{{Short description|Oleoresin obtained by the extraction of hashish}} {{distinguish|hemp oil}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox botanical product | name = Hash oil | image = Hemp extract fine.jpg | caption = One form of hash oil | pronounce = | plant = ''Cannabis sativa'', ''Cannabis indica'', ''Cannabis ruderalis'' (rarely) | part = all parts (excluding roots and seeds) | origin = United States<br />Afghanistan | active = Tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin | uses = | producers = | consumers = | wholesale = | retail = | legal_EU = | legal_AU = S9 | legal_CA = Unscheduled | legal_UK = Class B | legal_US = Schedule I | legal_UN = Narcotic Schedule I | legal_DE = Anlage I | legal_status = }} {{Cannabis sidebar}}
'''Hash oil''' or '''cannabis oil''' is an oleoresin obtained by the extraction of cannabis or hashish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jaipakdee |first1=Napaphak |last2=Tabboon |first2=Peera |last3=Limpongsa |first3=Ekapol |date=2022-01-25 |title=Application of a liquisolid technique to cannabis sativa extract compacts: Effect of liquid vehicles on the dissolution enhancement and stability of cannabinoids |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378517321010838 |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutics |language=en |volume=612 |article-number=121277 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121277 |pmid=34774694 |s2cid=244004489 |issn=0378-5173|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is a cannabis concentrate containing many of its resins and terpenes – in particular, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and other cannabinoids. Hash oil is usually consumed by smoking, vaporizing or eating.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Zouabi |first1=Ihsan |last2=Stogner |first2=John M. |last3=Miller |first3=Bryan Lee |last4=Lane |first4=Elizabeth S. |date=2018-11-02 |title=Butane hash oil and dabbing: insights into use, amateur production techniques, and potential harm mitigation |journal=Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation |language=English |volume=9 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.2147/SAR.S135252 |pmc=6220730 |pmid=30464676 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Preparations of hash oil may be solid or semi-liquid colloids depending on both production method and temperature and are usually identified by their appearance or characteristics. Color most commonly ranges from transparent golden or light brown, to tan or black. There are various extraction methods, most involving a somewhat nonpolar solvent, such as butane or ethanol.<ref name=":0" />
Hash oil is an extracted cannabis product that may use any part of the plant, with minimal or no residual solvent. It is generally thought to be indistinct from traditional hashish, at-least according to the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs that defines these products as "the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant".
Hash oil may be sold in cartridges to be used with pen vaporizers or infused into food products (cannabis edibles). Cannabis retailers in California have reported about 40% of their sales are from smokeable cannabis oils.<ref name="Safe">{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Amanda Chicago |title=Wax Is Weed's Next Big Thing And No One Knows If It's Safe |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/amandachicagolewis/is-hash-oil-safe |access-date=3 June 2018 |agency=Buzzfeed |date=30 April 2015}}</ref>
== Composition == The tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) varies depending on preparation techniques and the variety of plant used. Dealers sometimes cut hash oils with other oils.<ref name="starks">{{citation | author=Michael Starks | title=Marijuana Chemistry: Genetics, Processing, Potency| edition=2nd | pages=111–126 | publisher=Ronin | year=1993|isbn=978-0-914171-39-3}}</ref><ref name="WD2009_98">{{citation | year=2014 | title=World Drug Report | chapter=Cannabis: Overview | publisher=United Nations Publications | chapter-url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/Cannabis_2014_web.pdf}}</ref> The form of the extract varies depending on the extraction process used; it may be liquid, a clear amber solid (called "shatter"), a sticky semisolid substance (called "wax"), or a brittle honeycombed solid (called "honeycomb wax").<ref name=Stogner2015rev/>
