Sesiidae

{{Short description|Family of moths}} {{Redirect|Clearwing moth|the Sphingidae genus referred to by the same name in the US|Hemaris|the butterfly genus that shares similar traits|Ithomiini}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Synanthedon tipuliformis.jpg | image_caption = ''Synanthedon tipuliformis'' | taxon = Sesiidae | authority = Boisduval, 1828 | type_species = ''Sphinx apiformis'' | type_species_authority = Clerck, 1759 | diversity = 165 genera 1,525 species | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = Sesiinae Tinthiinae | synonyms = *Aegeriidae Stephens, 1828 *Trochiliidae Westwood, 1843 }} thumb|''Synanthedon tipuliformis'', larva

The '''Sesiidae''' or '''clearwing moths''' are a diurnal moth family in the order Lepidoptera known for their Batesian mimicry in both appearance and behaviour of various Hymenoptera.

The family consists of 165 genera spread over two subfamilies, containing in total 1525 species and 49 subspecies,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pühringer|first=Franz|date=10 October 2021|title=Checklist of the Sesiidae of the world (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia)|url=http://www.sesiidae.net/Checklst.htm|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> most of which occur in the tropics, though there are many species in the Holarctic region as well, including over a hundred species known to occur in Europe.<ref name="Sesiidae of Europe">{{cite book |last1=Laštůvka |first1=Zdeněk |last2=Laštůvka |first2=Aleš |title=The Sesiidae of Europe |date=2001 |publisher=Apollo Books |location=Stenstrup |isbn=8788757528}}</ref>{{rp|Backcover, 6}}

==Morphology==

Sesiidae are characterized by their hymenopteriform{{efn|''Hymenoptera'' + ''form'': having the appearance of Hymenoptera species, such as wasps and hornets}} Batesian mimicry, frequently of identifiable species.<ref name="Sesiidae of Europe"/>{{rp|11, 16}} Most species of Sesiidae have wings with areas where scales are nearly completely absent, resulting in partial, marked transparency.<ref name="Sesiidae of Europe"/>{{rp|11}} Forewings are commonly elongated and narrow in the basal half.<ref name="Sesiidae of Europe"/>{{rp|11}} In many species, the abdomen is elongated, with an anal tuft, and striped or ringed yellow, red or white,<ref name="Sesiidae of Europe"/>{{rp|11}} sometimes very brightly so. Legs are long, thin and frequently coloured,<ref name="Sesiidae of Europe"/>{{rp|11}} and in some species the hind-legs are elongated.<ref name="Sadahisa">{{cite journal |last1=Sadahisa |first1=Yagi |last2=Toshiya |first2=Hirowatari |last3=Yutaka |first3=Arita |title=A remarkable new species of the genus ''Teinotarsina'' (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) from Okinawa-jima, Japan |journal=ZooKeys |date=7 March 2016 |issue=571 |pages=143–152 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.571.7780|pmc=4829806 |pmid=27110163|doi-access=free |bibcode=2016ZooK..571..143S }}</ref> In European species, the wing span ranges from 8 to 48 mm.<ref name="Sesiidae of Europe"/>{{rp|11}}

Larvae lack pigment. Segments of the thorax are somewhat enlarged.<ref name="Sesiidae of Europe"/>{{rp|11}}

==Behaviour== [[File:Eichlinia cucurbitae-hovering nectaring.jpg|thumb|''Melittia cucurbitae'' hovering for nectar]] The larvae of the Sesiidae typically bore in wood or burrow in plant roots. Many species are serious pests of fruit-tree or timber cultivation, or crop plants (e.g. ''Melittia'' spp. on squash) (Edwards et al., 1999). Larval development lasts 1–4 years, pupal stage 10–20 days.<ref name="Sesiidae of Europe"/>{{rp|16}}

Adults are diurnally active.<ref name="Sadahisa"/><ref name="Sesiidae of Europe"/>{{rp|16}} Specimens are commonly collected using pheromone lures.<ref name="Sadahisa"/><ref name="Sesiidae of Europe"/>{{rp|22}}

