{{Short description|Genus of viruses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} {{Virusbox | image = 12985 2017 753 Fig2 HTML.webp | image_alt = Orthohepacivirus structure and genome | image_caption = ''Orthohepacivirus'' structure and genome | taxon = Orthohepacivirus | synonyms = * ''Hepacivirus'' * Hepatitis C-like viruses<ref name="Pringle">{{cite journal |last1=Pringle |first1=C. R. |title=Virus Taxonomy 1996 - A Bulletin from the Xth International Congress of Virology in Jerusalem |journal=Archives of Virology |date=1996 |volume=141 |issue=11 |pages=2251–6 |doi=10.1007/BF01718231 |pmid=8992952 |url=https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/Ratification_1996.pdf |accessdate=13 March 2019 |language=en |issn=1432-8798 |oclc=76349762 |quote=To name the genus comprising the hepatitis C-like viruses as the genus ''Hepacivirus''.|pmc=7086844 }}</ref> * ''Hepatitis virus C group''<ref>1ICTV 6th Report Murphy, F. A., Fauquet, C. M., Bishop, D. H. L., Ghabrial, S. A., Jarvis, A. W. Martelli, G. P. Mayo, M. A. & Summers, M. D.(eds)(1995). Virus Taxonomy. Sixthreport of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Archives of Virology Supplement 10, p. 424 https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%206th%20Report.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302183854/https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%206th%20Report.pdf |date=2 March 2023 }}</ref> | synonyms_ref = | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = }}
'''''Orthohepacivirus''''', formerly called ''Hepacivirus'', is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family ''Hepaciviridae''.<ref name=ICTVReport>{{cite web|title=Flaviviridae|url=https://www.ictv.global/report/flaviviridae|website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taxon Details: ''Orthohepacivirus'' |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202503124&taxon_name=Orthohepacivirus |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> The hepatitis C virus (HCV), in species ''Orthohepacivirus hominis'', infects humans and is associated with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.<ref name=ICTVReport/><ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=https://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/37.html|publisher=ExPASy|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref> There are fourteen species in the genus which infect a range of other vertebrate.<ref name="ICTVReport" />
==History== Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is the causative agent of hepatitis C in humans, was discovered in 1989.<ref name="pmid21084497" /> Eight genotypes (1–8) and eighty-six subtypes (1a, 1b etc.) of hepatitis C virus have been named.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hostager R, Ragonnet-Cronin M, Murrell B, Hedskog C, Osinusi A, Susser S, Sarrazin C, Svarovskaia E, Wertheim JO|date=9 October 2019|title=Hepatitis C virus genotype 1 and 2 recombinant genomes and the phylogeographic history of the 2k/1b lineage|journal=Virus Evol|volume=5|issue=2|article-number=vez041|doi=10.1093/ve/vez041|pmc=6785677|pmid=31616569}}</ref>
GBV-B virus (also known as GB virus B) discovered in 1995 is capable of infecting New World monkeys, in particular tamarins. Like HCV it is transmitted by the blood-borne route and similar to HCV it is associated with the viral hepatitis. However GBV-B has never been identified in wild animals and its natural host is not known.<ref name="pmid21084497" />
==Structure== Viruses in the genus ''Orthohepacivirus'' are enveloped and have spherical icosahedral-like geometries with pseudo T=3 symmetry. The virus particle diameter is around 50 nm. Genomes are linear, non-segmented, and around 10,000 nucleotides in length.<ref name="ICTVReport" /><ref name="ViralZone" />
==Life cycle== Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral envelope protein E to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model. Positive strand RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by viral initiation. Humans and other vertebrate serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are sexual, blood, and contact.<ref name="ICTVReport" /><ref name="ViralZone" />
