Guarani language

{{short description|Indigenous language of South America}} {{About|the Paraguayan language|other varieties of Guarani|Guarani dialects|the currency|Paraguayan guaraní}} {{Distinguish|text=the Kurdish-Iranian Gorani language or the Indo-Aryan Gujarati language}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}} {{Infobox language | name = Guarani | altname = Paraguayan Guarani | nativename = {{lang|gug|avañeʼẽ}} | pronunciation = <!--{{IPA|gug|ʔãʋãɲẽˈʔẽ|}}{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}--> | ethnicity = Guaraní<br />Paraguayan people | state = Paraguay | speakers = {{sigfig|6.540|2}} million | date = 2020 | ref = e24 | familycolor = tupian | fam1 = Tupian | fam2 = Tupi–Guarani | fam3 = Guarani (I) | fam4 = Guaraní | script = Guarani alphabet (Latin script) | nation = {{ublist|Paraguay<br />Bolivia<br />Argentina (Corrientes Province)<br />Brazil (Tacuru)}} | dia1 = Jopará | agency = Academia de la Lengua Guaraní (Guarani Ñeʼẽ Rerekuapavẽ) | iso1 = | iso2 = | iso3 = gug <!-- either grn for d:Q35876 full macro -- or gug for d:Q17478066 Paraguay only --> | glotto = para1311 | glottorefname = Paraguayan Guaraní | lingua = 88-AAI-f | notice = IPA | map = Idioma guaraní.png | mapcaption = Guarani-speaking world<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.muturzikin.com/cartesamerique/12.htm|title=Paraguai|publisher=muturzikin.com|date=2008|author=Muturzikin}}</ref> | image = Libros en guarani.JPG | imagecaption = Books in Guarani }} thumb|A Guarani speaker

'''Paraguayan Guarani''', or simply '''Guarani''' ({{lang|gug|avañe'ẽ}}),{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɡ|w|ɑːr|ə|ˈ|n|iː|,_|ˈ|ɡ|w|ɑːr|ən|i}} {{respell|GWAR|ə|NEE|,_|GWAR|ə|nee}};<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{lang|gug|avañeʼẽ}} "the people's language"}} is a language of South America that belongs to the Tupi–Guarani branch<ref>{{cite book |last=Britton |first=A. Scott |year=2004 |title=Guaraní-English/English-Guaraní Concise Dictionary |location=New York |publisher=Hippocrene Books}}</ref> of the Tupian language family. It is one of the two official languages of Paraguay (along with Spanish), where it is spoken by the majority of the population, and where half of the rural population are monolingual speakers of the language.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mortimer |first=K |year=2006 |title=Guaraní Académico or Jopará? Educator Perspectives and Ideological Debate in Paraguayan Bilingual Education |journal=Working Papers in Educational Linguistics |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=45–71}}</ref><ref name="SimonRomero">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/12/world/americas/in-paraguay-indigenous-language-with-unique-staying-power.html?ref=global-home&pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |first=Simon |last=Romero |title=In Paraguay, Indigenous Language With Unique Staying Power |date=12 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312190007/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/12/world/americas/in-paraguay-indigenous-language-with-unique-staying-power.html |archive-date=12 March 2012 |location=Asunción}}</ref>

Guarani is one of the most widely spoken Native American languages and remains commonly used among the Paraguayan people and neighboring communities. This is unique among American languages; language shift towards European colonial languages (in this case, the other official language of Spanish) has otherwise been a nearly universal phenomenon in the Western Hemisphere, but Paraguayans have maintained their traditional language while also adopting Spanish. In Latin America, the indigenous language that is most widely spoken amongst non-indigenous communities is Guaraní.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Monteiro|first=João|date=2008|title=Tupi In J. Kinsbruner & E. Langer|journal=Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture|volume=2|pages=155–157}}</ref> South America is home to more than 280,000 Guaraní people, 51,000 of whom reside in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icsoh.unsa.edu.ar/mapa-continental-guarani-reta/|title=Mapa Continental "Guarani Retã|last1=Buliubashich|first1=Catalina|last2=Cordoba|first2=Ana Victoria Casimiro|website=Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades|last3=Flores|first3=Maria Eugenia}}</ref> The Guaraní people inhabit regions in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, as well as Argentina.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.socioambiental.org/pt/povo/guarani|title=Introdução > Guarani|website=pib.socioambiental.org|language=pt-br|access-date=2017-12-01}}</ref> There are more than four million speakers of Guaraní across these regions.<ref name="aboutworldlanguages.com2">{{Cite web|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/guarani|title=Guarani {{!}} About World Languages|website=aboutworldlanguages.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-01}}</ref>

The name "Guarani" is generally used for the official language of Paraguay. However, this is part of a dialect chain, most of whose components are also often called Guarani.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== Geographical distribution == Variants of the language are spoken by communities in neighboring countries including parts of northeastern Argentina, southeastern Bolivia and southwestern Brazil. It is the second official language of the Argentine province of Corrientes since 2004<ref name="Ley5598">{{Cite web |url=https://www.saij.gob.ar/5598-local-corrientes-establece-guarani-como-idioma-oficial-alternativo-provincia-lpw0005598-2004-09-28/123456789-0abc-defg-895-5000wvorpyel?o=12&f=Total%7CFecha%7CEstado%20de%20Vigencia%5B5%2C1%5D%7CTema/Cultura%20y%20educaci%F3n/ciencia%20y%20tecnolog%EDa/ling%FC%EDstica%7COrganismo%5B5%2C1%5D%7CAutor%5B50%2C1%5D%7CJurisdicci%F3n%7CTribunal%5B5%2C1%5D%7CPublicaci%F3n%5B5%2C1%5D%7CColecci%F3n%20tem%E1tica%5B5%2C1%5D%7CTipo%20de%20Documento/Legislaci%F3n/Ley&t=20 |title=Ley Provincial Nº 5.598, que establece el guaraní como 'idioma oficial alternativo' de Corrientes }}</ref> and the Brazilian city of Tacuru since 2010.<ref name="tacuru">{{Cite web |url=http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/cidade-do-mato-grosso-do-sul-adota-o-guarani-como-idioma-oficial-20100531.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116131245/http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/cidade-do-mato-grosso-do-sul-adota-o-guarani-como-idioma-oficial-20100531.html |archive-date=16 January 2014 |language=pt |title=Cidade de Mato Grosso do Sul adota o guarani como segundo idioma oficial |trans-title=City in Mato Grosso do Sul adopts Guarani as second official language |website=R7 Notícias}}</ref> Guarani is also one of the three official languages of Mercosur, alongside Spanish and Portuguese.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercosur.int/buscarenmarco.jsp?url=http%3A//200.40.51.218/SAM/GestDoc/PubWeb.nsf/Busqueda%3FOpenAgent%26TextoBusqueda%3Dguarani%26modulo%3DNormativa%26ModuloBusqueda%3DNormativa%26lang%3DESP%20 |title=Incorporación del Guaraní como Idioma del Mercosur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225063003/http://www.mercosur.int/buscarenmarco.jsp?url=http%3A%2F%2F200.40.51.218%2FSAM%2FGestDoc%2FPubWeb.nsf%2FBusqueda%3FOpenAgent&TextoBusqueda=guarani&modulo=Normativa&ModuloBusqueda=Normativa&lang=ESP%20 |archive-date=25 December 2013 |website=MERCOSUR official page |language=es}}</ref>

== Status == The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) classified Guaraní's language vitality as "vulnerable".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|website=Unesco.org}}</ref> UNESCO's definition of "vulnerable" is meant to highlight that although the majority of Guaraní children can speak Guaraní, the use of the language is restricted to particular contexts (e.g., familial settings).<ref name=":1" /> Although the Guaraní language may only be classified as "vulnerable," there are other languages within the Tupí-Guaraní branch that are classified as "extinct" and "critically endangered" (e.g., Amanayé and Anambé respectively).<ref name=":1" />

== Documentation == According to Silvetti and Silvestri (2015),<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/first-take-shaping-Guaran%C3%AD-territory|title=First Take: Shaping the Guarani Territory|last1=Jorge|first1=Silvetti|last2=Silvetti|first2=Graciela|year=2015|language=en}}</ref> Guaraní only came to be a written language following the arrival of the Jesuits. Silvetti and Silvestri propound that "it was the Jesuits who gave it a grammar and a syntax and made it into one of the ‘''lenguas generales’'' used for the evangelization of the natives".<ref name=":6" />

