{{Short description|Order of armored mammals from the Americas}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = Late Paleocene-Recent, {{Fossil range|58.7|0}} | image = Cingulata2.jpg | image_caption = ''Glyptodon'' (Vienna) and ''Dasypus novemcinctus'' | taxon = Cingulata | authority = Illiger, 1811 | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = * Chlamyphoridae * Dasypodidae * †Pachyarmatheriidae * †Pampatheriidae * †Peltephilidae | range_map = Cingulata range.jpg | range_map2 = Armadillo species density.jpg | range_map2_caption = The distribution and density of Cingulata species }}

'''Cingulata''', part of the superorder Xenarthra, is an order of armored New World placental mammals. The armadillos, whose species are split between the families Dasypodidae and Chlamyphoridae, are the only surviving members of the order.<ref name = MSW3>{{MSW3 Cingulata | id = 11700001}}</ref> Two groups of cingulates much larger than extant armadillos (maximum body mass of 45&nbsp;kg (100&nbsp;lb) in the case of the giant armadillo<ref>[http://www.faunaparaguay.com/mamm6Priodontesmaximus.pdf Giant Armadillo ''Priodontes maximus'' (Kerr, 1792)]. FaunaParaguay.com</ref>) existed until recently: pampatheriids, which reached weights of up to 200&nbsp;kg (440&nbsp;lb)<ref name = "Vizcaíno">{{cite journal | last = Vizcaíno | first = S. F. |author2=De Iuliis, G. |author3=Bargo, M. S. | title = Skull Shape, Masticatory Apparatus, and Diet of ''Vassallia'' and ''Holmesina'' (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Pampatheriidae): When Anatomy Constrains Destiny | journal = Journal of Mammalian Evolution | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 291–322 | year = 1998 | doi = 10.1023/A:1020500127041 | s2cid = 20186439 }}</ref> and chlamyphorid glyptodonts, which attained masses of 2,000&nbsp;kg (4,400&nbsp;lb)<ref name="Blanco2009">{{cite journal|last1=Blanco|first1=R. E.|last2=Jones|first2=W. W.|last3=Rinderknecht|first3=A.|title=The sweet spot of a biological hammer: the centre of percussion of glyptodont (Mammalia: Xenarthra) tail clubs|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume= 276|issue=1675|date= 2009-08-26|pages= 3971–3978|issn=0962-8452|doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.1144|pmid=19710060|pmc=2825778}}</ref> or more.

The cingulate order originated in South America during the Paleocene epoch about 66 to 56&nbsp;million years ago, and due to the continent's former isolation remained confined to it during most of the Cenozoic. However, the formation of a land bridge allowed members of all three families to migrate to southern North America during the Pliocene<ref name = "Mead_2007">{{cite journal | last = Mead | first = J. I. |author2=Swift, S. L. |author3=White, R. S. |author4=McDonald, H. G. |author5=Baez, A. | title = Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) Glyptodont and Pampathere (Xenarthra, Cingulata) from Sonora, Mexico | journal = Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 439–449 (see p. 440) | year = 2007 | url = http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rmcg/v24n3/v24n3a11.pdf | access-date = 2013-06-15}}</ref> or early Pleistocene<ref name="Woodburne2010">{{cite journal|last1=Woodburne|first1=M. O.|title=The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens|journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution|volume= 17|issue= 4|date= 2010-07-14|pages= 245–264 (see p. 249)|issn= 1064-7554|doi= 10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8|pmid=21125025|pmc=2987556}}</ref> as part of the Great American Interchange. After surviving for tens of millions of years, all of the pampatheriids and giant glyptodonts apparently died out during the Quaternary extinction event at the beginning of the Holocene,<ref name="HubbeHubbe2013">{{cite journal|last1=Hubbe|first1=A.|last2=Hubbe|first2=M.|last3=Neves|first3=W. A.|title=The Brazilian megamastofauna of the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and its relationship with the early human settlement of the continent|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=118|date=March 2013|pages=1–10 (see pages 3, 6)|issn=0012-8252|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.01.003|bibcode=2013ESRv..118....1H}}</ref><ref name = "Fiedal">{{Cite book | first = Stuart | last = Fiedal | editor-last = Haynes | editor-first = Gary | contribution = Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction | title = American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene | year = 2009 | pages = 21–37 (see p. 31)| publisher = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2 | isbn = 978-1-4020-8792-9 | oclc = 313368423| series = Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology }}</ref> along with much of the rest of the regional megafauna, shortly after the colonization of the Americas by Paleo-Indians.

==Description== Armadillos have dorsal armor that is formed by osteoderms, plates of dermal bone covered in relatively small, overlapping keratinized epidermal scales called "scutes". Most species have rigid shields over the shoulders and hips, with three to nine bands separated by flexible skin covering the back and flanks.<ref name="EoM">{{cite book |editor=Macdonald, D. |author=Dickman, Christopher R. |year=1984 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/781 781–783] |isbn=978-0-87196-871-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/781 }}</ref>

Pampatheres also had shells that were flexible due to three movable lateral bands of osteoderms.<ref name = "Vizcaíno"/> The osteoderms of pampatheres were each covered by a single scute, unlike those of armadillos, which have more than one.<ref name = "Vizcaíno"/> Glyptodonts, on the other hand, had rigid, turtle-like shells of fused osteoderms.