Hash oil seized in the 1970s had a THC content ranging from 10% to 30%.<ref name="starks" /> The highest THC concentrations measured were 52.9% in hashish and 47.0% in hash oil.<ref>{{citation | author=Rudolf Brenneisen | editor=Mahmoud A. ElSohly | chapter=Chemistry and Analysis of Phytocannabinoids and Other Cannabis Constituents | title=Marijuana and the Cannabinoids | publisher=Humana Press | year=2007 | pages=17–49}}</ref> Hash oils in use in the 2010s had THC concentrations as high as 90%<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gloss|first1=D|title=An Overview of Products and Bias in Research.|journal=Neurotherapeutics|date=October 2015|volume=12|issue=4|pages=731–4|pmid=26202343|pmc=4604179|doi=10.1007/s13311-015-0370-x}}</ref><ref name=Colorado/> and other products achieving higher concentrations.<ref name="dailybeast">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/12/21/hey-buddy-wanna-dab-inside-the-mainstream-explosion-of-cannabis-concentrates.html|title=Hey Buddy, Wanna Dab? Inside The Mainstream Explosion of Cannabis Concentrates|date=21 December 2013|access-date=3 December 2016|author=Valerie Vande Panne|publisher=The Daily Beast}}</ref>
Following an outbreak of vaping-related pulmonary illnesses and deaths in 2019, NBC News conducted tests on different black market THC vape cartridges and found cartridges containing up to 30% Vitamin E acetate, and trace amounts of fungicides and pesticides that may be harmful.<ref>Conor Ferguson, Cynthia McFadden, Shanshan Dong and Rich Schapiro [https://www.nbcnews.com/health/vaping/tests-show-bootleg-marijuana-vapes-tainted-hydrogen-cyanide-n1059356 "Tests show bootleg marijuana vapes tainted with hydrogen cyanide"], 27 Sept. 2019</ref>
The following compounds were found in naphtha extracts of Bedrocan Dutch medical cannabis:<ref name="romano">{{citation | author1=Luigi L. Romano | author2=Arno Hazekamp | title=Cannabis Oil: chemical evaluation of an upcoming cannabis-based medicine | journal=Cannabinoids | volume=1 | issue=1 | year=2013 | pages=1–11 | url=http://www.cannabis-med.org/data/pdf/en_2013_01_1.pdf | access-date=29 August 2015 | archive-date=15 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215093111/http://www.cannabis-med.org/data/pdf/en_2013_01_1.pdf }}</ref> * Cannabinoids: THC (~ 30%) and THCA (~ 60%). * Monoterpenes (~ 5%): β-pinene, myrcene, β-phellandrene, ''cis''-ocimene, terpinolene, and terpineol. * Sesquiterpenes (~ 5%): β-caryophyllene, humulene, δ-guaiene, γ-cadinene, eudesma-3,7(11)-diene, and elemene.
==History== {{Expand section|date=June 2018}}
===Discovery and development=== The hash oils made in the 19th century were made from hand collected hashish called charas and kief. The term hash oil<ref name="Walton, Robert P. p178">Walton, Robert P., Pharmaceutical and Chemical Considerations, Marihuana, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1938 tincture p178, hashish oil p159</ref> was hashish that had been dissolved or infused into a vegetable oil for use in preparing foods for oral administration. Efforts to isolate the active ingredient in cannabis were well documented in the 19th century, and cannabis extracts and tinctures of cannabis were included in the British Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia. These solvent extracts were termed cannabin (1845), cannabindon, cannabinine, crude cannabinol and cannabinol.<ref name="Walton, Robert P. p178"/>
===Modern usage=== So-called "butane honey oil" was available briefly in the 1970s.<ref name=Safe /><ref name=Bienenstock>{{cite book |last1=Bienenstock |first1=David |title=How to Smoke Pot (Properly): A Highbrow Guide to Getting High |date=2016 |publisher=Plume |isbn=978-0-14-751708-1 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjdDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46 |access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref> This product was made in Kabul, Afghanistan, and smuggled into the United States by The Brotherhood of Eternal Love. Production is thought to have ceased when the manufacturing facility was destroyed in an explosion.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bradford |first=James Tharin |title=East Meets West: Hippies, Hash, and the Globalization of the Afghan Drug Trade |date=2019-06-15 |work=Poppies, Politics, and Power |pages=116–144 |url=https://academic.oup.com/cornell-scholarship-online/book/31027/chapter/263999967 |access-date=2024-10-31 |publisher=Cornell University Press |language=en |doi=10.7591/cornell/9781501738333.003.0005 |isbn=978-1-5017-3833-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Traditional ice water-separated hashish production utilizes water and filter bags to separate plant material from resin, though this method still leaves much residual plant matter and is therefore poorly suited for full vaporization. Gold described the use of grain alcohol and activated charcoal in honey oil production by 1989,<ref>{{cite book |last=Gold |first=D. |title=Cannabis Alchemy: The Art of Modern Hashmaking |orig-date=1973 |edition=2nd |year=1989}}</ref> and Michael Starks further detailed procedures and various solvents by 1990.<ref>{{cite book |last=Starks |first=Michael |title=Marijuana Chemistry: Genetics Processing and Potency |orig-date=1977 |edition=2nd |year=1990}}</ref>