In light of this, important literary works on Guaraní linguistics were produced by three Jesuits, namely: (i) Jesuit Joseph de Anchieta; (ii) Jesuit Antonio Ruiz de Montoya; and lastly, (iii) Jesuit Alonso de Aragona. The first Guaraní grammar written was that of Jesuit Joseph de Anchieta (1595).<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Bossong|first=G.|title=The Typology of Tupi-Guarani as Reflected in the Grammars of Four Jesuit Missionaries: Anchieta (1595), Aragona (c.1625), Montoya (1640) and Restivo (1729)|url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/hl.36.2.04bos|journal=Historiographia Linguistica|volume=36|issue=2–3|pages=225–258|doi=10.1075/hl.36.2.04bos|year=2009|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ringmacher<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Ringmacher|first=Manfred|date=2014|title=Classical Guarani beyond grammars and dictionaries: on an 18th century Jesuit manuscript|journal=STUF - Language Typology and Universals|language=en|volume=67|issue=2|pages=229–246|doi=10.1515/stuf-2014-0015|s2cid=193084500|issn=2196-7148}}</ref> contends, however, that Jesuit Antonio Ruiz de Montoya's ''Arte de la lengua Guaraní'' (1640), a documentation of Guaraní grammar, served as a significant point of reference and departure for all proceeding grammatical works concerning the Guaraní language.<ref name=":8" /> Montoya's analysis of the Guaraní morphology and syntax stands accurate until this day.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhanduti.com/Nhanduti.EN/Libros.PY.EN/Cepag_Ceaduc.EN/Montoya.Tesoro.ES/Montoya.Tesoro,%20arte,%20vocabulario,%20catecismo.html#Anchor-11481|title=Art, Vocabulary, Treasure and Catechism of the Guarani Language, 1639–1640|website=www.nhanduti.com|access-date=2017-12-01}}</ref> Montoya also produced a Guaraní dictionary known as ''Tesoro de la Lengua Guaraní'' (1639). In this work, he not only created the first dictionary of this kind, but also provided examples of contexts in which to use the various words he documented.<ref name=":9" /> Lastly, Jesuit Alonso de Aragona produced a pedagogical grammar that was completed in 1629, but only printed in 1979. The intention of Aragona's work was to help those seeking ways to learn Guaraní.<ref name=":7" />

The extensive research conducted as well as the expansive reach of the Guaraní language across Latin America has granted it an important position in the urban landscape. In other words, Guaraní's official status in Paraguay combined with research studies that have followed has allowed for recent projects of standardization.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://isa.unc.edu/Guaraní-linguistics-in-the-21st-century/|title=Guaraní Linguistics in the 21st Century|last=Pena|first=S.|date=2017|website=Institute for the Study of the Americas}}{{dead link|date=March 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==History== While Guarani, in its Classical form, was the only language spoken in the expansive missionary territories, Paraguayan Guarani has its roots outside of the Jesuit Reductions.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Modern scholarship has shown that Guarani was always the primary language of colonial Paraguay, both inside and outside the reductions. Following the expulsion of the Jesuits in the 18th century, the residents of the reductions gradually migrated north and west towards Asunción, a demographic shift that brought about a decidedly one-sided shift away from the Jesuit dialect that the missionaries had curated in the southern and eastern territories of the colony.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilde |first1=Guillermo |title=Los guaraníes después de la expulsión de los jesuitas: dinámicas políticas y transacciones simbólicas |trans-title=The Guaraní after the expulsion of the Jesuits: political dynamics and symbolic transactions |journal=Revista Complutense de Historia de América |date=2001 |volume=27 |pages=69–106 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Telesca |first1=Ignacio |title=Tras los expulsos: cambios demográficos y territoriales en el paraguay después de la expulsión de los jesuitas |date=2009 |publisher=Universidad Católica "Nuestra Señora De La Asunción" |location=Asunción}}</ref>

By and large, the Guarani of the Jesuits shied away from direct phonological loans from Spanish. Instead, the missionaries relied on the agglutinative nature of the language to formulate new precise translations or calque terms from Guarani morphemes. This process often led the Jesuits to employ complicated, highly synthetic terms to convey European concepts.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Thun |first=Harald |title=La hispanización del guaraní jesuítico en 'lo espiritual' y en 'lo temporal'. Segunda parte: Los procedimientos |encyclopedia=Geschichte und Aktualität der deutschprachigen Guaraní-Philologie |editor-last1=Dietrich |editor-first1=Wolf |editor-last2=Symeonidis |editor-first2=Haralambos |date=2008 |location=Berlin |publisher=Lit Verlag |pages=141–169}}</ref> By contrast, the Guarani spoken outside of the missions was characterized by a free, unregulated flow of Hispanicisms; frequently, Spanish words and phrases were simply incorporated into Guarani with minimal phonological adaptation.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

A good example of that phenomenon is found in the word "communion". The Jesuits, using their agglutinative strategy, rendered this word "{{lang|gug|Tupârahava}}", a calque based on the word "{{lang|gug|Tupâ}}", meaning God.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Restivo |first1=Paulo |title=Vocabulario de la lengua guaraní |date=1724 |location=Madrid |language=es}}</ref> In modern Paraguayan Guarani, the same word is rendered "{{lang|gug|komuño}}".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guarania |first1=Félix |title=Ñande Ayvu Tenonde Porãngue'i: Nuevo diccionario guaraní́-castellano, castellano-guaraní́: Avañe'ẽ-karaiñe'ẽ, Karaiñe'ẽ-avañe'ẽ |date=2008 |publisher=Servilibro |location=Asunción}}</ref>

Following the out-migration from the reductions, these two distinct dialects of Guarani came into extensive contact for the first time. The vast majority of speakers abandoned the less colloquial, highly regulated Jesuit variant in favor of the variety that evolved from actual use by speakers in Paraguay.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Melia |first1=Bartomeu |title=La lengua guaraní́ en el Paraguay colonial |date=2003 |publisher=CEPAG |location=Asunción |language=es |isbn=9789992584958}}</ref> This contemporary form of spoken Guarani is known as Jopará, meaning "mixture" in Guarani.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

===Political status=== [[File:Sign in Guaraní and Spanish in Asunción.jpg|thumb|A government sign in Asunción, Paraguay; bilingual in Guarani and Spanish]] {{See also|Languages of Paraguay}}

Widely spoken, Paraguayan Guarani has nevertheless been repressed by Paraguayan governments throughout most of its history since independence. It was prohibited in state schools for over 100 years. However, populists often used pride in the language to excite nationalistic fervor and promote a narrative of social unity.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

During the autocratic regime of Alfredo Stroessner, his Colorado Party used the language to appeal to common Paraguayans although Stroessner himself never gave an address in Guarani.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nickson |first1=Robert Andrew |s2cid=144250960 |title=Governance and the Revitalization of the Guaraní Language in Paraguay|journal=Latin American Research Review |date=2009 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=3–26 |doi=10.1353/lar.0.0115 |jstor=40783668 |language=en}}</ref> Upon the advent of Paraguayan democracy in 1992, Guarani was established in the new constitution as a language equal to Spanish.<ref name="SimonRomero"/>

Jopara, a mixture of Spanish and Guarani, is spoken by an estimated 90% of the population of Paraguay. Code-switching between the two languages takes place on a spectrum in which more Spanish is used for official and business-related matters, and more Guarani is used in art and in everyday life.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://linguistics.byu.edu/classes/Ling450ch/reports/Guarani1.html |title= Guaraní: The Language and People |last= Page |first= Nathan |date= 6 September 1999 |website= Brigham Young University Department of Linguistics |access-date= 1 February 2019}}</ref>

Guarani is also an official language of Bolivia and of Corrientes Province in Argentina.<ref name="Ley5598" />

==Phonology== Guarani syllables consist of a consonant plus a vowel or a vowel alone; syllables ending in a consonant or containing two or more consonants together do not occur. This is represented as ''(C)V''.

In the below table, the IPA value is shown. The orthography is shown in angle brackets below, if different.

===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Guarani consonants<ref>{{Cite book |last=Estigarribia |first=Bruno |title=A Grammar of Paraguayan Guarani |publisher=UCL Press |place=London |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-78735-287-2 |doi=10.14324/111.9781787352872 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10107709/1/A-Grammar-of-Paraguayan-Guarani.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Rachel |title=Guaraní Voiceless Stops in Oral versus Nasal Contexts: An Acoustical Study |publisher=University of Southern California |year=1999 |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=63–94 |jstor=44526233}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | Labial ! rowspan="2" | Alveolar ! rowspan="2" | Alveo-<br>palatal ! colspan="2" | Velar ! rowspan="2" | Glottal |- ! {{small|plain}} || {{small|lab.}} |- ! colspan="2" | Nasal | rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ᵐb}}&nbsp;~&nbsp;{{IPA link|m}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ⁿd}}&nbsp;~&nbsp;{{IPA link|n}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʝ}}&nbsp;~&nbsp;{{IPA link|ɲ}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ᵑɡ}}&nbsp;~&nbsp;{{IPA link|ŋ}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ᵑɡʷ}}&nbsp;~&nbsp;{{IPA link|ŋʷ}} | rowspan="2" | |- ! rowspan="2" | Stop|| {{small|voiced}} |- ! {{small|voiceless}} | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|kʷ}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |- ! colspan="2" | Fricative | | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | colspan="3" | {{IPA link|x}}&nbsp;~&nbsp;{{IPA link|h}} |- ! colspan="2" | Approximant | {{IPA link|ʋ}}&nbsp;~&nbsp;{{IPA link|ʋ̃}} | {{IPA link|l}}&nbsp;~&nbsp;{{IPA link|l̃}} | | {{IPA link|ɰ}}&nbsp;~&nbsp;{{IPA link|ɰ̃}} | {{IPA link|w}}&nbsp;~&nbsp;{{IPA link|w̃}} | |- ! colspan="2" | Flap | | {{IPA link|ɾ}}&nbsp;~&nbsp;{{IPA link|ɾ̃}} | | | | |}

The voiced consonants have oral allophones (left) before oral vowels, and nasal allophones (right) before nasal vowels. The oral allophones of the voiced stops are prenasalized.

