Grammitidoideae

{{Short description|Subfamily of ferns}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Starr 041211-1350 Grammitis hookeri.jpg | image_caption = Leaf of ''Grammitis hookeri'' | taxon = Grammitidoideae | authority = Parris & Sundue | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See text }}

'''Grammitidoideae''' is a subfamily of the fern family Polypodiaceae, whose members are informally known as '''grammitids'''. It comprises a clade of about 750 species.<ref name=bot-soc/> They are distributed over higher elevations in both the Old and New World.<ref name=Labiak-2010a/> This group was previously treated as a separate family, '''Grammitidaceae''' until molecular phylogenies showed it to be nested within the Polypodiaceae. It has since been treated as an unranked clade within subfamily Polypodioideae (renamed tribe Polypodieae in one classification), and, most recently, as a separate subfamily (reducing Polypodioideae to an evolutionary grade).

==Circumscription== In 2011, Christenhusz ''et al.''<ref name=Christenhusz-2011/> placed the grammitid ferns in the subfamily Polypodioideae, within the Polypodiaceae, as an informal group without rank. In 2014, Christenhusz and Chase expanded the circumscription of both family and subfamily, placing the Polypodioideae as previously delimited, including grammitids, in tribe Polypodieae. The PPG I classification of 2016 largely reverted to the 2011 circumscriptions of these groups, but placed the grammitids in a new subfamily.

The following phylogram shows a likely relationship between grammitid ferns and the Polypodiaceae subfamilies, based on Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2008,<ref name=Schuettpelz-2008/> with PPG I subfamilies shown.<ref name=PPGI/>

{{clade|style=line-height:100% |label1='''Polypodiaceae''' |1={{clade |1=Loxogrammoideae |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Drynarioideae |2={{Clade |1=Platycerioideae |2=Microsoroideae }} }} |label2= |2={{clade |1="non-grammitid", Polypodioideae ''sensu'' PPG I |2="grammitid" ferns, Grammitidoideae }} }} }} }}

==Genera== The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) recognizes the following genera:<ref name=PPGI/> {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''Acrosorus'' Copel. – Southeastern Asia * ''Adenophorus'' Gaudich. – Hawaii * ''Alansmia'' M.Kessler, Moguel, Sundue & Labiak – Neotropics, Africa * ''Archigrammitis'' Parris – Malesia, Polynesia * ''Ascogrammitis'' Sundue – Neotropics * ''Calymmodon'' C.Presl – Southeastern Asia * ''Ceradenia'' L.E.Bishop – mainly tropical Africa * ''Chrysogrammitis'' Parris – Southeastern Asia * ''Cochlidium'' Kaulf. (including ''Xiphopteris'' Kaulf.) – Neotropics, Taiwan * ''Ctenopterella'' Parris – Southeastern Asia, Australia * ''Dasygrammitis'' Parris – Southeastern Asia * ''Enterosora'' Baker – Neotropics, Madagascar * ''Galactodenia'' Sundue & Labiak – Neotropics * ''Grammitis'' Sw. – Neotropics * ''Lellingeria'' A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran – Neotropics * ''Leucotrichum'' Labiak – Neotropics, Madagascar * ''Lomaphlebia'' J.Sm. * ''Luisma'' M.T.Murillo & A.R.Sm. – Colombia * ''Melpomene'' A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran – Neotropics * ''Micropolypodium'' Hayata – China, Japan * ''Moranopteris'' R.Y.Hirai & J.Prado – Neotropics * ''Mycopteris'' Sundue – Neotropics * ''Notogrammitis'' Parris – Australia, New Zealand * ''Oreogrammitis'' Copeland – Southeastern Asia, Australia, Pacific islands, China, Philippines * ''Prosaptia'' C.Presl (including ''Ctenopteris'' Blume ex Kunze) – Southeastern Asia * ''Radiogrammitis'' Parris – Southeastern Asia, Pacific islands; sunk into ''Oreogrammitis'' in 2020 * ''Scleroglossum'' Alderwerelt (including ''Nematopteris'' Alderw.) – Southeastern Asia, Pacific islands * ''Stenogrammitis'' Labiak – Neotropics, Africa, Pacific islands * ''Terpsichore'' A.R.Sm. – Neotropics * ''Themelium'' (T.Moore) Parris – China, Philippines, Thailand; sunk into ''Oreogrammitis'' in 2020 * ''Tomophyllum'' (E.Fournier) Parris – China, Inda, Nepal * ''Xiphopterella'' Parris – China * ''Zygophlebia'' L.E.Bishop – Neotropics, Madagascar; sunk into ''Enterosora'' in 2019 {{div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=PPGI>{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016JSyEv..54..563. }}</ref>