Large cannabis vaporizers gained popularity in the twentieth century for their ability to vaporize the cannabinoids in cannabis and extracts without burning plant material, using temperature controlled vaporization. Colorado and Washington began licensing hash oil extraction operations in 2014.<ref name=Safe /> Small portable vape pens saw a dramatic increase in popularity in 2017.
== Use == thumb|Dabbing hash oil. The clear quartz bucket has been heated using a torch and the hash rosin placed within (seen melted as the small amber puddle). The glass cap (upper left of frame) is placed on top and creates a low pressure zone in the bucket, allowing the material to vaporize at a lower temperature than the ambient atmosphere. The vapor is then directed through a water pipe to further cool before inhalation. [[File:FullExtractCannabisOil.jpg|thumb|Full extract oil in an oral syringe]] Hash oil is consumed usually by ingestion, smoking or vaporization.<ref name=Stogner2015rev/>
===Dabbing=== Smoking or vaporizing hash oil is known colloquially as "dabbing",<ref name=Stogner2015rev/> from the English verb to daub (Dutch dabben, French dauber), "to smear with something adhesive".<ref>{{citation | author=Samuel Johnson | entry=daub | title=A Dictionary of the English Language | volume=1 | edition=6th | year=1785 | page=541| author-link=Samuel Johnson | title-link=A Dictionary of the English Language }}</ref> Devices used for this process include water pipes ("dab rigs"), vaporizers, and vape pens.<ref name=Stogner2015rev/> Oil rigs include a glass water pipe and a quartz bucket which is often covered with a glass bubble or directional cap to direct the airflow and disperse the oil amongst the hot areas of the quartz "nail" (A nail is also referred to as a banger).<ref name=Stogner2015rev/> The pipe is often heated with a butane blowtorch rather than a cigarette lighter.<ref name=Stogner2015rev/>
The oil can also be sold in prefilled atomizer cartridges. The cartridge is used by connecting it to a battery and inhaling the vaporized oil from the cartridge's mouthpiece.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/are-weed-vape-pens-safe-202125/|title=Are Weed Vape Pens Safe?|last=Lewis|first=Amanda|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=5 October 2017|access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref>
== Production == === Solvent extracts === Hash oil is produced by solvent extraction (maceration, infusion or percolation) of marijuana or hashish.<ref name="starks" /><ref name=wired>{{citation | author=Alison Hallett | journal=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/02/hash-oil-explosion/ | title=Hash Oil is Blowing Up Across the U.S. – Literally | date=2013-02-20}}</ref>
Fresh, undried plant material is less suited for hash oil production, because much THC and CBD will be present in their carboxylic acid forms (THCA and CBDA), which may not be highly soluble in some solvents.<ref name="starks" />
A wide variety of solvents can be used for extraction, such as chloroform, dichloromethane, petroleum ether, naphtha, benzene, butane, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and olive oil.<ref name="starks" /><ref name="romano" />
thumb|right|Hash oil produced using a specialized hydrocarbon solvent process is referred to as ''shatter,'' due to the very thick and glass-like appearance of the final product.The majority of ready to consume extract products are produced via "Closed Loop Systems".<ref>{{Cite web |title=aBHOutit Industries – Cannabis extraction flow-meters-for-the-cbd-industry |url=https://abhoutit.com/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125042331/http://abhoutit.com/ }}</ref> These systems typically entail: a vessel that holds the solvent, material columns to hold the plant material, a flow meter to measure the volume of solvent entering the plant material, a recovery vessel(where heat is applied via an external jacket) to convert the liquid solvent into a vapor and separate it from the THC, CBD, or other cannabinoids/byproducts, and some form of a heat exchanger to then convert the hydrocarbon vapors back into a liquid form prior to returning to the original vessel. Such a process can be carried out using a Soxhlet extractor.