Some linguists additionally include the phoneme {{IPA|/ⁿt/}} (written {{angbr|nt}}), though it is considered controversial as it appears exclusively in the suffix ''-nte''.{{sfnp|Barrera|2015|p=25}} Nonetheless, it is typically included in the Guarani alphabet.

Oral {{IPAslink|ʝ}} may be realized as {{IPAblink|j}}, {{IPAblink|ɟ}}, {{IPAblink|ɟʝ}}, {{IPAblink|dʒ}}, {{IPAblink|ʒ}}, depending on the word and speaker, but the nasal allophone is always {{IPAblink|ɲ}}.

The palato-alveolar sibilant {{IPAslink|ʃ}} is often articulated closer to alveolo-palatal {{IPAblink|ɕ}}.{{sfnp|Estigarribia|2020|p=33}}

The dorsal fricative is in free variation between {{IPAblink|x}} and {{IPAblink|h}}.

The approximant {{IPAslink|ɰ}} may be nasalized {{IPA|[ɰ̃]}} and partially labialized {{IPA|[ɰʷ]}}, and may also be realized as a fricative {{IPAblink|ɣ|ɣʷ}} or a fully labialized approximant {{IPAblink|w}}.{{efn|{{harvcoltxt|Walker|1999}} does not make a distinction between {{IPA|[ɰʷ]}} and {{IPA|[w]}}, while {{harvcoltxt|Estigarribia|2020}} does. While noted as possible, neither source provides an example of the nasalized approximant occurring without labialization.}}

From Spanish loanwords, what had originally been a typical alveolar trill {{IPAslink|r}} (written {{angbr|rr}}) became a retroflex sibilant {{IPAslink|ʐ}}. The alveolar lateral {{IPAslink|l}} also entered Guarani phonology through Spanish loanwords, but is now a typical phoneme (unlike {{IPA|/ʐ/}}, which is considered marginal).{{sfnp|Estigarribia|2020|p=34}} The consonants {{IPAslink|f}}, {{IPAslink|ð}}, and {{IPAslink|ʎ}} may also appear in loanwords.{{sfnp|Barrera|2015|p=24}}

All syllables are open, viz. CV or V, ending in a vowel.

===Glottal stop=== The glottal stop, called {{lang|gug|puso}} in Guarani, is only written between vowels, but occurs phonetically before vowel-initial words. Because of this, some words have several glottal stops near each other that consequently undergo a number of different dissimilation techniques. For example, "I drink water" {{lang|gug|ʼaʼyʼu}} is pronounced {{lang|gug|hayʼu}}. This suggests that irregularity in verb forms derives from regular sound change processes in the history of Guarani. There also seems to be some degree of variation between how much the glottal stop is dropped (for example {{lang|gug|aruʼuka > aruuka > aruka}} for "I have something brought"). It is possible that word-internal glottal stops may have been retained from fossilized compounds where the second component was a vowel-initial (and therefore glottal stop–initial) root.<ref name=Ayala>{{cite book |last=Ayala |first=José Valentín |year=2000 |title=Gramática Guaraní |location=Asunción |publisher=Centro Editorial Paraguayo S.R.L. |page=19 |oclc=50608420}}</ref>

===Vowels=== {{IPA|/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/}} correspond more or less to the Spanish and IPA equivalents, although sometimes the open-mid allophones {{IPAblink|ɛ}}, {{IPAblink|ɔ}} are used more frequently. The grapheme {{angbr|y}} represents the vowel {{IPAslink|ɨ}}.{{efn|Instead of a close central unrounded vowel {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, some sources, such as {{harvcoltxt|Walker|1999}}, note a near-close near-back unrounded vowel, transcribed with {{IPA|/ɯ/}}.}} Considering nasality, the vowel system is perfectly symmetrical, each oral vowel having a nasal counterpart (most systems with nasals have fewer nasals than orals).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Vowels ! !! Front!! Central!! Back |- ! Close | {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}} | {{IPA link|ɨ}} {{IPA link|ɨ̃}} | {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}} |- ! Mid | {{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ẽ}} | | {{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|õ}} |- ! Open | | {{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}} | |}

====Nasal harmony==== Guarani displays an unusual degree of nasal harmony. A nasal syllable consists of a nasal vowel, and if the consonant is voiced, it takes its nasal allophone. If a stressed syllable is nasal, the nasality spreads in ''both'' directions until it bumps up against a stressed syllable that is oral. This includes affixes, postpositions, and compounding. Voiceless consonants do not have nasal allophones, but they do not interrupt the spread of nasality.

For example,

:{{IPA|/ⁿdo+ɾoi+ⁿduˈpã+i/}} → {{IPA|[nõɾ̃õĩnũˈpãĩ]}} :{{IPA|/ro+ᵐbo+poˈrã/}} → {{IPA|[ɾ̃õmõpõˈɾ̃ã]}}

However, a second stressed syllable, with an oral vowel, will not become nasalized: :{{IPA|/iᵈjaˈkãɾaˈku/}} → {{IPA|[ĩɲãˌkãɾ̃ãˈku]}} :{{IPA|/aˈkãɾaˈɰʷe/}} → {{IPA|[ãˌkãɾ̃ãˈɰʷe]}}{{sfnp|Walker|1999|p=69}}

That is, for a word with a single stressed vowel, all voiced segments will be either oral or nasal, while voiceless consonants are unaffected, as in oral {{IPA|/ᵐbotɨ/}} vs nasal {{IPA|/mõtɨ̃/}}.

==Orthography== {{Main|Guarani alphabet}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: auto;" |+ {{lang|gug|Achegety}}{{sfnp|Estigarribia|2020|p=46}} |- |bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="33"| '''Majuscule forms''' (also called '''uppercase''' or '''capital letters''') |- |width="3%"|A||width="3%"|Ã||width="3%"|Ch||width="3%"|E||width="3%"|Ẽ||width="3%"|G||width="3%"|G̃||width="3%"|H||width="3%"|I||width="3%"|Ĩ||width="3%"|J||width="3%"|K||width="3%"|L||width="3%"|M||width="3%"|Mb||width="3%"|N||width="3%"|Nd||width="3%"|Ng||width="3%"|Nt||width="3%"|Ñ||width="3%"|O||width="3%"|Õ||width="3%"|P||width="3%"|R||width="3%"|Rr||width="3%"|S||width="3%"|T||width="3%"|U||width="3%"|Ũ||width="3%"|V||width="3%"|Y||width="3%"|Ỹ||width="3%"|{{`}} |- |bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="33"| '''Minuscule forms''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''') |- |a||ã||ch||e||ẽ||g||g̃||h||i||ĩ||j||k||l||m||mb||n||nd||ng||nt||ñ||o||õ||p||r||rr||s||t||u||ũ||v||y||ỹ||{{`}} |- |bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="33"| '''IPA phonemes''' |- |a||ã||ʃ~ɕ||e||ẽ||ɰ~ɣ||ŋ||h||i||ĩ||ʝ~dʒ||k||l||m||ᵐb||n||ⁿd||ᵑɡ||ⁿt||ɲ||o||õ||p||ɾ||ʐ||s||t||u||ũ||ʋ||ɨ||ɨ̃||ʔ |}

Sounds which only become nasalized due to nasal harmony are typically written as their phonemic values rather than their phonetic ones. For example, if a vowel is not 'canonically' nasal, but is under context of nasal harmony, it is still written without a diacritic.

== Morphology == {{Section move from|Mbyá Guarani|date=May 2026}}

===Pronouns=== There are six different types of pronouns in Guarani: (i) personal; (ii) demonstrative; (iii) indefinite; (iv) numeral; (v) negative, and (vi) interrogative.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=A Description of Colloquial Guarani|last1=Gregores|first1=Emma|last2=Suarez|first2=Jorge|publisher=Mouton & Co|year=1967|location=Hague, Paris|pages=140–141}}</ref>

==== Personal Pronouns ==== {| class="wikitable" |+Guarani Personal Pronouns !1sg |xee |- !2sg |ndee |- !3sg |ha’e |- !1pl. incl. |nhande |- !1pl. excl. |ore |- !2pl |peẽ or pende |- !3pl |ha’e kuery |} ''Note''. Chart above reprinted from R. Dooley.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Léxico Guarani, dialeto Mbyá com informações úteis para o ensino médio, a aprendizagem e a pesquisa lingüística|last=Dooley|first=Robert|publisher=SIL Intl.|year=2006|location=Cuiabá}}</ref>

First person plural pronouns in Guarani are distinguished by the clusivity of the subject being addressed.<ref name="aboutworldlanguages.com">{{Cite web|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/guarani|title=Guarani {{!}} About World Languages|website=aboutworldlanguages.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-01}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Example 1 |- |{{interlinear|Xee a-ĩ-a peve xivi o-vaẽ|I A1SG-be-NMLZ until puma A3-arrive|"The puma came as far as where I was staying" (as cited in Estigarribia & Pinta, pg. 241) }} |- !Example 2 |- |{{interlinear|Ndee re-ke-a ja a-mba’eapo|You A2SG-sleep-NMLZ while A1SG-work|"While you were sleeping, I was working" (as cited in Estigarribia & Pinta, pg. 241) }} |- !Example 3 |- |{{interlinear|Ipynandi ha’e ijao soro.|[i-py+nandi] ha’e [ij-ao soro]|3.INACT-foot+uncovered and 3.INACT-clothes broken|"He is barefoot and his clothes are ripped" | glossing3 = yes }} |- !Example 4 |- |{{interlinear|ha’e ore- juhu|3.SG.PRON 1.PL.EXCL.INACT- meet(ing)|"there was our meeting appointed to him/her" or "he/she met us (but not you)" }} |} ''Note.'' Data in chart reprinted from Estigarribia and Pinta.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Guarani linguistics in the 21st century|last1=Estigarribia|first1=Bruno|last2=Pinta|first2=Justin|publisher=Brill|year=2017|location=Leiden|pages=45–55, 72, 171, 184, 241}}</ref>

