{{Short description|Type of articulation}} {{more citations needed|date=April 2008}} {{IPA notice}} '''Prenasalized consonants''' are phonetic sequences of a nasal and an obstruent (or occasionally a non-nasal sonorant) that behave phonologically like single consonants. When unambiguous, prenasalized consonants may simply be transcribed e.g. {{angbr IPA|mb}}. In the IPA, a tie bar may be used to specify that these are single segments, as in {{angbr IPA|m͡b}} or {{angbr IPA|m͜b}}. The tie bar is commonly omitted. Another common transcription practice is to make the nasal superscript: {{angbr IPA|ᵐb}}, especially when it is phonetically distinct from a nasal-stop sequence. An old convention of the IPA was to mark the nasal as 'short' until the short and the nonsyllabic signs diverged, as in {{angbr IPA|m̆b}}.<ref>''Principles of the IPA'' (1947: 17–18)</ref>
The primary reason for considering these to be single consonants, rather than clusters as in English ''finger'' or ''member'', lies in their behavior; however, there may also be phonetic correlates which distinguish prenasalized consonants from clusters. Because of the additional difficulty in both articulation and timing, prenasalized fricatives and sonorants are not as common as prenasalized stops or affricates, and the presence of the former implies the latter.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Silverman|1995|p=65}}</ref> Only three languages (Sinhala, Fula, Selayarese) have been reported to have a contrast between prenasalized consonants ({{IPA|N͜C}}) and their corresponding clusters ({{IPA|NC}}).<ref name="Feinstein syllable"/><ref name="Riehl thesis"/>
In most languages, when a prenasalized consonant is described as "voiceless", it is only the oral portion that is voiceless, and the nasal portion is modally voiced. Thus, a language may have "voiced" {{IPA|[mb nd ɳɖ ɲɟ ŋɡ ɴɢ]}} and "voiceless" {{IPA|[mp nt ɳʈ ɲc ŋk ɴq]}}. However, in some Southern Min (including Taiwanese) dialects, voiced consonants are preceded by voiceless prenasalization: {{IPA|[m̥b n̥d n̥ɺ ŋ̊ɡ]}}.<ref>Chan (1987) "Post-stopped nasals in Chinese: an areal study", ''UCLA WPP'' #68</ref> Yeyi has prenasalized ejectives and clicks like {{IPA|/ntsʼ, ŋkʼ, ŋᵏ!ʰ, ŋᶢ!/}}.<ref>*Seidel, Frank (2008), ''A Grammar of Yeyi: A Bantu Language of Southern Africa''. R. Köppe.</ref> Nizaa has prenasalized implosives like {{IPA|/mɓ, nɗ/}}. Adzera has a {{IPA|/nʔ/}}.<ref>{{cite book|first=Susanne |last=Holzknecht |title=The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea |publisher=Pacific Linguistics|year=1989 |isbn=0-85883-394-8}}</ref>
Prenasalized stops may be distinguished from '''post-oralized''' or '''post-stopped nasals''' (orally released nasals), such as the {{IPA|[mᵇ nᵈ ɲᶡ ŋᶢ]}} of Acehnese and similar sounds (including voiceless {{IPA|[mᵖ]}}) in many dialects of Chinese.<ref>Chan (1987) ''Post-stopped nasals in Chinese: an areal study''</ref> (At least in the Chinese case, nasalization, in some dialects, continues in a reduced degree to the vowel, indicating that the consonant is partially denasalized, rather than actually having an oral release.) No language is believed to contrast the two types of consonant, which are distinguished primarily by a difference in timing (a brief nasal followed by longer stop, as opposed to a longer nasal followed by brief stop).<ref>Cohn (1990) "Phonetic and Phonological Rules of Nasalization", ''UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics'' 76, p. 7.</ref>
== Geographic distribution == === Africa ===
The Bantu languages are famous for their prenasalized stops (the "nt" in "Bantu" is an example; see also North Teke), but similar sounds occur across Africa. Ghana's politician Kwame Nkrumah had a prenasalized stop in his name, as does the capital of Chad, N'Djamena (African prenasalized stops are often written with apostrophes in Latin script transcription although this may sometimes indicate syllabic nasals instead). The sound {{IPA|[<sup>ŋ͡m</sup>g͡b]}} can also be found in approximately 90 languages in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant ŋmɡb |url=https://phoible.org/parameters/8EB42EA410A32B30095194B613991F57#3/3.05/65.37 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=phoible.org}}</ref>