Ten grams of marijuana yields one to two grams of hash oil.<ref name=wired/> The oil may retain considerable residual solvent: oil extracted with longer-chain volatile hydrocarbons (such as naphtha) is less viscous (thinner) than oil extracted with short-chain hydrocarbons (such as butane).<ref name="romano" />
Colored impurities from the oil can be removed with activated charcoal.<ref name="starks" /> When decolorizing fatty oils, oil retention can be up to 50 wt % on bleaching earths and nearly 100 wt % on activated charcoal.<ref>{{citation | author=Alfred Thomas | contribution=Fats and Fatty Oils | title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | edition=7th | publisher=Wiley | year=2007 | page=31| title-link=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry }}</ref> The many different textures/types of hydrocarbon extracts include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbs.org/concentrates-extracts/|title=A 101 Guide to Cannabis Concentrates and Extracts|website=CNBS|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>
* shatter (solid, breaks easily, glass like oil) * pull and snap (solid, bendable, but still breakable, taffy-like oil) * diamonds/live resin (rock hard THCA isolated diamonds drenched in terpene sauce) * crumble (solid oil that will break into small crumbs) * budder/wax (soft, pliable, peanut butter-like consistency)
=== Solventless extracts: Hash rosin === thumb|Full spectrum hash rosin that has been placed in a jar for sale Hash rosin has recently become a top quality, highly prized product in the cannabis market.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chan |first1=Gary C. K. |last2=Hall |first2=Wayne |last3=Freeman |first3=Tom P. |last4=Ferris |first4=Jason |last5=Kelly |first5=Adrian B. |last6=Winstock |first6=Adam |date=2017-09-01 |title=User characteristics and effect profile of Butane Hash Oil: An extremely high-potency cannabis concentrate |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871617302557 |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |language=en |volume=178 |pages=32–38 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.014 |pmid=28624604 |s2cid=4703084 |issn=0376-8716}}</ref> For dabbing, it is considered to be the cleanest form of concentrating cannabis,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Bryan Lee |last2=Stogner |first2=John M. |last3=Miller |first3=J. Mitchell |date=January 2016 |title=Exploring Butane Hash Oil Use: A Research Note |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2015.1118173 |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=44–49 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2015.1118173 |pmid=26800050 |s2cid=40810008 |issn=0279-1072|url-access=subscription }}</ref> as it requires only ice, water (instead of organic solvents like butane), heat, pressure, and collection tools. Cannabis flower material is washed with ice water, and strained using filters in sequential micron size to isolate intact trichomes and their heads into ice water hash.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Make Hash Oil The Easy Way |url=https://druglibrary.org/medicalmj/hash/hashmethod1.htm |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=druglibrary.org|url-status=dead}}</ref> The microns that are held in highest regards are the 73μ and 90μ, as this is where the resin heads reside.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chidambaram |first1=A.G. |last2=Phinizy |first2=P.A. |title=D67. Surprise! Unusual Cases of NTM Disease |date=May 2020 |chapter=An Atypical Presentation of Mycobacterium Avium Complex Infection Associated with Vaping Nicotine and Dabbing Marijuana |article-number=A7355 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a7355 |publisher=American Thoracic Society |doi=10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a7355|s2cid=225912309 }}</ref> These are sometimes isolated and sold as one of the highest quality, most expensive cannabis products in the market today, known as "full melt"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full melt |url=https://www.leafly.ca/learn/cannabis-glossary/full-melt |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Leafly |language=en}}</ref> because it will dab fine without having to be pressed. "Full spectrum" hash rosin will normally come from 45μ-159μ, as smaller and larger particles are likely to be too unrefined or broken stalks of the trichomes.