Movements, including hovering flight, mimic those of Hymenoptera spp.<ref name="Sesiidae of Europe"/>{{rp|16}} <ref name='Springer'>{{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=Daniel |title=Encyclopedia of Entomology |chapter=Clearwing Moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) |editor1-last=Capinera |editor1-first=J.L. |date=2 October 2014 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_5123 |page=928 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_5123 |publisher=Springer, Dordrecht |isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Taxonomy== *Subfamily Tinthiinae Le Cerf, 1917 **Tribe Tinthiini Le Cerf, 1917 ***''Microsphecia'' Bartel, 1912 ***''Tinthia'' Walker, [1865] ***''Sophona'' Walker, 1856 ***''Zenodoxus'' Grote & Robinson, 1868 ***''Conopsia'' Strand, [1913] ***''Paranthrenopsis'' Le Cerf, 1911 ***''Entrichella'' Bryk, 1947 ***''Negotinthia'' Gorbunov, 2001 ***''Trichocerota'' Hampson, [1893] ***''Paradoxecia'' Hampson, 1919 ***''Rectala'' Bryk, 1947 ***''Ceratocorema'' Hampson, [1893] ***''Caudicornia'' Bryk, 1947 ***''Bidentotinthia'' Arita & Gorbunov, 2003 ***''Tarsotinthia'' Arita & Gorbunov, 2003 ***''Tyrictaca'' Walker, 1862 **Tribe Pennisetiini Naumann, 1971 ***''Pennisetia'' Dehne, 1850 ***''Corematosetia'' Kallies & Arita, 2001 **Tribe Paraglosseciini Gorbunov & Eitschberger 1990 ***''Oligophlebia'' Hampson, [1893] ***''Isothamnis'' Meyrick, 1935 ***''Cyanophlebia'' Arita & Gorbunov, 2001 ***''Lophocnema'' Turner, 1917 ***''Diapyra'' Turner, 1917 ***''Micrecia'' Hampson, 1919 **Tribe Similipepsini Špatenka, Laštuvka, Gorbunov, Toševski & Arita, 1993 ***''Similipepsis'' Le Cerf, 1911 ***''Gasterostena'' Arita & Gorbunov, 2003 *Subfamily Sesiinae Boisduval, 1828 **Tribe Sesiini Boisduval, 1828 ***''Sesia'' Fabricius, 1775 ***''Trilochana'' Moore, 1879 ***''Cyanosesia'' Gorbunov & Arita, 1995 ***''Sphecosesia'' Hampson, 1910 ***''Teinotarsina'' Felder, 1874 ***''Lenyra'' Walker, 1856 ***''Aegerosphecia'' Le Cerf, 1916 ***''Lamellisphecia'' Kallies & Arita, 2004 ***''Clavigera'' Kallies & Arita, 2004 ***''Eusphecia'' Le Cerf, 1937 ***''Scasiba'' Matsumura, 1931 ***''Callisphecia'' Le Cerf, 1916 ***''Madasphecia'' Viette, 1982 ***''Melittosesia'' Bartsch, 2009 ***''Barbasphecia'' Pühringer & Sáfián 2011 ***''Afrokona'' Fischer, 2006 ***''Hovaesia'' Le Cerf, 1957 ***''Lenyrhova'' Le Cerf, 1957 **Tribe Cissuvorini Duckworth & Eichlin 1977 ***''Toleria'' Walker, [1865] ***''Chimaerosphecia'' Strand, [1916] ***''Glossosphecia'' Hampson, 1919 ***''Cissuvora'' Engelhardt, 1946 ***''Dasysphecia'' Hampson, 1919 **Tribe Osminiini Duckworth & Eichlin 1977 ***''Osminia'' Le Cerf, 1917 ***''Chamanthedon'' Le Cerf, 1916 ***''Microsynanthedon'' Viette, [1955] ***''Calasesia'' Beutenmüller, 1899 ***''Aenigmina'' Le Cerf, 1912 ***''Cabomina'' de Freina, 2008 ***''Pyranthrene'' Hampson, 1919 ***''Homogyna'' Le Cerf, 1911 ***''Aschistophleps'' Hampson [1893] ***''Pyrophleps'' Arita & Gorbunov, 2000 ***''Heterosphecia'' Le Cerf, 1916 ***''Melanosphecia'' Le Cerf, 1916 ***''Akaisphecia'' Gorbunov & Arita, 1995 ***''Callithia'' Le Cerf, 1916 **Tribe Melittiini Le Cerf, 1917 ***''Melittia'' Hübner, [1819] ***''Desmopoda'' Felder, 1874 ***''Agriomelissa'' Meyrick, 1931 ***''Afromelittia'' Gorbunov & Arita, 1997 ***''Cephalomelittia'' Gorbunov & Arita, 1995 ***''Macroscelesia'' Hampson, 1919 **Tribe Paranthrenini Niculescu, 1964 ***''Nokona'' Matsumura 1931 ***''Taikona'' Arita & Gorbunov, 2001 ***''Scoliokona'' Kallies & Arita, 1998 ***''Rubukona'' Fischer, 2007 ***''Adixoa'' Hampson, [1893] ***''Pramila'' Moore, 1879 ***''Vitacea'' Engelhardt, 1946 ***''Phlogothauma'' Butler, 1882 ***''Paranthrene'' Hübner, [1819] ***''Pseudosesia'' Felder, 1861 ***''Albuna'' Edwards, 1881 ***''Euhagena'' Edwards, 1881 ***''Sincara'' Walker, 1856 ***''Tirista'' Walker, [1865] ***''Thyranthrene'' Hampson, 1919 ***''Sura'' Walker, 1856 **Tribe Synanthedonini Niculescu, 1964[[Image:Clearwingmoth.JPG|right|thumb|''Synanthedon'' sp.]] ***''Synanthedon'' Hübner, [1819] ***''Ravitria'' Gorbunov & Arita, 2000 ***''Kantipuria'' Gorbunov & Arita, 1999 ***''Kemneriella'' Bryk, 1947 ***''Ichneumenoptera'' Hampson, [1893] ***''Paranthrenella'' Strand, [1916] ***''Anthedonella'' Gorbunov & Arita, 1999 ***''Schimia'' Gorbunov & Arita, 1999 ***''Uncothedon'' Gorbunov & Arita, 1999 ***[[File:52.011 BF379 Red-belted Clearwing, Synanthedon myopaeformis (3656710529).jpg|thumb|''Synanthedon myopaeformis'']]''Palmia'' Beutenmüller, 1896 ***''Podosesia'' Möschler, 1879 ***''Sannina'' Walker, 1856 ***''Nyctaegeria'' Le Cerf, 1914 ***''Carmenta'' Edwards, 1881 ***''Penstemonia'' Engelhardt, 1946 ***''Camaegeria'' Strand, 1914 ***''Malgassesia'' Le Cerf, 1922 ***''Lophoceps'' Hampson, 1919 ***''Tipulamima'' Holland, 1893 ***''Rodolphia'' Le Cerf, 1911 ***''Alcathoe'' Edwards, 1882 ***''Pseudalcathoe'' Le Cerf, 1916 ***''Macrotarsipus'' Hampson, [1893] ***''Grypopalpia'' Hampson, 1919 ***''Hymenoclea'' Engelhardt, 1946 ***''Euryphrissa'' Butler, 1874 ***''Leptaegeria'' Le Cerf, 1916 ***''Aegerina'' Le Cerf, 1917 ***''Stenosphecia'' Le Cerf, 1917 ***''Bembecia'' Hübner, [1819] ***''Pyropteron'' Newman, 1832[[Image:IC Pyropteron chrysidiforme.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The fiery clearwing moth, ''Pyropteron chrysidiformis'']] ***''Dipchasphecia'' Capuse, 1973 ***''Chamaesphecia'' Spuler, 1910 ***''Weismanniola'' Naumann, 1971 ***''Ichneumonella'' Gorbunov & Arita, 2005 ***''Crinipus'' Hampson, 1896 **Genera unassigned to tribe ***''Alonina'' Walker, 1856 ***''Anaudia'' Wallengren, 1863 ***''Augangela'' Meyrick, 1932 ***''Austrosetia'' Felder, 1874 ***''Ceritrypetes'' Bradley, 1956 ***''Conopyga'' Felder, 1861 ***''Echidgnathia'' Hampson, 1919 ***''Episannina'' Aurivillius, 1905 ***''Erismatica'' Meyrick, 1933 ***''Gymnosophistis'' Meyrick, 1934 ***''Hymenosphecia'' Le Cerf, 1917 ***''Isocylindra'' Meyrick, 1930 ***''Lepidopoda'' Hampson, 1900 ***''Leuthneria'' Dalla Torre, 1925 ***''Megalosphecia'' Le Cerf, 1916 ***''Melisophista'' Meyrick, 1927 ***''Metasphecia'' Le Cerf, 1917 ***''Mimocrypta'' Naumann, 1971 ***''Monopetalotaxis'' Wallengren, 1859 ***''Pedalonina'' Gaede, 1929 ***''Proaegeria'' Le Cerf, 1916 ***''Pseudomelittia'' Le Cerf, 1917 ***''Tradescanticola'' Hampson, 1919 ***''Uranothyris'' Meyrick, 1933 ***''Vespanthedon'' Le Cerf, 1917 ***''Xenoses'' Durrant, 1924 ***''Zhuosesia'' Yang, 1977