=== East Asia ===
In Southern Min languages, such as Teochew, prenasalized stops are also found. The prenasalized stops in the vernacular readings of Southern Min languages evolved not from the different Middle Chinese initials and thus are historically different from the voiced obstruents found in Wu and Xiang languages.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Norman|first=Jerry|title=The Initials of Proto-Min|journal=Journal of Chinese Linguistics|volume=2|issue=1|date=January 1974|pages=27–36|publisher=The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Norman|first=Jerry|title=Tonal Development in Min|journal=Journal of Chinese Linguistics|date=May 1973|volume=1|issue=2|pages=222–238|publisher=The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=閩語的歷史層次及其演變|last=Dai|first=Ligang|date=April 2005|publisher=China Social Sciences Press}}</ref>
Prenasalized consonants are widely utilized in the Loloish languages of the Lolo–Burmese family, such as Yi and Naxi. The following table illustrates the prenasalized consonants in northern Yi.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Prenasalized consonants in Northern Yi ! scope="col" | Yi Character !! scope="col" | Official Pinyin !! scope="col" | IPA !! scope="col" | Meaning |- | {{lang|ii|ꂃ}} || {{Transliteration|ii|'''nb'''o}} || {{IPA|[mbo˧]}} || skirt |- | {{lang|ii|ꅝ}} || {{Transliteration|ii|'''nd'''o}} || {{IPA|[ndo˧]}} || drink |- | {{lang|ii|ꈾ}} || {{Transliteration|ii|'''mg'''e}} || {{IPA|[ŋɡɤ˧]}} || buckwheat |- | {{lang|ii|ꌅ}} || {{Transliteration|ii|'''nz'''y}} || {{IPA|[nd͡zz̩˧]}}|| control |- | {{lang|ii|ꎧ}} || {{Transliteration|ii|'''nr'''y}} || {{IPA|[nɖ͡ʐʐ̩˧]}}|| wine, liquor |- | {{lang|ii|ꐳ}} || {{Transliteration|ii|'''nj'''i}} || {{IPA|[nd͡ʑʑ̩˧]}}|| quick, fast |}
The prenasalized stops also occur in several branches of the Hmong–Mien language family of Southern China and Southeast Asia.
In dialects of northern Japan, standard voiced stops are prenasalized, and voiceless stops are voiced. For example, {{IPA|/itiɡo/}} "strawberry" is {{IPA|[it̠͡ɕiɡo]}} in most of the south, but {{IPA|[id̠͡ʑɨŋɡo]}} in much of the north. Prenasalized stops are also reconstructed for Old Japanese.
=== Europe === In Greek and Tsakonian the orthographic sequences μπ, ντ γκ and γγ are often pronounced as prenasalized voiced stops {{IPA|[ᵐb]}}, {{IPA|[ⁿd]}}, and {{IPA|[ᵑɡ]}}, respectively, especially in formal speech and among older speakers. Among younger Athenian speakers the prenasalization often disappears and in fast speech the voiced stop may be replaced by a fricative.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arvaniti|first=Amalia|year=1999|title=Illustrations of the IPA: Modern Greek|pages=167–172|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=29|issue=2|url=http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Illustrations%20%20of%20the%20IPA%20-%20Modern%20Greek.pdf|doi=10.1017/s0025100300006538|s2cid=145606058 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222353/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Illustrations%20%20of%20the%20IPA%20-%20Modern%20Greek.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Arvaniti|first=Amalia|year=2007|title=Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art|pages=97–208|journal=Journal of Greek Linguistics|volume=8|url=http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf|doi=10.1075/jgl.8.08arv|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf|archive-date=2013-12-11|citeseerx=10.1.1.692.1365}}</ref>
=== South America === The Guarani language has a set of prenasalized stops which are alternate allophonically with simple nasal continuants; they appear within or at the beginning of a word, to the left of a stressed vowel that is oral.