This hash is then pressed at the appropriate temperature and pressure to squeeze the oils out of the hash, and is collected with metal tools and parchment paper. Just like hydrocarbon extraction, the quality of the final product depends greatly on the quality of the starting material. This is emphasized even more so with hash rosin due to its lower yield percentages compared to solvent-derived concentrates (.3-8% rosin vs 10-20% hydrocarbon). Hash rosin producers often touch on how growing cannabis for hash production is different than growing for flower production, as some strains will be deceptive with their looks regarding yields.
==Legality== {{main|Legality of cannabis}} {{update|date=February 2019}}
In Canada, hash oil – defined as a chemically concentrated extract having up to 90% THC potency – was approved for commerce in October 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=About cannabis; Table 1 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/about.html |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=8 February 2019 |date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
In the United States, regulations specifically for hash oil have not been issued as of 2019, but hemp seed oil – along with hulled hemp seeds and hemp seed protein – were approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in December 2018, indicating that "these products can be legally marketed in human foods for these uses without food additive approval, provided they comply with all other requirements and do not make disease treatment claims".<ref name="gottlieb">{{cite web |author1=Scott Gottlieb, Commissioner |title=FDA Statement Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on signing of the Agriculture Improvement Act and the agency's regulation of products containing cannabis and cannabis-derived compounds |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm628988.htm |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=8 February 2019 |date=20 December 2018}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
In Germany, the KCanG (Cannabis law) from April 1, 2024 allows the possession of a certain amount of Cannabis products for adults. However, extraction of cannabinoids from the plants, and thus hash oil, is still illegal in general.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gesetz zum Umgang mit Cannabis|url= https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/kcang/ |publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz, Germany |access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> The term extraction is not defined in the law but refers in most definitions to the use of an extractive such as butane or ethanol. As this is not used in the production of rosin it is uncertain whether rosin is a legal cannabis resin according to KCanG due to the mechanical process of production or an illegal one, since of the extractive purpose.
