Internet forum)}}

=== Australian Aboriginal languages === Interrogative pronouns in Australian Aboriginal languages are a diverse set of lexical items with functions extending far beyond simply the formation of questions (though this is one of their uses). These pronominal stems are sometimes called '''ignoratives''' or '''epistememes''' because their broader function is to convey differing degrees of perceptual or epistemic certainty. Often, a singular ignorative stem may serve a variety of interrogative functions that would be expressed by different lexical items in, say, English through contextual variation and interaction with other morphology such as case-marking. In Jingulu, for example, the single stem ''nyamba'' may come to mean 'what', 'where', 'why' or 'how' through combination with locative, dative, ablative, and instrumental case suffixes:

{{Interlinear|indent=3|nyamba nyamarni manjku|IGNOR 2SG.ERG skin.name|What skin are you?}} {{Interlinear|indent=3|nyamba-mbili-kaji mankiyi-mindi-ju|IGNOR-LOC-through sit-1DU.INCL-do|Where are we sitting?}} {{Interlinear|indent=3|Nyamba-rna arrkuja-nga-nku-ju|IGNOR-DAT scratch-1SG-REFL-do|Why are you scratching?}} {{Interlinear|indent=3|Nyamba-arndi-kaji nya-rriyi-rni|IGNOR-INST-through 2SG-go.FUT-FOC|How will you go?}}

(Adapted from Pensalfini<ref>Pensalfini, Rob. 2003. ''A Grammar of Jingulu : an Aboriginal language of the Northern Territory''. Canberra ACT: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.</ref>)

Other closely related languages, however, have less interrelated ways of forming wh-questions with separate lexemes for each of these wh-pronouns. This includes Wardaman, which has a collection of entirely unrelated interrogative stems: ''yinggiya'' 'who', ''ngamanda'' 'what', ''guda'' 'where', ''nyangurlang'' 'when', ''gun.garr-ma'' 'how many/what kind'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Merlan, Francesca.|title=A grammar of Wardaman : a language of the Northern Territory of Australia|date=1994|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|isbn=3-11-012942-6|location=Berlin|oclc=28926390}}</ref>

Mushin (1995)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mushin|first=Liana|date=June 1995|title=Epistememes in Australian languages∗|journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–31|doi=10.1080/07268609508599514|issn=0726-8602}}</ref> and Verstraete (2018)<ref>{{Citation|last=Verstraete|first=Jean-Christophe|title='Perhaps' in Cape York Peninsula|date=2018-09-10|work=Aspects of Linguistic Variation|pages=247–268|editor-last=Olmen|editor-first=Daniël|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110607963-010|isbn=978-3-11-060796-3|editor2-last=Mortelmans|editor2-first=Tanja|editor3-last=Brisard|editor3-first=Frank|doi-access=free|hdl=1885/170669|hdl-access=free}}</ref> provide detailed overviews of the broader functions of ignoratives in an array of languages. The latter focuses on the lexeme ''ngaani'' in many Paman Languages which can have a Wh-like interrogative function but can also have a sense of epistemic indefiniteness or uncertainty like 'some' or 'perhaps;' see the following examples from Umpithamu:

'''Wh-question''' {{Interlinear|indent=3|Ngaani-ku mi'athi-ngka{{=}}uurra-athungku|IGNOR-DAT cry-PRS{{=}}2PL.NOM-1SG.ACC|Why are you all crying for me?}}

'''Adnominal / Determiner''' {{Interlinear|indent=3|yukurun ngaani yitha-n{{=}}antyampa kuura|gear IGNOR leave-PST{{=}}1PL.EXCL.NOM behind|We left some gear behind}}

'''Adverbial''' {{Interlinear|indent=3|Yupa miintha iluwa ngaani ngama-l|today good 3SG.NOM IGNOR see-IMPERF|Perhaps she is better today.}} (Verstraete 2018)

=== Esperanto === In Esperanto, all interrogative pronouns have two syllables, and begin with the stressed syllable "ki-".

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Interrogative Word}} Category:Interrogative words and phrases