{{Short description|Type of city of a certain scale and economy}} [[File:Widok na lublin nocą - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Lublin, an old commercial and industrial city in Poland]] [[File:Tammerkoski ja Finlaysonin tehdasrakennukset.JPG|thumb|Tampere, in Finland, an old industrial city whose largest industry is the Finlayson textile factory, built in the 1820s by the Scot James Finlayson]] An '''industrial city''' or '''industrial town''' is a town or city in which the municipal economy, at least historically, is centered around industry, with important factories or other production facilities in the town. It has been part of most countries' industrialization process. Air pollution and toxic waste have contributed to the lower life expectancy in some industrial cities.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite web | title=Industrial city - sociology | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-city | access-date=2019-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921072656/http://www.britannica.com/topic/industrial-city | archive-date=2015-09-21 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Simkin">{{cite web | last=Simkin | first=John | title=Industrial Towns and Cities | website=Spartacus Educational | url=https://spartacus-educational.com/Industrial_Towns.htm | access-date=2019-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706221648/http://spartacus-educational.com/Industrial_Towns.htm | archive-date=2018-07-06 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/travel/anpgyyg.html 工業旅遊：傳統工業城市轉型與發展的六大路徑]</ref><ref name="Henderson Kuncoro Turner 1992 p. ">{{cite report | last1=Henderson | first1=J. Vernon | last2=Kuncoro | first2=Ari | last3=Turner | first3=Matthew | title=Industrial Development in Cities | publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research | publication-place=Cambridge, MA | year=1992 | doi=10.3386/w4178 | url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w4178 | access-date=2019-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630202524/http://www.nber.org/papers/w4178 | archive-date=2018-06-30 | url-status=live | doi-access=free }}</ref> Industrial cities are distinguished from port cities or other transportation hubs, which deal in services. In countries with strong central planning, such as China and India, a city could be created on paper, and then industry found to locate there.<ref name="Henderson Kuncoro Turner 1992">{{cite report |title=Industrial Development in Cities |last1=Henderson |first1=J. Vernon |last2=Kuncoro |first2=Ari |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |doi=10.3386/w4178 |last3=Turner |first3=Matthew |doi-access=free |publication-place=Cambridge, MA |year=1992}}</ref><ref>[https://is.mendelu.cz/eknihovna/opory/zobraz_cast.pl?cast=58357 pre-industrial cities (1), industrial cities (2) and post-industrial cities (3).]</ref>
In the United States, which had much sparsely populated land, the industry typically preceded the town; the town grew up around a factory, mine, or source of water power. As the industry grew, and it and its employees needed goods and services, the town grew with and often around it, until in some cases the town became a city. It is a capitalistic and typically unplanned expansion. Examples are Scranton, Pennsylvania, and the mill towns of New England. Many American industrial cities are located in the Great Lakes region of the country, often referred to as the Rust Belt, referring to the declining industry and overall economy of many cities in the region. "The industrial city" as a nickname, though, most frequently refers to South San Francisco, where the term is inscribed on a hillside sign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South San Francisco Hillside Sign - FoundSF |url=https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=South_San_Francisco_Hillside_Sign |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.foundsf.org}}</ref>
In Europe, where industries more frequently arose within existing cities, industrialization affected the internal structure of many of them. Potential needs such as raw materials, transportation and labor required for the establishment of industrial zones require consultation of the local and general public. Therefore, special policies are needed. This situation causes industrial zones and industrialists to take on an additional role in terms of policy. Since the industrial revolution, these subsidiaries remain important similarly. With this by the end of the nineteenth century the shape and functions of most cities, along with social relations and growing industries, naturally rebuilt Manchester, England, is considered{{by whom|date=June 2021}} to be the archetype of the industrial city on the basis of Friedrich Engels' observations.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City |last=Caves|first=R. W. |publisher=Routledge|year=2004 |isbn=9780415252256 |pages=378}}</ref>{{explain|date=June 2021}}
In the Chinese-speaking world, the term "industrial city" refers to cities in which the municipal economy is led by heavy industries or the heavy industry is a significant impression of the city to people other than its local residents.<ref name="華人百科">{{cite web | title=工業城市：產業革命後隨著現代工業的發展而產生的以工業生產為主要職能的城市，在 -華人百科 | website=華人百科 | url=https://www.itsfun.com.tw/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82/wiki-9467946-9714826 | language=zh | access-date=2019-04-07 | archive-date=2019-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407170345/https://www.itsfun.com.tw/%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E5%259F%258E%25E5%25B8%2582/wiki-9467946-9714826 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2014 p. ">{{cite book | last=Wang | first=Mark | title=Old industrial cities seeking new road of industrialization : models of revitalizing Northeast China | publisher=World Scientific | publication-place=Singapore | year=2014 | isbn=978-981-4390-54-5 | oclc=864899911 }}</ref>{{explain|date=June 2021}}
==References==
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Category:Industrial cities Category:Secondary sector Category:Types of cities