==== Demonstrative Pronouns ==== {| class="wikitable" |+Examples of Guarani Demonstrative Pronouns !Attributives !Non-attributives | |- |ko |kóva |"near the speaker" |- |pe |péva |"near the addressee" |- |upé |upéva |"away from both speaker and addressee" |} ''Note''. Chart above reprinted from E. Gregores and J. Suarez.<ref name=":13" />

In Guarani, demonstrative pronouns reflect the proximal-distal dimension of the contexts in which the pronouns are used.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Guarani.html|title=Guarani|last1=Gutman|first1=Alejandro|last2=Avanzati|first2=Beatriz|date=2013|website=Languages Gulper}}</ref>

==== Indefinite Pronouns ==== {| class="wikitable" |+Guarani Indefinite Pronouns |amu.é |"another" |- |maimãramo |"everybody" |- |maimãva |"any(one)" |- |opá |"every(body)" |- |tóda |"every(body)" |} ''Note''. Chart above reprinted from E. Gregores and J. Suarez.<ref name=":13" />

Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that are neither people nor place specific.

==== Numeral Pronouns ==== {| class="wikitable" |+Guarani Numeral Pronouns |peteĩ |"one" |- |peteĩva |"the one" |- |iruni |"four" |- |mokõi |"two" |} ''Note''. Chart above reprinted from E. Gregores and J. Suarez.<ref name=":13" />

==== Negative Pronouns ==== {| class="wikitable" |+Guarani Negative Pronouns !Person |avavé |"nobody" |- !Non-person |ma.evé; moivé |"nothing" |} ''Note''. Chart above reprinted from E. Gregores and J. Suarez.<ref name=":13" />

Negative pronouns in Guarani can be both person and non-person specific.<ref name=":13" />

==== Interrogative Pronouns ==== {| class="wikitable" |+Guarani Interrogative Pronouns !Person |avá |"who?" |- !Non-person |maʔé |"what?" (things) |} ''Note''. Chart above reprinted from E. Gregores and J. Suarez.<ref name=":13" />

Guarani interrogative pronouns have the same person and non-person distinction as negative pronouns.<ref name=":13" />

=== Inflection === Inflection or inflectional affixes, are the changes in a word to mark differentiations in tense, person, mood, voice, case, and number of speakers.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mood-grammar|title=Mood|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-12-01|language=en}}</ref> Inflectional affixes can be in turn divided into seven different components.<ref name=":13" />

==== Reference Based Inflection ==== Firstly, there are inflections of ''personal reference'', which can connect to the speaker, addressee, or neither.<ref name=":13" />

Secondly, there is ''subject reference'', which is the inflection that relates to the subject of a conversation, which follow the same structures as personal reference.<ref name=":13" />

Third, there is ''object reference'',<ref name=":13" /> which is the inflection used when connecting a person to an object.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onestopenglish.com/grammar/grammar-reference/nouns-and-phrases/subjects-and-objects-in-english-article/152836.article|title=Subjects and Objects in English|last1=Maxwell|first1=Kerry|last2=Clanfield|first2=Lindsay}}</ref>

==== Reflexive inflection ==== The ''reflexive inflection'' within Guarani holds a specific morpheme, that being ‘ye-’.<ref name=":13" /> ‘Ye-’ stems together with the morpheme for a subject in a sentence, and is the indicator of whether the subject is the individual undergoing an action, or is the actor themselves.<ref name=":13" />

==== Reciprocal inflection ==== ''Reciprocal inflection'' holds the specific morpheme ‘yo-’, which similar to the morpheme for reflexive inflection combines with the subject of a sentence, specifically in third person or plural morphemes.<ref name=":13" />

==== Desiderative inflection ==== The morpheme for ''desiderative inflection'', ‘ta-’.<ref name=":13" /> As in the other examples mentioned prior, this morpheme stems together with the subject in a sentence for indicating someone's wish, permission, command, etc.

==== Commanding inflection ==== The ''commanding inflection'' represents itself in Guarani with the morpheme ‘e-’, which occurs with verbal stems for the purpose of indicating second person singular command.<ref name=":13" />

==== Active and Stative Verbs ==== Guarani is an active-stative language.<ref name=":11" /> In other words, Guarani consists of active transitive verbs as well as both active and stative intransitive verbs.<ref name=":11" /> To indicate the subject, active verbs use prefixes. In stative verbs, with the exception of the third person case, the subjects are not marked by prefixes, but by subject pronouns that operate independently and not as suffixes.<ref name=":11" /> It is also worth noting that in Guarani, first person plural can be inclusive or exclusive. {| class="wikitable" |+Guarani Active and Stative Verbs ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Active !Stative |- !areal !aireal !chendal |- !1s |a- |ai- |che |- !2s |re- |rei- |nde |- !3s |o- |oi- |i- |- !1 pl. incl. |ja-/ ña- |jai- |ñande |- !1 pl. excl. |ro- |roi- |ore |- !2pl |pe- |pei- |pende |- !3pl |o- |oi- |i- |} ''Note''. Chart above reprinted from A. Gutman and B. Avanzati.<ref name=":11" /> {| class="wikitable" !Active Examples !Stative Examples |- |{{interlinear|kirirĩ '''oi-''' pytyvõ akãngeta|silence 3.ACT- help thinking|"silence helps thinking" }} |{{interlinear|'''che-''' mbyaju ko- t- a’arõ|2.SG.INACT- annoy DEM- NC- waiting|"this waiting is annoying me" }} |- |{{interlinear|'''a-''' ha’arõ –ta asaje peve|1.SG.ACT- wait –INT noon until|"I will wait until noon" }} |{{interlinear|'''ore-''' r- u i- kirirĩ o- pyta|1.PL.EXCL- REL- father 3.INACT- silence 3.ACT- remain|"our father kept silence/became silent" }} |} ''Note.'' Chart above reprinted from B. Estigarribia and J. Pinta<ref name=":14" />

==Grammar== Guarani is a highly agglutinative language, often classified as polysynthetic. It is a fluid-S type active language, and it has been classified as a 6th class language in Milewski's typology. It uses subject–verb–object (SVO) word order usually, but object–verb when the subject is not specified.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tonhauser |first1=Judith |author1-link=Judith Tonhauser |last2=Colijn |first2=Erika |title=Word Order in Paraguayan Guarani |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |date=2010 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=255–288 |doi=10.1086/652267 |s2cid=73554080}}</ref>

===Nouns=== Guarani exhibits nominal tense: past, expressed with {{lang|gug|-kue}}, and future, expressed with {{lang|gug|-rã}}. For example, {{lang|gug|tetã ruvichakue}} translates to "ex-president" while {{lang|gug|tetã ruvicharã}} translates to "president-elect." The past morpheme {{lang|gug|-kue}} is often translated as "ex-", "former", "abandoned", "what was once", or "one-time". These morphemes can even be combined to express the idea of something that was going to be but did not end up happening. So for example, {{lang|gug|paʼirãgue}} is "a person who studied to be a priest but didn't actually finish", or rather, "the ex-future priest". Some nouns use {{lang|gug|-re}} instead of {{lang|gug|-kue}} and others use {{lang|gug|-guã}} instead of {{lang|gug|-rã}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guasch |first=P. Antonio |title=El Idioma Guarnai: Gramática e Antología de Prosa y Verso |year=1956 |publisher=Casa América |location=Asunción |page=53}}</ref>

===Pronouns=== Guarani distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive pronouns of the first person plural.

{| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2" | ! singular ! plural |- ! rowspan="2" | 1st person ! inclusive | rowspan="2" | {{lang|gug|che}} | {{lang|gug|ñande}} |- ! exclusive | {{lang|gug|ore}} |- ! colspan="2" | 2nd person | {{lang|gug|nde}} | {{lang|gug|peẽ}} |- ! colspan="2" | 3rd person | {{lang|gug|haʼe}} | {{italics correction|{{lang|gug|haʼekuéra/ hikuái}}}}{{efn-lr|{{lang|gug|hikuái}} is a post-verbal pronoun ({{lang|gug|ohecha hikuái}} 'they see')}} |}

{{notelist-lr}}

Reflexive pronoun: {{lang|gug|je}}: {{lang|gug|ahecha}} ("I look"), {{lang|gug|ajehecha}} ("I look at myself")

===Conjugation=== Guarani stems can be divided into a number of conjugation classes, which are called {{lang|gug|areal}} (with the subclass {{lang|gug|aireal}}) and {{lang|gug|chendal}}. The names for these classes stem from the names of the prefixes for 1st and 2nd person singular.