==Ingredient in vape liquids== ===Adulterated products===
====Vitamin E acetate==== {{main|2019–20 vaping lung illness outbreak|Vaping-associated pulmonary injury|Vitamin E acetate}}
On 5 September 2019, the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) announced that 10 out of 18, or 56% of the samples of vape liquids sent in by states, linked to recent vaping related lung disease outbreak in the United States, tested positive for vitamin E acetate<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2019/09/05/contaminant-found-vaping-products-linked-deadly-lung-illnesses-state-federal-labs-show/|title=Contaminant found in marijuana vaping products linked to deadly lung illnesses, tests show|last=The Sun|first=Lena|date=6 September 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref> which had been used as a thickening agent by illicit THC vape cartridge manufacturers.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/vaping-honey-cut-mystery-thickener-vitamin-e-acetate-vapes-881896/|title=Three Companies Subpoenaed in Weed Vape Illness Investigation|date=10 September 2019|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en}}</ref> On 8 November 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified vitamin E acetate as a very strong culprit of concern in the vaping-related illnesses, but has not ruled out other chemicals or toxicants as possible causes.<ref name=CDC----2019/> The CDC's findings were based on fluid samples from the lungs of 29 patients with vaping-associated pulmonary injury, which provided direct evidence of vitamin E acetate at the primary site of injury in all the 29 lung fluid samples tested.<ref name=CDC----2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/t1108-telebriefing-vaping.html|title=Transcript of CDC Telebriefing: Update on Lung Injury Associated with E-cigarette Use, or Vaping|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=8 November 2019}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Research suggests when vitamin E acetate is inhaled, it may interfere with normal lung functioning.<ref name=CDC2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html|title=Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with E-Cigarette Use, or Vaping|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=8 November 2019}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> "Vitamin E oil might be in 60-70% of street carts, insiders say."<ref>{{cite web |title=Journey of a tainted vape cartridge: from China's labs to your lungs |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/politics/vape-pen-injury-supply-chain-investigation-leafly |website=Leafly |date=24 September 2019}}</ref>
====Synthetic cannabinoids==== Counterfeit THC oil has been detected to contain synthetic cannabinoids. Several school children in Greater Manchester collapsed after vaping Spice mis-sold as 'natural cannabis'.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McLennan |first1=William |title=Vapers tricked into buying synthetic cannabis-laced product |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/sep/22/vaping-cannabis-substance-liquid-spice |website=The Observer |date=22 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Health warning issued over fake "THC vape" that contains "spice" |url=https://www.christie.nhs.uk/about-us/news/latest-news-stories/health-warning-issued-over-fake-thc-vape-that-in-fact-contains-spice |work=christie.nhs.uk |access-date=26 February 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226114221/https://www.christie.nhs.uk/about-us/news/latest-news-stories/health-warning-issued-over-fake-thc-vape-that-in-fact-contains-spice }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Eight pupils collapse after vaping Spice missold as THC vape |url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/12/17/eight-pupils-collapse-vaping-spice-missold-thc-vape-11923840/ |work=Metro |date=17 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Day |first1=Rebecca |title=Schoolchildren have collapsed after vaping Spice |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/kids-thought-natural-cannabis-vape-16591853 |work=men |date=16 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Schoolchildren collapse after unknowingly inhaling spice vape |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/spice-vape-dangerous-warning-collapse-children-manchester-oldham-rochdale-bury-a9007486.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/spice-vape-dangerous-warning-collapse-children-manchester-oldham-rochdale-bury-a9007486.html |archive-date=2022-05-09 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Independent |date=16 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tahsin |first1=Jamie |title=If You Buy Weed Vapes in the UK, Beware – But Not for the Reason You Think |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/cannabis-vapes-pens-buy-uk-spice/ |website=Vice |language=en |date=10 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Health warning as nine young people collapse after using 'spice' vape |url=https://www.itv.com/news/granada/2019-07-16/health-warning-as-nine-young-people-collapse-after-using-spice-vape/ |publisher=ITV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Health warning as nine youths collapse after using 'spice' vape |url=https://www.lep.co.uk/health/health-warning-nine-youths-collapse-after-using-spice-vape-665280 |work=lep.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Health warning as nine youths collapse after using 'Spice' vape |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/health/health-warning-nine-youths-collapse-after-using-spice-vape-478331 |work=thestar.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>
