{{short description|Latin footnote or endnote term referring to the previous source}} {{redirect|Ibid}}
thumb|A list of citations, the majority Ibid citations '''Ibid.''' or '''ib.'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=William Dwight Whitney |url= |title=The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language |date=1889 |publisher=The Century co |pages=2965 |language=English |chapter=ibidem |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/centurydictiona00whitgoog/page/n270/mode/2up?q=ibidem}}</ref> is an abbreviation for the Latin word '''''ibīdem''''', meaning {{Gloss|in the same place}}, commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to ''idem'', literally meaning {{Gloss|the same}}, abbreviated ''id.'', which is commonly used in legal citation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/idem |title=Idem|publisher=thefreedictionary.com |access-date=11 May 2008}}</ref>
''Ibid.'' may also be used in the Chicago (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material.<ref>Chicago Manual of Style Online, (13.64).</ref><ref>New Hart's Rules, Oxford University Press, 2005, p.396</ref> The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page.
Some academic publishers now prefer that ''ibid.'' not be italicised, as it is a commonly found term.<ref>E.g., {{cite web |url= http://www.cambridge.org/us/notesforauthors/cambridge_style.doc |title=Style sheet: Cambridge University Press |format=DOC |date=2013 }}</ref> Usage differs from style or citation guides as to whether ibid should be suffixed with a full stop. For example, Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities omits full stops and does not capitalize,<ref>{{Cite book|title=OSCOLA : Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities|date=2012|publisher=Hart Publishers|others=Nolan, Donal., Meredith, Sandra., University of Oxford. Faculty of Law.|isbn=978-1-84946-367-6|edition=4th|location=Oxford|pages=5|oclc=775030305}}</ref> while ''The Economist's'' style guide uses a lower case starting letter with ending full stop.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Style guide|publisher=Economist Books|date=5 June 2018|isbn=978-1-61039-981-4|edition=Twelfth|location=New York|pages=202|oclc=1005580872}}</ref> ''New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide'' recommends unitalicised and with a full stop: "ibid.".<ref>{{Cite book |title=New Hart's rules: the Oxford style guide |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957002-7 |editor-last=Ritter |editor-first=R. M. |edition=Second edition / Anne Waddingham |location=New York, NY |page=338 |editor-last2=Waddingham |editor-first2=Anne}}</ref>
==Example== <blockquote> :[1] E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' (New York: Academic, 1997), 23. :[2] Ibid. :[3] Ibid., 29. :[4] A. Alhazred, ''The Necronomicon'' (Petrus de Dacia, 1994). :[5] Ibid. 1, 34. </blockquote> Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. <citation #>, as in reference 5.
==Cultural references==
*"Ibid", a humorous short story by H. P. Lovecraft, purports to be a brief biography of the (fictional) Roman scholar Ibidus. * ''Ibid.'' is used in the 1960s play ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' by Edward Albee. Albee uses an unabbreviated ibid (i.e. ''ibīdem'') in his stage directions to tell an actor to use the same tone as the previous line. * In the ''Discworld'' novels ''Pyramids'' and ''Small Gods'' by Terry Pratchett, an Ephebian philosopher is called Ibid, mentioned in the latter as the author of ''Discourses''.
==See also== {{div col}} * Ditto mark * Em dash * ''Loc. cit.'' * ''Op. cit.'' * ''Supra'' (grammar) * List of Latin abbreviations {{div col end}}
== References == {{Reflist|30em}}
==External links== {{wiktionary|ibid.|ibid|ibidem}} * [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ibid&r=67 ''Ibid.''] on Dictionary.com * [http://www.nongnu.org/bibulus/bibcit.html Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles]
Category:Bibliography Category:Latin words and phrases Category:Abbreviations