The {{lang|gug|areal}} conjugation is used to convey that the participant is actively involved, whereas the {{lang|gug|chendal}} conjugation is used to convey that the participant is the undergoer. However, the {{lang|gug|areal}} conjugation is also used if an intransitive verb expresses an event as opposed to a state, for example {{Lang|gug|manó}} 'die', and even with a verb such as {{Lang|gug|ké}} 'sleep'. In addition, all borrowed Spanish verbs are adopted as {{lang|gug|areal}} as opposed to borrowed adjectives, which take {{lang|gug|chendal}}.<ref>{{cite thesis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302131251/http://www.ling.su.se/gu/kursmaterial/311_4/active.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2008 |url=http://www.ling.su.se/gu/kursmaterial/311_4/active.pdf |last=Andréasson |first=Daniel |year=2001 |title=Active languages |publisher=Stockholm University |pages=18–20 |degree=BA}}</ref> Intransitive verbs can take either conjugation, transitive verbs normally take {{lang|gug|areal}}, but can take {{lang|gug|chendal}} for habitual readings. Nouns can also be conjugated, but only as {{lang|gug|chendal}}. This conveys a predicative possessive reading.<ref name=Nordhoff2004>{{cite journal |last=Nordhoff |first=Sebastian |year=2004 |title=Nomen-Verb-Distinktion im Guarani |editor-last=Sasse |editor-first=Hans-Jürgen |location=Köln |publisher=Universität zu Köln |journal=Arbeitspapier |volume=48 |issn=1615-1496 |language=de |url=https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22366/file/AP_48_Nordhoff_Nomen_ver_Distinktion_im_Guarani.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612022954/http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22366/file/AP_48_Nordhoff_Nomen_ver_Distinktion_im_Guarani.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>

Furthermore, the conjugations vary slightly according to the stem being oral or nasal.

{| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="3" | pronoun ! colspan="2" | {{lang|gug|areal}} ! rowspan="2" | {{lang|gug|aireal}} ! rowspan="2" | {{lang|gug|chendal}} |- ! oral ! nasal |- ! {{nobold|{{lang|gug|guata}} {{gloss|to walk}}}} ! {{nobold|{{lang|gug|ñeʼẽ}} {{gloss|to speak}}}} ! {{nobold|{{lang|gug|puru}} {{gloss|to use}}}} ! {{nobold|{{lang|gug|porã}} {{gloss|to be beautiful}}}} |- | {{lang|gug|che}} | {{lang|gug|'''a'''-guata}} | {{lang|gug|'''a'''-ñeʼẽ}} | {{lang|gug|'''ai'''-puru}} | {{lang|gug|'''che'''-porã}} |- | {{lang|gug|ñande}} | {{lang|gug|'''ja'''-guata}} | {{lang|gug|'''ña'''-ñeʼẽ}} | {{lang|gug|'''jai'''-puru}} | {{lang|gug|'''ñane'''-porã}} |- | {{lang|gug|ore}} | {{lang|gug|'''ro'''-guata}} | {{lang|gug|'''ro'''-ñeʼẽ}} | {{lang|gug|'''roi'''-puru}} | {{lang|gug|'''ore'''-porã}} |- | {{lang|gug|nde}} | {{lang|gug|'''re'''-guata}} | {{lang|gug|'''re'''-ñeʼẽ}} | {{lang|gug|'''rei'''-puru}} | {{lang|gug|'''ne'''-porã}} |- | {{lang|gug|peẽ}} | {{lang|gug|'''pe'''-guata}} | {{lang|gug|'''pe'''-ñeʼẽ}} | {{lang|gug|'''pei'''-puru}} | {{lang|gug|'''pene'''-porã}} |- | {{lang|gug|haʼe(kuéra)}} | {{lang|gug|'''o'''-guata}} | {{lang|gug|'''o'''-ñeʼẽ}} | {{lang|gug|'''oi'''-puru}} | {{lang|gug|'''i'''-porã}} |}

====Negation==== {{unref section|date=January 2026}} Negation is indicated by a circumfix {{lang|gug|n(d)(V)-...-(r)i}} in Guarani. The preverbal portion of the circumfix is {{lang|gug|nd-}} for oral bases and {{lang|gug|n-}} for nasal bases. For 2nd person singular, an epenthetic {{lang|gug|-e-}} is inserted before the base, for 1st person plural inclusive, an epenthetic {{lang|gug|-a-}} is inserted.

The postverbal portion is {{lang|gug|-ri}} for bases ending in {{lang|gug|-i}}, and {{lang|gug|-i}} for all others. However, in spoken Guarani, the {{lang|gug|-ri}} portion of the circumfix is frequently omitted for bases ending in {{lang|gug|-i}}. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Oral verb ! Nasal verb ! With ending in "i" |- ! {{nobold|{{lang|gug|japo}} {{gloss|do, make}}}} ! {{nobold|{{lang|gug|kororõ}} {{gloss|roar, snore}}}} ! {{nobold|{{lang|gug|jupi}} {{gloss|go up, rise}}}} |- | {{lang|gug|nd-ajapó-i}} | {{lang|gug|n-akororõ-i}} | {{lang|gug|nd-ajupí-ri}} |- | {{lang|gug|nde-rejapó-i}} | {{lang|gug|ne-rekororõ-i}} | {{lang|gug|nde-rejupí-ri}} |- | {{lang|gug|nd-ojapó-i}} | {{lang|gug|n-okororõ-i}} | {{lang|gug|nd-ojupí-ri}} |- | {{lang|gug|nda-jajapó-i}} | {{lang|gug|na-ñakororõ-i}} | {{lang|gug|nda-jajupí-ri}} |- | {{lang|gug|nd-orojapó-i}} | {{lang|gug|n-orokororõ-i}} | {{lang|gug|nd-orojupí-ri}} |- | {{lang|gug|nda-pejapó-i}} | {{lang|gug|na-pekororõ-i}} | {{lang|gug|nda-pejupí-ri}} |- | {{lang|gug|nd-ojapó-i}} | {{lang|gug|n-okororõ-i}} | {{lang|gug|nd-ojupí-ri}} |} The negation can be used in all tenses, but for future or irrealis reference, the normal tense marking is replaced by {{lang|gug|moʼã}}, resulting in {{lang|gug|n(d)(V)}}-base-{{lang|gug|moʼã-i}} as in {{lang|gug|Ndajapomoʼãi}}, "I won't do it".

There are also other negatives, such as: {{lang|gug|ani}}, {{lang|gug|ỹhỹ}}, {{lang|gug|nahániri}}, {{lang|gug|naumbre}}, {{lang|gug|naʼanga}}.

===Tense and aspect morphemes=== * '''{{lang|gug|-ramo}}''': marks extreme proximity of the action, often translating to "just barely": {{lang|gug|Oguahẽramo}}, "He just barely arrived".<ref name="Graham, 1969">{{cite book |last=Graham |first=Charles R. |title=Guarani Intermediate Course |year=1969 |publisher=Brigham Young University |location=Provo}}</ref>{{rp|198}} * '''{{lang|gug|-kuri}}''': marks proximity of the action. {{lang|gug|Haʼukuri}}, "I just ate" ({{lang|gug|ha'u}} irregular first person singular form of {{lang|gug|u}}, "to eat"). It can also be used after a pronoun, as in {{lang|gug|ha che kuri, che poʼa}}, "and about what happened to me, I was lucky". * '''{{lang|gug|-vaʼekue}}''': indicates a fact that occurred long ago and asserts that it's really true. {{lang|gug|Okañyvaʼekue}}, "he/she went missing a long time ago". * '''{{lang|gug|-raʼe}}''': tells that the speaker was doubtful before but he's sure at the moment he speaks. {{lang|gug|Nde rejoguaraʼe peteĩ taʼangambyry pyahu}}, "so then you bought a new television after all". * '''{{lang|gug|-rakaʼe}}''': expresses the uncertainty of a perfect-aspect fact. {{lang|gug|Peẽ peikorakaʼe Asunción-pe}}, "I think you lived in Asunción for a while". Nevertheless, nowadays this morpheme has lost some of its meaning, having a correspondence with {{lang|gug|raʼe}} and {{lang|gug|vaʼekue}}. The verb form without suffixes at all is a present somewhat aorist: {{lang|gug|Upe ára resẽ reho mombyry}}, "that day you got out and you went far". * '''{{lang|gug|-ta}}''': is a future of immediate happening, it's also used as authoritarian imperative. {{lang|gug|Oujeýta ag̃aite}}, "he/she'll come back soon". * '''{{lang|gug|-ma}}''': has the meaning of "already". {{lang|gug|Ajapóma}}, "I already did it". These two suffixes can be added together: {{lang|gug|ahátama}}, "I'm already going". * '''{{lang|gug|-vaʼerã}}''': indicates something not imminent or something that must be done for social or moral reasons, in this case corresponding to the German modal verb {{lang|de|sollen}}. {{lang|gug|Péa ojejapovaʼerã}}, "that must be done". * '''{{lang|gug|-ne}}''': indicates something that probably will happen or something the speaker imagines that is happening. It correlates in a certain way with the subjunctive of Spanish. {{lang|gug|Mitãnguéra ág̃a og̃uahéne hógape}}, "the children are probably coming home now". * '''{{lang|gug|-hína}}''', '''{{lang|gug|-ína}}''' after nasal words: continual action at the moment of speaking, present and pluperfect continuous or emphatic. {{lang|gug|Rojatapyhína}}, "we're making fire"; {{lang|gug|che haʼehína}}, "it's ME!". * '''{{lang|gug|-vo}}''': it has a subtle difference with {{lang|gug|-hína}} in which {{lang|gug|-vo}} indicates not necessarily what's being done at the moment of speaking. {{lang|gug|ambaʼapóvo}}, "I'm working (not necessarily now)". * '''{{lang|gug|-pota}}''': indicates proximity immediately before the start of the process. {{lang|gug|Ajukapota}}, "I'm near the point at which I will start to kill" or "I'm just about to kill". (A particular sandhi rule is applied here: if the verbs ends in {{lang|gug|-po}}, the suffix changes to {{lang|gug|-mbota}}; {{lang|gug|ajapombota}}, "I'll do it right now"). * '''{{lang|gug|-pa}}''': indicates emphatically that a process has all finished. {{lang|gug|Amboparapa pe ogyke}}, "I painted the wall completely". This suffix can be joined with {{lang|gug|-ma}}, making up {{lang|gug|-páma}}: {{lang|gug|ñande jaikuaapáma nde remimoʼã}}, "now we came to know all your thought". * '''{{lang|gug|-mi}}''': customary action in the past: {{lang|gug|Oumi}}, "He used to come a lot". These are unstressed suffixes: {{lang|gug|-ta, -ma, -ne, -vo, -mi}}; so the stress goes upon the last syllable of the verb or the last stressed syllable.