==References== {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} *Edwards, E.D., Gentili, P., Horak, M., Kristensen, N.P. and Nielsen, E.S. (1999). The cossoid/sesioid assemblage. Ch. 11, pp. 183–185 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). ''Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies''. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.

==External links== {{Commons category|Sesiidae}} *[http://www.sesiidae.net/sesiidae.htm Dr. Franz Pühringer: Sesiidae] *[http://www.chem.bg.ac.rs/~mario/sesiidae/ Sesiidae of Serbia] in English * [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/borers/peachtree_borer.htm ''Synanthedon exitiosa'', peachtree borer] on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site * [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/trees/moths/dogwood_borer.htm ''Synanthedon scitula'', dogwood borer] on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080801171417/http://www.ento.csiro.au/gallery/moths/Sesiidae Australian moths online] Gallery * [http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/resources/identification/animals/large-moths/image-gallery/sesiidae Images of Sesiidae moths in New Zealand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814082034/https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/resources/identification/animals/large-moths/image-gallery/sesiidae |date=2020-08-14 }} *[http://delta-intkey.com/britin/lep/www/aegeriid.htm Deltakey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807181606/http://www.delta-intkey.com/britin/lep/www/aegeriid.htm |date=2008-08-07 }} Family description and nineteenth century plates.

Category:Sesiidae Category:Moth families Category:Taxa named by Jean Baptiste Boisduval

Sesiidae

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