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center" |- ! Genus !! Host details !! Tissue tropism !! Entry details !! Release details !! Replication site !! Assembly site !! Transmission |- |''Orthohepacivirus''||Humans||Epithelium: skin; epithelium: kidney; epithelium: intestine; epithelium: testes||Clathrin-mediated endocytosis||Secretion||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Sex; blood |}
==Taxonomy== [[File:41598_2019_50580_Fig3_HTML.webp|thumb|Phylogenetic tree of orthohepaciviruses and pegiviruses with their host]] The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by viruses that belong to the species:<ref name="pmid27692039">{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Donald B|last2=Becher|first2=Paul|last3=Bukh|first3=Jens|last4=Gould|first4=Ernest A|last5=Meyers|first5=Gregor|last6=Monath|first6=Thomas|last7=Muerhoff|first7=A Scott|last8=Pletnev|first8=Alexander|last9=Rico-Hesse|first9=Rebecca|last10=Stapleton|first10=Jack T|last11=Simmonds|first11=Peter|year=2016|title=Proposed update to the taxonomy of the genera Hepacivirus and Pegivirus within the Flaviviridae family|journal=Journal of General Virology|volume=97|issue=11|pages=2894–2907|doi=10.1099/jgv.0.000612|pmc=5770844|pmid=27692039}}</ref><ref name=ICTVReport/><ref>{{cite web|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2025 Release|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em| * ''Orthohepacivirus bovis'' (bovine hepacivirus) * ''Orthohepacivirus colobi'' (Guereza hepacivirus) * ''Orthohepacivirus equi'' (canine hepacivirus, equine hepacivirus) * ''Orthohepacivirus glareoli'' (rodent hepacivirus-RMU10-3382/GER/2010) * ''Orthohepacivirus hominis'' (hepatitis C virus) * ''Orthohepacivirus macronycteridis'' (bat hepacivirus-PDB-829) * ''Orthohepacivirus myodae'' (rodent hepacivirus-NLR07-oct70) * ''Orthohepacivirus norvegici'' (Norway rat hepacivirus 2) * ''Orthohepacivirus otomopis'' (bat hepacivirus-PDB-491.1) * ''Orthohepacivirus peromysci'' (rodent hepacivirus-339) * ''Orthohepacivirus platyrrhini'' (GBV-B) * ''Orthohepacivirus ratti'' (Norway rat hepacivirus 1) * ''Orthohepacivirus rhabdomysis'' (rodent hepacivirus-SAR-3/RSA/2008) * ''Orthohepacivirus vittatae'' (bat hepacivirus-PDB-112) }}
==Additional information== Additional orthohepaciviruses have been described from bats, rodents including bank voles, horses, and dogs.<ref name=pmid23572554>{{cite journal |doi=10.1128/mBio.00216-13 |doi-access=free|pmid=23572554 |pmc=3622934 |title=Identification of Rodent Homologs of Hepatitis C Virus and Pegiviruses |journal=mBio |volume=4 |issue=2 |article-number=e00216–13 |year=2013 |last1=Kapoor |first1=A |last2=Simmonds |first2=P |last3=Scheel |first3=T. K. H |last4=Hjelle |first4=B |last5=Cullen |first5=J. M |last6=Burbelo |first6=P. D |last7=Chauhan |first7=L. V |last8=Duraisamy |first8=R |last9=Sanchez Leon |first9=M |last10=Jain |first10=K |last11=Vandegrift |first11=K. J|author12-link=Charles Calisher |last12=Calisher |first12=C. H |last13=Rice |first13=C. M |last14=Lipkin |first14=W. I }}</ref><ref name=pmid23818848>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1003438 |pmid=23818848 |pmc=3688547 |title=Evidence for Novel Hepaciviruses in Rodents |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=9 |issue=6 |article-number=e1003438 |year=2013 |last1=Drexler |first1=Jan Felix |last2=Corman |first2=Victor Max |last3=Müller |first3=Marcel Alexander |last4=Lukashev |first4=Alexander N |last5=Gmyl |first5=Anatoly |last6=Coutard |first6=Bruno |last7=Adam |first7=Alexander |last8=Ritz |first8=Daniel |last9=Leijten |first9=Lonneke M |last10=Van Riel |first10=Debby |last11=Kallies |first11=Rene |last12=Klose |first12=Stefan M |last13=Gloza-Rausch |first13=Florian |last14=Binger |first14=Tabea |last15=Annan |first15=Augustina |last16=Adu-Sarkodie |first16=Yaw |last17=Oppong |first17=Samuel |last18=Bourgarel |first18=Mathieu |last19=Rupp |first19=Daniel |last20=Hoffmann |first20=Bernd |last21=Schlegel |first21=Mathias |last22=Kümmerer |first22=Beate M |last23=Krüger |first23=Detlev H |last24=Schmidt-Chanasit |first24=Jonas |last25=Setién |first25=Alvaro Aguilar |last26=Cottontail |first26=Veronika M |last27=Hemachudha |first27=Thiravat |last28=Wacharapluesadee |first28=Supaporn |last29=Osterrieder |first29=Klaus |last30=Bartenschlager |first30=Ralf |display-authors=29 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=pmid23740998>{{cite journal |doi=10.1128/JVI.00888-13 |pmid=23740998 |pmc=3754081 |title=A Novel Hepacivirus with an Unusually Long and Intrinsically Disordered NS5A Protein in a Wild Old World Primate |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=87 |issue=16 |pages=8971–81 |year=2013 |last1=Lauck |first1=M |last2=Sibley |first2=S. D |last3=Lara |first3=J |last4=Purdy |first4=M. A |last5=Khudyakov |first5=Y |last6=Hyeroba |first6=D |last7=Tumukunde |first7=A |last8=Weny |first8=G |last9=Switzer |first9=W. M |last10=Chapman |first10=C. A |last11=Hughes |first11=A. L |last12=Friedrich |first12=T. C |last13=O'Connor |first13=D. H |last14=Goldberg |first14=T. L }}</ref> Rodent hepacivirus is found in the deer mouse (''Peromyscus maniculatus'').<ref name="pmid21084497">{{cite journal |doi=10.1099/vir.0.027490-0 |pmid=21084497 |pmc=3081076 |title=The GB viruses: A review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae |journal=Journal of General Virology |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=233–46 |year=2010 |last1=Stapleton |first1=J. T |last2=Foung |first2=S |last3=Muerhoff |first3=A. S |last4=Bukh |first4=J |last5=Simmonds |first5=P }}</ref> Viruses related to orthohepaciviruses have been found in bamboo rats (''Rhizomys pruinosus'')<ref name="pmid29495551">{{cite journal|last1=Van Nguyen|first1=Dung|last2=Van Nguyen|first2=Cuong|last3=Bonsall|first3=David|last4=Ngo|first4=Tue|last5=Carrique-Mas|first5=Juan|last6=Pham|first6=Anh|last7=Bryant|first7=Juliet|last8=Thwaites|first8=Guy|last9=Baker|first9=Stephen|last10=Woolhouse|first10=Mark|last11=Simmonds|first11=Peter|year=2018|title=Detection and Characterization of Homologues of Human Hepatitis Viruses and Pegiviruses in Rodents and Bats in Vietnam|journal=Viruses|volume=10|issue=3|page=102|doi=10.3390/v10030102|pmc=5869495|pmid=29495551|doi-access=free}}</ref> and long-tailed ground squirrels ''Spermophilus undulatus''.<ref name="Li2019">Li LL, Liu MM, Shen S, Zhang YJ, Xu YL, Deng HY, Deng F, Duan ZJ (2019) Detection and characterization of a novel hepacivirus in long-tailed ground squirrels (''Spermophilus undulatus'') in China. Arch Virol</ref>
Cattle are a host for viruses of the species ''Orthohepacivirus bovis''.<ref name="pmid25787289">{{cite journal|last1=Corman|first1=Victor Max|last2=Grundhoff|first2=Adam|last3=Baechlein|first3=Christine|last4=Fischer|first4=Nicole|last5=Gmyl|first5=Anatoly|last6=Wollny|first6=Robert|last7=Dei|first7=Dickson|last8=Ritz|first8=Daniel|last9=Binger|first9=Tabea|last10=Adankwah|first10=Ernest|last11=Marfo|first11=Kwadwo Sarfo|year=2015|title=Highly Divergent Hepaciviruses from African Cattle|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=89|issue=11|pages=5876–82|doi=10.1128/JVI.00393-15|pmc=4442428|pmid=25787289|last18=Drexler|author-link17=Christian Drosten|first17=Christian|last17=Drosten|first16=Paul|last16=Becher|last15=Oppong|first15=Samuel|first14=Yaw|last14=Adu-Sarkodie|first13=Augustina|last13=Annan|first12=Lawrence|last12=Annison|first18=Jan Felix}}</ref><ref name="pmid25926652">{{cite journal|last1=Baechlein|first1=Christine|last2=Fischer|first2=Nicole|last3=Grundhoff|first3=Adam|last4=Alawi|first4=Malik|last5=Indenbirken|first5=Daniela|last6=Postel|first6=Alexander|last7=Baron|first7=Anna Lena|last8=Offinger|first8=Jennifer|last9=Becker|first9=Kathrin|last10=Beineke|first10=Andreas|last11=Rehage|first11=Juergen|year=2015|title=Identification of a Novel Hepacivirus in Domestic Cattle from Germany|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=89|issue=14|pages=7007–15|doi=10.1128/JVI.00534-15|pmc=4473572|pmid=25926652|last12=Becher|first12=Paul}}</ref> The viruses most closely related to ''Orthohepacivirus hominis'' are the equine hepaciviruses of the species ''Orthohepacivirus equi''.