===Other verbal morphemes=== * '''{{Lang|gug|-se}}''': desiderative suffix: {{Lang|gug|(Che) añemoaranduse}}, "I want to study".<ref name="Blair 1">{{cite book|last=Blair|first=Robert|title=Guarani Basic Course: Book 1|year=1968|page=50|display-authors=etal}}</ref> * '''{{Lang|gug|te-}}''': desiderative prefix: {{Lang|gug|Ahasa}}, "I pass", {{Lang|gug|Tahasa}}, "I would like to pass." {{Lang|gug|te-}} is the underlying form. It is similar to the negative in that it has the same vowel alternations and deletions, depending on the person marker on the verb.<ref name="Graham, 1969" />{{rp|108}}

=== Valency change ===

==== Valency increasing ==== In Guarani, valency increases occur by modifying the predicates in either valency 1 or valency 2 to the consecutive valency (i.e. valency 2 and 3 respectively for valency 1 and valency 2) (as cited in Estigarribia & Pinta, p.&nbsp;50).<ref name=":14" />

===== Causative Voice ===== In Guarani, the ''causative voice'' is the only voice with the power to increase valency.<ref name=":14" /> For example, in the case of intransitive verbs, the causative voice can be observed by the prefix ''mbo-/mo-''.<ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Example 1 !Example 2 |- |{{interlinear|a-'''mbo'''-jere ña’ẽmbe|1SG.ACT.CAUS1-turn1 dish|"I turn the dish around" | top = ''Ambojere ña’ẽmbe.'' }} |{{interlinear|a-'''mbo'''-guata kure|1SG.ACT-CAUSE1-walk pig|"I make the pig walk" (as cited in Estigarribia & Pinta, 2017, p.&nbsp;50). | top = ''Amboguata kure.'' }} |} ''Note.'' Data in chart above retrieved from Estigarribia and Pinta.<ref name=":14" />

The prefixes of the causative voice have the flexibility of functioning as derivational morphemes.<ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Example 1 !Example 2 |- |{{interlinear|'''mbo'''-katupyry|CAUS1-skilled|"to teach/to train" | top = ''mbokatupyry'' }} |{{interlinear|'''mo'''-aguĩ|CAUS1-close.by|"to bring closer" (as cited in Estigarribia & Pinta, 2017, p.&nbsp;51). | top = ''moaguĩ'' }} |} ''Note.'' Data in chart above retrieved from Estigarribia and Pinta.<ref name=":14" />

In the case of transitive clauses, the causative morpheme ''–uka'' is used.<ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Example 1 |- |{{interlinear|nd-a-h-echa-'''uka'''-i ndeve che-r-ãi|NEG-1SG.ACT-POSSM3-see-TR.CAUS-NEG 2SG.DAT 1SG.INACT-POSSM1/2-tooth|"I didn't make you see my teeth" {{=}} "I didn't smile at you." | top = ''Ndahechaukái ndeve cherãi.'' }} |- !Example 2 |- |{{interlinear|a-mo-poti-'''uka'''-se ndeve che-r-óga|1SG.ACT-CAUS1-clean-TR.CAUS-DES 2SG.DAT 1SG.INACT-POSSM1/2-house|"I want to make you clean my house" (as cited in Estigarribia & Pinta, 2017, p.&nbsp;51). | top = ''Amopotiukase ndeve cheróga.'' }} |} ''Note''. Data in chart above retrieved from Estigarribia and Pinta.<ref name=":14" />

==== Valency-Decreasing Voices ==== In contrast to valency-increasing mechanisms, valency-decreasing mechanisms modify predicates so as to transform valency 2 and 3 to lower valencies.<ref name=":14" /> There are three valency-decreasing voices, they are: middle, reciprocal, and anti-passive.<ref name=":14" />

===== Middle ===== The prefix je-/ñe- is used in the middle voice.<ref name=":14" /> The middle voice is utilized in contexts expressing passive and reflexive scenarios. {| class="wikitable" !Passive Examples: !Reflexive Examples: |- |{{interlinear|a-'''je'''-japi|1SG.ACT-MID-shoot|"I am (being) shot" | top = ''ajejapi'' }} |{{interlinear|a-'''je'''-kutu|1SG.ACT-MID-nail|"I put a nail in myself" | top = ''ajekutu'' }} |- |{{interlinear|a-'''ñe'''-nupã|1SG.ACT-MID-beat.up|"I am (being) beaten" (as cited in Estigarribia & Pinta, 2017, p.&nbsp;48) | top = ''añenupã'' }} |{{interlinear|a-'''ñe'''-kytĩ|1SG.ACT-MID-cut|"I cut myself" (as cited in Estigarribia & Pinta, 2017, p.&nbsp;48) | top = ''añekytĩ'' }} |} ''Note''. Data in chart above retrieved from Estigarribia and Pinta.<ref name=":14" />

===== Reciprocal ===== The prefix jo-/ño- indicates that a reciprocal voice is being used. In reciprocal voice, the participants of the clause are both the agent and the patient of one another.<ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Example 1 !Example 2 |- |{{interlinear|ja-'''jo'''-hayhu|1PL.INCL.ACT-RECP-love|"you and I love each other" | top = ''jajohayhu'' }} |{{interlinear|ña-'''ño'''-nupã|1PL.INCL.ACT-RECP-beat.up|"you and I beat each other up" | top = ''ñañonupã'' }} |} ''Note''. Data in chart above retrieved from Estigarribia and Pinta.<ref name=":14" />

===== Anti-passive ===== The anti-passive voice can be identified through the prefix ''poro-'' and the prefix ''–mba’e''.<ref name=":14" /> The prefix ''"poro-"'' is utilized in association with human objects and ''"mba’e-"'' is used in contexts where inanimate as well as non-human subjects are present.<ref name=":14" /> In contrast to the passive middle voice, the anti-passive voice detransivitizes the patient in the transitive clause as opposed to detransitivizing the agent.<ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Example 1 |- |{{interlinear|mbo’e-hára o-'''poro'''-mbo’e|teach-NMLZ.AG 3.ACT-ANTIP1-teach|"The teacher teaches (people)." (as cited in Estigarribia & Pinta, 2017, p.&nbsp;49) | top = ''Mbo’ehára oporombo’e'' }} |- !Example 2 |- |{{interlinear|Juan o-'''poro'''-juka|Juan 3.ACT-ANTIP1-kill|"Juan kills. / Juan is a killer." | top = ''Juan oporojuka.'' }} |- !Example 3 |- |{{interlinear|a-'''mba’e'''-jogua|1SG.ACT-ANTIP2-buy|"I am shopping." (as cited in Estigarribia & Pinta, 2017, p.&nbsp;50) | top = ''Amba’ejogua'' }} |} ''Note''. Data in chart above retrieved from Estigarribia and Pinta.<ref name=":14" />

=== Tense === In grammar, tense can be defined as a grammatical tool that is used to refer to the time frame in connection to the moment of speaking, with the purpose being to express a specific difference in time in connection to a topic or the speaker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tense|title=Definition of TENSE|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}</ref> Nominal tense can be defined as an action that is true to an individual in a particular point in time, e.g. "Yesterday, a student knitted’ in which the morphological marker for past tense in English, ''-ed'', is attached to the action made by the student individual.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Tonhauser|first=Judith|date=2007|title=Nominal Tense? The Meaning of Guaraní Nominal Temporal Markers|journal=Language|volume=83|issue=4|pages=831–869|doi=10.1353/lan.2008.0037|s2cid=50797962}}</ref>

