{{short description|Latin footnote or endnote term referring to the previous source or author}} {{Italic title}} {{other uses|ID (disambiguation)}} {{refimprove|date=January 2017}}
'''''idem''''' is a Latin term meaning "the same". It is commonly abbreviated as '''''id.''''', which is particularly used in legal citations to denote the previously cited source (compare ''ibid.''). It is also used in academic citations to replace the name of a repeated author.
''Id.'' is employed extensively in Canadian legislation and in legal documents of the United States to apply a short description to a section with the same focus as the previous.<ref name="trump">{{cite web|author=U.S. 9th circuit appeals court|title=9th circuit appeals court - opinion of judges (9 Feb 2017) - State of Washington v. Donald J.Trump|url=http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2017/02/09/17-35105.pdf|website=www.cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov|access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref>
''Id''. is masculine and neuter; '''''ead.''''' (feminine) is the abbreviation for '''''eadem''''', which also translates to "the same".
As an abbreviation, ''Id.'' always takes a period (or full stop) in both British and American usage (see usage of the full stop in abbreviations). Its first known use dates back to the 14th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of ''Idem'' |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/idem |publisher=Merriam-Webster |location=Springfield, Massachusetts}}</ref> {{wiktionary}}
==Use== ===Legal=== *''United States v. Martinez-Fuerte'', 428 U.S. 543, 545 (1976). *''Id.'' at 547.
Here, the first citation refers to the case of ''United States v. Martinez-Fuerte.'' The volume number cited is 428 and the page on which the case begins is 543, and the page number cited to is 545. The "U.S." between the numerical portions of the citation refers to the ''United States Reports''. 1976 refers to the year that the case was published. The second citation references the first citation and automatically incorporates the same reporter and volume number; however, the page number cited is now 547. ''Id.'' refers to the immediately preceding citation, so if the previous citation includes more than one reference, or it is unclear which reference ''Id.'' refers to, its usage is inappropriate.
===Academic=== *Macgillivray, J. A. ''Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth''. New York: Hill & Wang, 2000. *''Id.'' ''Astral Labyrinth: Archaeology of the Greek Sky''. Sutton Pub, 2003.
In this example, ''Id'' in the second citation indicates that the author is identical to that of the previous citation. That is, the author of the second citation is also Macgillivray, J. A.
===Nautical=== ''Idem'' is the name of a class of sailboats designed in 1897 by naval architect Clinton Crane. They are gaff-head sloops 32' long (19' at the waterline) and 8' wide. Eleven of the twelve original boats are still sailed on Upper Saint Regis Lake, NY. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/idem/|title=IDEM - sailboatdata}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sailboat.guide/idem|title=Idem|website=Sailboat Guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://classicsailboats.org/1496/|title=Clinton Crane 1899 Idem Class Sloop|date=January 23, 2013}}</ref> A new Idem was built on Upper Saint Regis Lake in 1999 by Nelson Crawford, adhering scrupulously to the original Crane design, including commissioning a run of Egyptian cotton sailcloth so that the sails would meet the original specifications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sailingworld.com/racing/the-idems-of-regis-lake/|title=The Idems of Regis Lake | Sailing World|date=July 9, 2019|website=www.sailingworld.com}}</ref>
==See also== * Bibliography * Ditto mark * ''Ibid.'' (''ibidem'') * List of Latin abbreviations * List of Latin phrases * List of legal Latin terms * ''Supra''
==References== {{reflist}}
Category:Latin legal terminology Category:Latin words and phrases Category:Bibliography Category:Abbreviations