<ref name=Schuettpelz-2008>{{cite book|title=Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes|last=Eric Schuettpelz & Kathleen M. Pryer|chapter=Chapter 15: Fern phylogeny|chapter-url=http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier1109.pdf|editor=Tom A. Ranker & Christopher H. Haufler|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|pages=395–416}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name=Labiak-2010a>[https://archive.today/20130223084944/http://www.amjbot.org/content/97/8/1354.full.pdf+html Labiak ''et al.'' 2010a] Paulo H. Labiak, Michael Sundue, & Germinal Rouhan: "Molecular Phylogeny, Character Evolution, and Biogeography of the Grammitid Fern Genus ''Lellingeria'' (Polypodiaceae)." ''American Journal of Botany'' '''97(8)''': 1354–1364 (2010)</ref>

<!-- <ref name=Labiak-2010b>[http://www.mnhn.fr/oseb/IMG/pdf/Labiak_et_al_2010_-_Leucotrichum.pdf Labiak ''et al.'' 2010b] Paulo H. Labiak, Germinal Rouhan & Michael Sundue: "Phylogeny and taxonomy of Leucotrichum (Polypodiaceae): A new genus of grammitid ferns from the Neotropics." ''Taxon'' '''59(3)''': 911–921 (June 2010)</ref>

<ref name=Sundue-2010>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12228-009-9108-6 Sundue, 2010] Michael A. Sundue: "A monograph of ''Ascogrammitis'', a new genus of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae)." ''Brittonia'' '''62(4)''': 357–399 (December 2010)</ref> -->

<ref name=bot-soc>{{cite web|title=Systematics of grammitid ferns: Lellingeria, Melpomene, and Terpsichore.|url=http://2008.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=242|publisher=Botanical Society of America|access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name=Labiak-2011>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12228-010-9148-y#/page-1 Labiak 2011] Paulo H. Labiak: "''Stenogrammitis'', a new genus of grammitid ferns segregated from ''Lellingeria'' (Polypodiaceae)." ''Brittonia'' '''63(1)''': 141–145 (March 2011)</ref>

<ref name=Kessler-2011>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12228-010-9156-y#/page-1 Kessler ''et al.'' 2011] Michael Kessler, Ana Laura Moguel Velázquez, Michael Sundue, Paulo H. Labiak: "''Alansmia'', a new genus of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) segregated from ''Terpsichore''." ''Brittonia'' '''63(2)''': 233–244 (June 2011)</ref>

<ref name=Hirai-2011>[http://www.mnhn.fr/oseb/IMG/pdf/Moranopteris.pdf Hirai ''et al.'' 2011] Regina Y. Hirai, Germinal Rouhan, Paulo H. Labiak, Tom A. Ranker & Jefferson Prado: "''Moranopteris'': A new Neotropical genus of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) segregated from Asian Micropolypodium." ''Taxon'' '''60(4)''': 1123–1137 (August 2011)</ref> -->

<ref name=Christenhusz-2011>{{cite journal|author=Maarten J. M. Christenhusz, Xian-Chun Zhang & Harald Schneider |year=2011 |title=A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=19 |pages=7–54 |url=http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2 |bibcode=2011Phytx..19....7C }}</ref>

<!-- <ref name=Christenhusz-2011c>[http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00028p052.pdf Christenhusz & Schneider, 2011] Maarten J. M. Christenhusz & Herald Schneider: "Corrections to Phytotaxa 19: Linear sequence of lycophytes and ferns," ''Phytotaxa'' (14 September 2011)</ref>

<ref name=Sundue-2012>[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aspt/sb/2012/00000037/00000002/art00005 Sundue ''et al.'' 2012 ] Michael A. Sundue, Paulo H. Labiak, Julián Mostacero, Alan R. Smith: "''Galactodenia'', a new genus of grammitid ferns segregated from ''Terpsichore'' (Polypodiaceae)." ''Systematic Botany'' '''37(2)''': 339–346 (April–June 2012)</ref>

<ref name=Perrie-2012>[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0028825X.2012.735247 Perrie & Parris 2012] Leon M. Perrie & Barbara S. Parris: "Chloroplast DNA sequences indicate the grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) in New Zealand belong to a single clade, ''Notogrammitis gen. nov.''" ''New Zealand Journal of Botany'' '''50(4)''': 457–475 (December 2012)</ref>

<ref name=Parris-2013>Barbara S. Parris: "''Archigrammitis'', a new genus of grammitid fern (Polypodiaceae) from Malesia and Polynesia." ''Fern Gazette'' '''19(4)''': 135–138 (2013)</ref>

<ref name=Sundue-2014>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12228-013-9322-0 Sundue, 2012] Michael A. Sundue: "''Mycopteris'': a new neotropical genus of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae)." ''Brittonia'' '''66(2)''': 174–185 (June 2014)</ref> --> }}

* Category:Plant subfamilies