=== Temporal suffixes === In Guarani, however, verbs are often left unmarked for tense. Instead, the present is left without any type of tense marker or morpheme connected to it indicating it is present. As such, verbs falling under present tense can have relative flexibility in connection to temporality. In other words, verbs in the present tense have the flexibility of also meaning remote past or near future These are known as bare verbs, and refer to events that occur at the time of or shortly before the time of speaking. These sentences can only ever properly be used to answer questions in relation to the past, or in connection to the present, but never about the future.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Guillaume|date=2014|title=Nominal tense and temporal implicatures: evidence from Mbyá|journal=Natural Language Semantics|language=en|volume=22|issue=4|pages=357–412|doi=10.1007/s11050-014-9108-2|s2cid=123556606|issn=0925-854X}}</ref> {{interlinear|Juan '''o'''-mba’eapo vaipa|Juan 3-wrk a.lot|‘Juan is working/was working/worked a lot <ref name=":16" /> | indent = 3 }} A relative clause, or a clause used to define the preceding noun <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/relative.htm|title=English Grammar Explanations – Relative clauses|last=Shoebottom|first=Paul|website=esl.fis.edu|access-date=2017-12-01}}</ref> are formed with the particle va’e,<ref name=":16" /> which can in turn be combined with past and future morphemes to create different matrixes, as can be seen in examples below.<ref name=":16" /> {{interlinear|E-me’ẽ kyche mesa py o-ĩ '''va’e'''|IMP-give knife table on 3-be REL|‘Give me the knife that's on the table.’ <ref name=":16" /> | indent = 3 }} To connect to tense that is past oriented, the morpheme suffix –kue is used.<ref name=":15" /> Translated roughly into English, -kue signifies the ‘ex’ of something, as can be seen in the example below, or as something that exists only in the former.<ref name=":15" /> Sometimes -kue can be represented by the allomorph -gue.<ref name=":16" /> {{interlinear|A-echa mburuvicha-'''kue'''|1-see leader-PAST|‘I saw the ex-leader’<ref name=":16" /> | indent = 3 }} The matrix of this term occurs when the relative clause va’e combines with -kue forming, va’ekue. Va’kue can be found in sentences that directly describe past events, or as a connecting anchor to a time before the past event being referenced by the speaker.<ref name=":16" /> {{interlinear|A-mba’eapo '''va’e-kue'''|1-work REL-PST|‘I worked/was working.’<ref name=":16" /> | indent = 3 }} In order to connect to future events, the morpheme suffix –rã is used. In English, – rã translates to meaning ‘future’, and it signifies the ‘future’ of something, as can be seen in the example below, or as something that only exists within the future.<ref name=":15" /> {{interlinear|Kuee, a-jogua che-ro-'''rã'''|Yesterday, 1-buy 1-house-FUT|‘Yesterday, I bought my (future) house.’<ref name=":16" /> | indent = 3 }} Similar to va’ekue, when the relative clause va’e combines with -rã, the morpheme suffix va’erã is formed. Va’erã is used to express a connection to broader future ties, and it can be found in sentences that describe directly future events.<ref name=":16" /> {{interlinear|Guaimi vy, Maria o-menda '''va-erã''' peteĩ ava o-guereko-pa va’e reve|Female.adult SS, Maria 3-marry REL-FUT one man 3-have-all REL with|‘When she is an adult, Maria will marry a man who is rich.’.<ref name=":16" /> | indent = 3 }}

=== Distribution === Guarani temporal markers are only productive with indefinites, possessives, demonstratives, and qualification in nominal phrases. Depending on the clarification of the phrase they are in, they may or may not be applicable, as is represented in the chart below. Through analyzing this chart, one can see that ''-kue'' is not applicable to artifacts of a food or natural origin, and that ''-kue'' is also not applicable when combined with nouns that represent permanent relations.<ref name=":15" /> {| class="wikitable" ! !Professions (e.g.priest) !Non-food Artifacts (e.g. chair) !Food Artifacts (e.g. milk) !Natural Kinds (e.g. forest) !Temporary Human Relations (e.g. wife) !Permanent Human Relations (e.g. daughter) |- !-kue |Applicable |Applicable |Not-Applicable |Not-Applicable |Applicable, only when relationship is possessive |Not-Applicable |- !- rã |Applicable |Applicable |Applicable |Applicable |Applicable, only when relationship is possessive |Applicable, only when relationship is possessive |} ''Note''. Chart above reprinted from J. Tonhauser.<ref name=":15" />

== Vocabulary ==

=== Spanish loans in Guarani === The close and prolonged contact Spanish and Guarani have experienced has resulted in many Guarani words of Spanish origin. Many of these loans were for things or concepts unknown to the New World prior to Spanish colonization. Examples are seen below:<ref>Pinta, J. (2013). "Lexical strata in loanword phonology: Spanish loans in Guarani". Master's thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. (See also Lexical stratum.)</ref>

{| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2" | Semantic category ! colspan="2" | Spanish ! colspan="2" | Guarani ! rowspan="2" | English |- ! Orthography !! IPA ! Orthography !! IPA |- | rowspan="3" | animals || {{lang|es|vaca}} ||{{IPA|/baka/}} || {{lang|gug|vaka}} ||{{IPA|/ʋaka/}}|| cow |- || {{lang|es|caballo}} ||{{IPA|/kabaʝo/}} || {{lang|gug|kavaju}} ||{{IPA|/kaʋaᵈju/}}|| horse |- || {{lang|es|cabra}} ||{{IPA|/kabɾa/}} || {{lang|gug|kavara}} ||{{IPA|/kaʋaɾa/}}|| goat |- | rowspan="3" | religion || {{lang|es|cruz}} || {{IPA|/kɾuθ/}} || {{lang|gug|kurusu}} || {{IPA|/kuɾusu/}}|| cross |- || {{lang|es|Jesucristo}}||{{IPA|/xesukɾisto/}} || {{lang|gug|Hesukrísto}}||{{IPA|/xesuˈkɾisto/}}|| Jesus Christ |- || {{lang|es|Pablo}} || {{IPA|/pablo/}} || {{lang|gug|Pavlo}} || {{IPA|/paʋlo/}} || Paul (saint) |- | rowspan="3" | place names || {{lang|es|Australia}} || {{IPA|/austɾalia/}} || {{lang|gug|Autaralia}} || {{IPA|/autaɾalia/}} || Australia |- || {{lang|es|Islandia}} || {{IPA|/islandia/}} || {{lang|gug|Iylanda}} || {{IPA|/iɨlaⁿda/}} || Iceland |- || {{lang|es|Portugal}} || {{IPA|/poɾtugal/}} || {{lang|gug|Poytuga}} || {{IPA|/poɨtuɰa/}} || Portugal |- | rowspan="3" | foods || {{lang|es|queso}} || {{IPA|/keso/}} || {{lang|gug|kesu}} || {{IPA|/kesu/}} || cheese |- || {{lang|es|azúcar}} || {{IPA|/aθukaɾ/}} || {{lang|gug|asuka}} || {{IPA|/asuka/}} || sugar |- || {{lang|es|morcilla}} || {{IPA|/moɾθiʝa/}} || {{lang|gug|mbusia}} || {{IPA|/ᵐbusia/}} || blood sausage |- | rowspan="3" | herbs/spices || {{lang|es|canela}} || {{IPA|/kanela/}} || {{lang|gug|kanéla}} || {{IPA|/kaˈnela/}} || cinnamon |- || {{lang|es|culantro}} || {{IPA|/kulantɾo/}} || {{lang|gug|kuratũ}} || {{IPA|/kũɾ̃ãtũ/}} || cilantro (US), coriander (UK) |- || {{lang|es|anís}} || {{IPA|/aˈnis/}} || {{lang|gug|ani}} || {{IPA|/ani/}} || anise |}

=== Guarani loans in English === English has adopted a small number of words from Guarani (or perhaps the related Tupi) via Portuguese, mostly the names of animals or plants. "Jaguar" comes from {{lang|gug|jaguarete}} and "piraña" comes from {{lang|gug|pira aña}} ("tooth fish" Tupi: {{lang|tup|pirá}} 'fish', {{lang|tup|aña}} 'tooth'). Other words are: "agouti" from {{lang|gug|akuti}} (which means "individual that eats standing up"),<ref>Teodoro Sampaio, [https://bdor.sibi.ufrj.br/handle/doc/429 O tupi na geografia nacional], p. 228</ref><ref>[https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa/cutia Infopédia]</ref> "tapir" from {{lang|gug|tapira}}, "coati" from ''kuatĩ'' (which means "what is scratched, or gashed; what has stripes across the body"),<ref>Teodoro Sampaio, [https://bdor.sibi.ufrj.br/handle/doc/429 O tupi na geografia nacional], p. 308</ref> "açaí" from {{lang|gug|ĩwasaʼi}} ("[fruit that] cries or expels water"), "warrah" from {{lang|gug|aguará}} meaning "fox", and "margay" from {{lang|gug|mbarakaja'y}} meaning "small cat". Jacaranda (y-acã-ratã, "that which has a firm core or heartwood"<ref>Teodoro Sampaio, [https://bdor.sibi.ufrj.br/handle/doc/429 O tupi na geografia nacional], p. 263</ref> or "hard-headed"),<ref>[https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa/jacaranda Infopédia]</ref> guarana and manioc are words of Guarani or Tupi–Guarani origin.<ref>{{cite conference |first=Yliana |last=Rodríguez |title=Vestiges of an Amerindian-European language contact: Guarani loanwords in Uruguayan Spanish |conference=18e Rencontres Jeunes Chercheurs en Sciences du Langage |date= 11–12 June 2015 |location=Paris |id=hal-01495095 |page=13 |url=https://hal-univ-paris3.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01495095}}</ref> Ipecacuanha (the name of a medicinal drug) comes from a homonymous Tupi–Guarani name that can be rendered as {{lang|gug|ipe-kaa-guené}}, meaning a creeping plant that makes one vomit.<ref>{{cite OED |ipecacuanha}}</ref> "Cougar" is borrowed from Guarani ''guazu ara''.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, ''Cougar''.</ref>