Both groups have or had a cap of armor atop their heads. Glyptodonts also had heavily armored tails; some, such as ''Doedicurus'', had mace-like clubs at the ends of their tails, similar to those of ankylosaurs, evidently used for defensive or agonistic purposes.<ref name="Blanco2009" />

Most armadillos eat insects and other invertebrates; some are more omnivorous and may also eat small vertebrates and vegetable matter. Pampatheres are thought to have been specialized for grazing,<ref name = "Vizcaíno"/> and isotopic analysis indicates the diet of glyptodonts was dominated by C4 grasses.<ref name="Pérez-CrespoArroyo-Cabrales2011">{{cite journal|last1=Pérez-Crespo|first1=V. A.|last2=Arroyo-Cabrales|first2=J.|last3=Alva-Valdivia|first3=L. M.|last4=Morales-Puente|first4=P.|last5=Cienfuegos-Alvarado|first5=E.|title=Diet and habitat definitions for Mexican glyptodonts from Cedral (San Luis Potosí, México) based on stable isotope analysis|journal=Geological Magazine|volume=149|issue=1|date=2011-10-18|pages=153–157|issn=0016-7568|doi=10.1017/S0016756811000951|s2cid=129862616}}</ref> Euphractinae is unique for speciations towards carnivory, culminating in the macropredatory genus ''Macroeuphractus''.

==Classification== {{main|List of cingulates}} [[File:Gyptodon Cosmo Caixa.JPG|thumb|right|''Holmesina septentrionalis'' (Barcelona)]] [[File:Nine-banded armadillo skeleton.jpg|thumb|right|Nine-banded armadillo, ''D.&nbsp;novemcinctus'' (Smithsonian)]] [[File:Glyptodon clavipes 01.jpg|thumb|right|''Glyptodon clavipes'' (Berlin)]] thumb|right The taxonomic table below follows the results of a phylogenetic analysis published by Delsuc ''et al.'', 2016. While glyptodonts have traditionally been considered stem-group cingulates outside the group that contains modern armadillos, this 2016 study conducted an analysis of ''Doedicurus'' mtDNA and found that it was, in fact, nested within the modern armadillos as the sister group of a clade consisting of Chlamyphorinae and Tolypeutinae.<ref name=Delsuc2016> {{cite journal |last1= Delsuc |first1= F. |last2= Gibb |first2=G.C. |last3= Kuch |first3= M. |last4= Billet |first4= G. |last5= Hautier |first5= L. |last6= Southon |first6= J. |last7= Rouillard |first7= J.-M. |last8= Fernicola |first8=J.C. |last9= Vizcaíno |first9=S.F. |last10= MacPhee |first10=R.D.E. |last11= Poinar |first11=H.N. |display-authors=6 |date= 2016-02-22 |df=dmy-all |title=The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts |journal= Current Biology |volume= 26 |issue =4 |pages= R155–R156 |doi= 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039 |doi-access= free |pmid= 26906483 |hdl= 11336/49579 |hdl-access= free |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01879335 |via=archives-ouvertes.fr }} </ref>