=== South Asia ===
The Indo-Aryan languages Sinhala and Dhivehi have prenasalized stops. Sinhala script has prenasalized versions of {{IPAslink|g}}, {{IPAslink|ʥ}}, {{IPAslink|ɖ}}, {{IPAslink|d̪}} and {{IPAslink|b}}. Sinhala is one of only three languages reported to have a contrast between prenasalized consonants and their corresponding clusters, along with Fula and Selayarese, although the nature of this contrast is debated.<ref name="Feinstein syllable">{{cite journal |last1=Feinstein |first1=Mark |title=Prenasalization and Syllable Structure |journal=Linguistic Inquiry |date=1979 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=245–278 |jstor=4178108 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4178108 |access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref><ref name="Riehl thesis">{{cite thesis |last=Riehl |first=Anastasia |date=January 2008 |title=The Phonology and Phonetics of Nasal Obstruent Sequences |url=https://conf.ling.cornell.edu/pdfs/Riehl-2008.pdf |degree=PhD |chapter=NC type combination patterns |publisher=Cornell University |access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref> For example, {| class="wikitable" |+ Four-way contrast in Sinhala<ref name="Feinstein syllable"/> |- ! Sinhala script !! IPA !! ISO 15919 !! Translation |- | {{lang|si|කද}} || {{IPA|si|ka.d̪ə|}} || kada || shoulder pole |- | {{lang|si|කන}} || {{IPA|si|ka.nə|}} || kana || ear |- | {{lang|si|කඳ}} || {{IPA|si|ka.ⁿd̪ə|}} || kan̆da|| trunk |- | {{lang|si|කන්ද}} || {{IPA|si|kan̪.d̪ə|}} || kanda || hill |}
[[Image:spectrogram-prenasalized-consonant.png|frame|right|A prenasalized consonant {{IPA|[ᵐb]|cat=no}} in Sri Lanka Malay ''ga.mbar'' has a shorter nasal segment and a longer preceding vowel]] [[Image:spectrogram-non-prenasalized-consonant.png|frame|right|An {{IPA|[mb]|cat=no}} cluster in Sri Lanka Malay ''sam.bal'' has a longer nasal and a shorter preceding vowel]]
Sri Lankan Malay has been in contact with Sinhala a long time and has also developed prenasalized stops. The spectrograms on the right show the word ''gambar'' with a prenasalized stop and the word ''sambal'' with a sequence of nasal+voiced stop, yet not prenasalized. The difference in the length of the [m] part is clearly visible. The nasal in the prenasalized word is much shorter than the nasal in the other word.
This phonetic information is complemented by phonological evidence: The first vowel in gaambar is lengthened, which only happens in open syllables in Sri Lanka Malay. The syllabification of gambar must be ga.mbar then, and the syllabification of sambal sam.bal.
=== Oceania ===
An example of the unitary behavior of prenasalized stops is provided by Fijian. In this language, as in many in Melanesia and also reconstructed for Proto-Oceanic, there is a series of voiceless stops, {{IPA|[p, t, k]}}, and a series of prenasalized stops, {{IPA|[mb, nd, ŋɡ]}}, but there are no simple voiced stops, {{IPA|[b, d, ɡ]}}. In addition, Fijian allows prenasalized stops at the beginning of a word, but it does not allow other consonant sequences. Thus the prenasalized stops behave like ordinary consonants. In some Oceanic languages, prenasalisation of voiced consonants depends on the environment. For example, in Raga, b and d are prenasalized when the preceding consonant is nasal (''nonda'' "ours"), but not elsewhere (''gida'' "us"). Uneapa has prenasalization word-medially, but not word-initially (''gombu'' "yam").
When Tok Pisin is spoken by people in Papua New Guinea who have similar phonologies in their languages, voiced consonants are prenasalized. For example, the preposition ''bilong'' (from English ''belong'') is pronounced {{IPA|[ᵐbiloŋ]}} by many Melanesians. The prenasalization behaves as a phonetic detail of voicing, rather than a separate segment.
=== Australia ===
Prenasalized stops are also found in Australia. The Eastern Arrernte language has both prenasalized stops and prestopped nasals, but does not have any other word-initial consonant clusters. Compare {{IPA|[mʷarə]}} "good", {{IPA|[mpʷaɻə]}} "make", {{IPA|[pmʷaɻə]}} "coolamon".
== See also == * Preploded nasal * List of Latin digraphs#M
==References== {{reflist}}
==Sources== *{{citation |last=Silverman |first=Daniel |year=1995 |title=Optional, conditional, and obligatory prenasalization in Bafanji |journal=Journal of West African Languages |volume=25 |pages=57–62 }}
Category:Nasal consonants