<ref name="pmid26494702">{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv202 |pmid=26494702 |pmc=5635594 |title=Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hepaciviruses and Pegiviruses |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=2996–3008 |year=2015 |last1=Thézé |first1=Julien |last2=Lowes |first2=Sophia |last3=Parker |first3=Joe |last4=Pybus |first4=Oliver G }}</ref> There are at least two subtypes of equine hepacivirus.<ref name="pmid27882682">{{cite journal|last1=Pronost|first1=S|last2=Hue|first2=E|last3=Fortier|first3=C|last4=Foursin|first4=M|last5=Fortier|first5=G|last6=Desbrosse|first6=F|last7=Rey|first7=F. A|last8=Pitel|first8=P.-H|last9=Richard|first9=E|last10=Saunier|first10=B|year=2017|title=Prevalence of Equine Hepacivirus Infections in France and Evidence for Two Viral Subtypes Circulating Worldwide|journal=Transboundary and Emerging Diseases|volume=64|issue=6|pages=1884–1897|doi=10.1111/tbed.12587|pmid=27882682|s2cid=19064165|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hepacivirus A infecting horses has also been found in donkeys.<ref name="Walter2016">Walter S, Rasche A, Moreira-Soto A, Pfaender S, Bletsa M, Corman VM, Aguilar-Setien A, García-Lacy F, Hans A, Todt D, Schuler G, Shnaiderman-Torban A, Steinman A, Roncoroni C, Veneziano V, Rusenova N12, Sandev N12, Rusenov A, Zapryanova D, García-Bocanegra I, Jores J, Carluccio A, Veronesi MC, Cavalleri JMV, Drosten C, Lemey P, Steinmann E, Drexler JF (2016) Differential infection patterns and recent evolutionary origins of Equine Hepaciviruses in donkeys. J Virol 91(1)</ref>
A virus related to the orthohepaciviruses has been isolated from bald eagles (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'').<ref name="Goldberg2019">Goldberg TL, Sibley SD, Pinkerton ME, Dunn CD, Long LJ, White LC, Strom SM (2019) Multidecade mortality and a homolog of Hepatitis C Virus in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), the national bird of the USA. Sci Rep 9(1):14953</ref> Another unclassified virus in this taxon is duck hepacivirus-like virus.<ref name="Chu2019">Chu L, Jin M, Feng C, Wang X, Zhang D (2019) A highly divergent hepacivirus-like flavivirus in domestic ducks. J Gen Virol</ref> A virus related to orthohepaciviruses has been isolated from the graceful catshark (''Proscyllium habereri'').<ref name="pmid26491167">{{cite journal|last1=Shi|first1=Mang|last2=Lin|first2=Xian-Dan|last3=Vasilakis|first3=Nikos|last4=Tian|first4=Jun-Hua|last5=Li|first5=Ci-Xiu|last6=Chen|first6=Liang-Jun|last7=Eastwood|first7=Gillian|last8=Diao|first8=Xiu-Nian|last9=Chen|first9=Ming-Hui|last10=Chen|first10=Xiao|last11=Qin|first11=Xin-Cheng|year=2016|title=Divergent Viruses Discovered in Arthropods and Vertebrates Revise the Evolutionary History of the Flaviviridae and Related Viruses|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=90|issue=2|pages=659–69|doi=10.1128/JVI.02036-15|pmc=4702705|pmid=26491167|last12=Widen|first12=Steven G|last13=Wood|first13=Thomas G|last14=Tesh|first14=Robert B|last15=Xu|first15=Jianguo|last16=Holmes|first16=Edward C|last17=Zhang|first17=Yong-Zhen |author-link17=Zhang Yongzhen}}</ref> The virus – Jogalong virus – has been described that appears to belong to another species in this genus.<ref name="Williams2020">Williams SH, Levy A, Yates RA, Somaweera N, Neville PJ, Nicholson J, Lindsay MDA, Mackenzie JS, Jain K, Imrie A, Smith DW, Lipkin WI (2020) Discovery of Jogalong virus, a novel hepacivirus identified in a ''Culex annulirostris'' (Skuse) mosquito from the Kimberley region of Western Australia. PLoS One 15(1):e0227114</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * [https://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/37.html '''Viralzone''': Hepacivirus] {{Baltimore classification}}
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Category:Hepaciviruses Category:Virus genera