The name of Paraguay is itself a Guarani word, as is the name of Uruguay.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Simpson|first=George Gaylord|year=1941|title=Vernacular Names of South American Mammals|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=22|issue=1|pages=1–17|doi=10.2307/1374677 |jstor=1374677}}, p.2.</ref> However, the exact meaning of either placename is subject to varied interpretations.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rona|first=José Pedro|year=1960|title=Uruguay (The Problem of Etymology of Place Names of Guarani Origin)|journal=Names|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–5|doi=10.1179/nam.1960.8.1.1|doi-access=free}}. pp=2-3.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Holmer|first=Nils M.|year=1960|title=Indian Place Names in South America and the Antilles. I|journal=Names|volume=8|issue=3|pages=133–149|doi=10.1179/nam.1960.8.3.133|url=https://ans-names.pitt.edu/ans/article/download/308/307|access-date=2 September 2024|doi-access=free}}, p.147.</ref> (''See'': List of country-name etymologies.)

==Sample text== Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Guarani: :{{lang|gug|Mayma yvypóra ou ko yvy ári iñapytyʼyre ha eteĩcha tekoruvicharenda ha akatúape jeguerekópe; ha ikatu rupi oikuaa añetéva ha añeteʼyva, iporãva ha ivaíva, tekotevẽ pehenguéicha oiko oñondivekuéra.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/guarani.htm |title=Guarani language, alphabet and pronunciation |publisher=Omniglot.com |access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> : :{{IPA|[maɨˈma ɨʋɨˈpoɾa oˈu ko ɨʋˈɨ ˈaɾi iɲapɨtɨʔɨˈɾe xa ẽtẽˈĩɕã tekoɾuʋiɕaɾeˈⁿda xa akaˈtuape ᵈjeweɾeˈkope; xa ikaˈtu ɾupi oikuaˈa aɲeˈteʋa xa aɲeteʔɨˈʋa, ĩpõɾ̃ˈãʋã xa iʋaˈiʋa tẽkõtẽˈʋẽ pexeˈᵑgʷeiɕa oiˈko oɲoⁿdiʋeˈkʷeɾa]|}}

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |publisher=United Nations }}</ref>

==Literature== A more modern translation of the whole Bible into Guarani is known as {{lang|gug|Ñandejara Ñeʼẽ}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ultimahora.com/notas/571537-Biblia-en-guarani-es-incluida-oficialmente-en-el-Vaticano |title=Biblia en guaraní es incluida oficialmente en el Vaticano |trans-title=Guarani Bible officially included in the Vatican |date=23 October 2012 |website=Última Hora |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027025938/http://www.ultimahora.com/notas/571537-Biblia-en-guarani-es-incluida-oficialmente-en-el-Vaticano |archive-date=27 October 2012}}</ref>

In 2019, Jehovah's Witnesses released the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures in Guarani,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jw.org/en/news/jw/region/paraguay/Jehovahs-Witnesses-Release-New-World-Translation-in-Guarani/ |title=Jehovah's Witnesses Release New World Translation in Guarani |date=20 August 2019 |website=jw.org |publisher=Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jw.org/gug/testigos-de-jehov%C3%A1/o%C3%B1eporandu-mem%C3%A9va/jw-biblia-tnm/ |title=¿Orekópa umi testígo de Jehová ibíblia tee? |trans-title=Do Jehovah's Witnesses have their own Bible? |language=gn |website=jw.org |publisher=Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania}}</ref> both in print and online.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jw.org/gug/Vivliot%C3%A9ka/biblia/nwt/livroku%C3%A9ra/ |title=Ñandejára Ñeʼẽ La Biblia |website=jw.org |publisher=Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania}}</ref>

Recently a series of novels in Guarani have been published: * {{lang|gug|Kalaito Pombero}} (Tadeo Zarratea, 1981) * {{Lang|gug|Poreʼỹ rape}} (Hugo Centurión, 2016) * {{lang|gug|Tatukua}} (Arnaldo Casco Villalba, 2017)

==Institutions== * Guarani Language and Culture Athenaeum * Yvy Marãeʼỹ Foundation

==See also== {{Portal|Paraguay|Languages}} * Guarani languages * Nheengatu language * Jopará * Jesuit Reductions * Mbyá Guaraní language * Old Tupi * Guarani Wikipedia * WikiProject Guaraní {{in lang|es}}

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==Bibliography== * {{cite thesis |last=Barrera |first=Meritxell Fernández |title=Paraguayan Guarani: Some considerations about language mixing and an acoustic study of urban and rural vowels |year=2015 |publisher=Leiden University |url=https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2605794/view}} * {{cite journal |last1=Verón |first1=Miguel Ángel |date=2020 |title=La lengua guaraní en la era digital: perspectivas y desafíos |trans-title=The Guaraní language in the Digital Era: Perspectives and Challenges |url=https://www.uticvirtual.edu.py/revista.ojs/index.php/revistas/article/view/98 |journal=Arandu UTIC |volume=VII |issue=1 |pages= |issn=2311-7559 |access-date=25 May 2025 |language=es}}

==Further reading== * {{cite journal |last=de Carvalho |first=Fernando O. |title=A new sound change for Guarani(an): glottal prothesis, internal classification, and the explanation of synchronic irregularities |journal=Folia Linguistica |volume=56 |issue=43–s1 |date=2022 |pages=263–288 |doi=10.1515/flin-2022-2026|s2cid=249549872 }} * {{cite web |url=https://algr.createuky.net/directores/ |title=Project directors |website=Guarani-Romanic Linguistic Atlas |year=2009 |access-date=30 August 2025 |last=Thun |first=Harald |last2=Symeonidis |first2= Haralambos |authorlink2=Haralambos Symeonidis |last3=Dietrich |first3=Wolf }}

==External links== {{InterWiki|code=gn}} {{Commons category}} * [http://es.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD Guarani] at Wikibooks {{in lang|es}} * [https://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/lustig/guarani/ Guarani Portal from the University of Mainz]: * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111018082243/http://www.guaranirenda.com/ www.guaranirenda.com] – Website about the Guarani language * [http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/paraguay/guarani-and-the-importance-of-maintaining-indigenous-language/ Guarani and the Importance of Maintaining Indigenous Culture Through Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429003614/http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/paraguay/guarani-and-the-importance-of-maintaining-indigenous-language/ |date=29 April 2015 }} * [http://www.ru.nl/lenguasdebolivia/ Lenguas de Bolivia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904080403/http://www.ru.nl/lenguasdebolivia/ |date=4 September 2019 }} (online edition) * Duolingo [https://www.duolingo.com/course/gn/es course in Guarani]

===Resources=== * [https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10107709/1/A-Grammar-of-Paraguayan-Guarani.pdf A Grammar of Paraguayan Guarani] – by Bruno Estigarribia, UCL Press (open access, Creative Commons license) * [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Tupi–Guarani_languages Guarani Swadesh vocabulary list] (from Wiktionary) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040410201836/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Guarani-english/ Guarani–English Dictionary]: from *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120223164907/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ Webster's Online Dictionary] – The Rosetta Edition * [https://www.guarani.de/ www.guarani.de] – Online dictionary in Spanish, German and Guarani * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060102212448/http://crl.ucsd.edu/newsletter/3-6/Article1.html Guarani Possessive Constructions] – by Maura Velázquez * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061206/http://wwwstaff.eva.mpg.de/~cschmidt/SWL1/handouts/Nordhoff.pdf Stative Verbs and Possession in Guarani]: – University of Cologne – by Sebastian Nordhoff * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171011132856/http://www.datamex.com.py/guarani/neenga/neejoapy_latineeme.html Frases celebres del Latin traducidas al guarani] {{in lang|es}} * [https://albino-guaranikupyty.blogspot.com/ Spanish – Estructura Basica del Guarani and others] * [http://www.illa-a.org/wp/diccionarios/guarani-elio-ortiz-y-elias-caurey/ Etymological and Ethnographic Dictionary for Bolivian Guarani] * [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/290 Guaraní] (Intercontinental Dictionary Series) * 1983: Natalia Krivoshein de Canese, ''Gramática de la lengua guaraní'' * 1990: Natalia Krivoshein de Canese, Feliciano Acosta Alcatraz, ''Ñe'ẽryru. diccionario guaraní-español'' ({{langx|gug|Ñe'eryru: avañe'e-karaiñe'e, karaiñe'e-avañe'e}})

{{Languages of Argentina}} {{Languages of Bolivia}} {{Languages of Brazil}} {{Languages of Paraguay}} {{Tupian languages}} {{Indigenous languages of the Americas with Wikipedia}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Guarani language Category:Agglutinative languages Category:Polysynthetic languages Category:Languages of Argentina Category:Languages of Bolivia Category:Languages of Brazil Guarani Category:Indigenous languages of South America (Central) Category:Subject–verb–object languages Category:Articles containing video clips