== Safety == ===Use=== thumb|right|Hash oil being purged of excess butane which forms bubbles as the solvent evaporates
{{As of|2015}} the health effects of using hash oil were poorly documented. Cannabis extracts have less plant matter and create less harmful smoke. However, trace amounts of impurities are not generally regarded as safe (GRAS).<ref name=Stogner2015rev>{{cite journal|last1=Stogner|first1=JM|last2=Miller|first2=BL|title=Assessing the Dangers of "Dabbing": Mere Marijuana or Harmful New Trend?|journal=Pediatrics|date=July 2015|volume=136|issue=1|pages=1–3|pmid=26077476|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/136/1/1.full.pdf|doi=10.1542/peds.2015-0454|s2cid=45788100}}</ref> In 2019 following an outbreak of illnesses additives added to vape pen mixtures were found to be causing breathing problems, lung damage, and deaths.<ref>{{cite web |title=Smoking and Tobacco Use; Electronic Cigarettes |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |date=25 February 2020}}</ref>
===Production=== Most of the solvents employed vaporize quickly and are flammable, making the extraction process dangerous. Several explosion and fire incidents related to hash oil manufacturing attempts in homes have been reported.<ref name=wired />
The solvents used to extract THC are rather flammable and have resulted in explosions, fires, severe injuries, and deaths.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dangers of Butane Hash Oil Labs Cited as Five are Charged |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-ri/pr/dangers-butane-hash-oil-labs-cited-five-are-charged|work=US Department of Justice|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Butane Hash Oil Extraction Hazards Issued |url=http://www.nj.gov/dca/divisions/dfs/alerts/safety_alerts/safety_alert_13-1_hash_oil.pdf|publisher=New Jersey Department of Community Affairs|date=January 2013}}</ref><ref name=Colorado>{{cite web|title=Safety with hash oil |url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/marijuana/safety-hash-oil|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190055/https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/marijuana/safety-hash-oil|archive-date=6 September 2015|publisher=Colorado Marijuana|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Marijuana Butane Honey Oil Extraction on the Rise |url=https://www.fire.lacounty.gov/marijuana-butane-honey-oil/ |publisher=Los Angeles County Fire Department |date=19 June 2014 |access-date=17 November 2016 |archive-date=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517103338/https://www.fire.lacounty.gov/marijuana-butane-honey-oil/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Romanowski |first1=KS |last2=Barsun |first2=A |last3=Kwan |first3=P |last4=Teo |first4=EH |last5=Palmieri |first5=TL |last6=Sen |first6=S |last7=Maguina |first7=P |last8=Greenhalgh |first8=DG |title=Butane Hash Oil Burns: A 7-Year Perspective on a Growing Problem |journal=Journal of Burn Care & Research |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=e165–e171 |date=30 March 2016|doi=10.1097/BCR.0000000000000334|pmid=27058582|s2cid=3690355 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-36988316|title=Rise in UK explosions linked to super-strength cannabis |first=Angus |last=Crawford |publisher=BBC News |date=5 August 2016}}</ref>
=== Handling === thumb|Butane honey oil
Hash oil can contain up to 80% THC, though up to 99% is possible with other methods of extraction. While health issues of the lungs may be exacerbated by use of hash oil, it is not known to cause side effects not already found in other preparations of cannabis.
=== Storage === When exposed to air, warmth and light (especially without antioxidants), the oil loses its taste and psychoactivity due to aging. Cannabinoid carboxylic acids (THCA, CBDA, and maybe others) have an antibiotic effect on gram-positive bacteria such as MRSA, but gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli are unaffected.<ref>{{citation | author=Jan Kabelik | title=Hemp as a medicament | journal=Acta Univ. Olomuc. | volume=6 | year=1955 | url=http://bushka.cz/KabelikEN/kabelikEN.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701094103/http://www.bushka.cz/KabelikEN/kabelikEN.pdf | archive-date=2015-07-01 }}</ref>
== See also == {{portal|Cannabis}} * Cannabis concentrate *Fragrance extraction * Liquid smoke * Live resin * Oleoresin capsicum * Rosin * Tall oil * Gas explosions
== References == {{reflist}}
== Further reading == * Ed Rosenthal, Beyond Buds: Marijuana Extracts, 2014.
{{Cannabis resources}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hash Oil}} Category:Chemical mixtures Category:Euphoriants Category:Preparations of cannabis Category:Resins Category:Oleoresin