'''Order Cingulata''' * '''Family''' †'''Peltephilidae''' <small>Ameghino 1894</small> ** Genus †''Anantiosodon'' <small>Ameghino 1891</small> ** Genus †''Epipeltephilus'' <small>Ameghino 1904</small> ** Genus †''Parapeltecoelus'' <small>Bordas 1938</small> ** Genus †''Peltecoelus'' <small>Ameghino 1902</small> ** Genus †''Peltephilus'' <small>Ameghino 1887</small> (Horned armadillo) ** Genus †''Ronwolffia'' <small>Shockey 2017</small> * '''Family''' †'''Paleopeltidae''' <small>Ameghino 1895</small> ** Genus †''Palaeopeltis'' <small>Ameghino 1895</small> * '''Family''' †'''Pampatheriidae''' ** Genus ?†''Machlydotherium'' <small>Ameghino 1902</small> ** Genus †''Holmesina'' <small>Simpson 1930</small> ** Genus †''Kraglievichia'' <small>Castellanos 1927</small> ** Genus †''Machlydotherium'' ** Genus †''Pampatherium'' <small>Ameghino 1875 ex Gervais & Ameghino 1880</small> ** Genus †''Scirrotherium'' <small>Edmund & Theodor 1997</small> ** Genus †''Tonnicinctus'' <small>Góis et al. 2015</small><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Flávio Góis |author2=Laureano Raúl González Ruiz |author3=Gustavo Juan Scillato-Yané |author4=Esteban Soibelzon |year=2015 |title=A Peculiar New Pampatheriidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Pleistocene of Argentina and Comments on Pampatheriidae Diversity |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=6 |article-number=e0128296 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0128296 |pmid=26083486 |pmc=4470999|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1028296G |doi-access=free }}</ref> ** Genus †''Vassallia'' <small>Castellanos 1927</small> [''Plaina'' <small>Castellanos 1937</small>] ** Genus †''Yuruatherium'' <small>Ciancio et al. 2012</small> * '''Family''' †'''Pachyarmatheriidae''' <small>Fernicola et al. 2018</small> ** Genus †''Neoglyptatelus'' <small>Carlini, Vizcaíno & Scillato-Yané 1997</small> ** Genus †''Pachyarmatherium'' <small>Downing & White 1995</small> * '''Family Dasypodidae''' (long-nosed armadillos) ** Genus †''Acantharodeia'' ** Genus †''Amblytatus'' ** Genus †''Archaeutatus'' ** Genus †''Astegotherium'' ** Genus †''Barrancatatus'' ** Genus †''Chasicotatus'' ** Genus †''Chorobates'' ** Genus †''Coelutaetus'' ** Genus †''Eocoleophorus'' ** Genus †''Epipeltecoelus'' ** Genus †''Eutatus'' ** Genus †''Hemiutaetus'' ** Genus †''Isutaetus'' ** Genus †''Lumbreratherium'' ** Genus †''Macrochorobates'' ** Genus †''Mazzoniphractus'' ** Genus †''Meteutatus'' ** Genus †''Pedrolypeutes'' ** Genus †''Prodasypus'' ** Genus †''Proeutatus'' ** Genus †''Prostegotherium'' ** Genus †''Pucatherium'' ** Genus †''Punatherium'' ** Genus †''Stegotherium'' ** Genus †''Stenotatus'' ** Genus †''Utaetus'' ** Genus †''Vetelia'' ** Subfamily Dasypodinae *** Genus †''Anadasypus'' *** Genus ''Dasypus'' *** Genus †''Nanoastegotherium'' *** Genus †''Parastegosimpsonia'' *** Genus †''Pliodasypus'' *** Genus †''Propraopus'' *** Genus †''Riostegotherium'' *** Genus †''Stegosimpsonia'' * '''Family Chlamyphoridae''': glyptodonts and other armadillos ** Subfamily Chlamyphorinae: fairy armadillos *** Genus ''Calyptophractus'' *** Genus ''Chlamyphorus'' ** Subfamily Euphractinae: hairy, six-banded and pichi armadillos *** Genus ''Chaetophractus'' *** Genus †''Doellotatus'' *** Genus ''Euphractus'' *** Genus †''Macroeuphractus'' *** Genus †''Proeuphractus'' *** Genus †''Paleuphractus'' *** Genus ''Zaedyus'' ** Subfamily †Glyptodontinae: glyptodonts *** Genus †''Doedicurus'' *** Genus †''Glyptodon'' *** Genus †''Glyptotherium'' *** Genus †''Hoplophorus'' *** Genus †''Panochthus'' *** Genus †''Parapropalaehoplophorus'' *** Genus †''Plaxhaplous'' ** Subfamily Tolypeutinae: giant, three-banded and naked-tailed armadillos *** Genus ''Cabassous'' *** Genus †''Kuntinaru''<ref name=Billetetal>{{Cite journal|author1=Guillaume Billet |author2=Lionel Hautier |author3=Christian de Muizon |author4=Xavier Valentin |year=2011 |title=Oldest cingulate skulls provide congruence between morphological and molecular scenarios of armadillo evolution |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society |volume=278 |issue= 1719|pages= 2791–2797|doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.2443 |pmid=21288952 |pmc=3145180}}</ref> *** Genus ''Priodontes'' *** Genus ''Tolypeutes''

{{clear}} {{cladogram |title=Cladogram of Cingulata<ref name=Delsuc2016/><ref name=Upham2019> {{cite journal |first1=Nathan S. |last1=Upham |first2=Jacob A. |last2=Esselstyn |first3=Walter |last3=Jetz |year=2019 |title=Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation |journal=PLOS Biol |volume=17 |issue=12 |article-number=e3000494 |pmid=31800571 |pmc=6892540 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 |doi-access=free }} </ref><ref> {{cite journal |last1=Gibb |first1=Gillian C. |last2=Condamine |first2=Fabien L. |last3=Kuch |first3=Melanie |last4=Enk |first4=Jacob |last5=Moraes-Barros |first5=Nadia |last6=Superina |first6=Mariella |last7=Poinar |first7=Hendrik N. |last8=Delsuc |first8=Frédéric |display-authors=6 |year=2015 |title=Shotgun mitogenomics provides a reference phylogenetic framework and timescale for living xenarthrans |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=621–642 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msv250 |pmid=26556496 |pmc=4760074 }} </ref> |align=left |width=520 |{{clade |style=width:520px;font-size:90%;line-height:100%; |label1= '''Cingulata''' |1={{clade |label1=Dasypodidae |1={{clade |label1=''Dasypus'' |sublabel1=(¿sensu lato?) |1={{clade |label1=''D.'' (''Hyperoambon'') |1={{clade |1=''D. kappleri'' }} |label2=''D.'' (''Dasypus'') |sublabel2=(¿sensu stricto?) |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1=''D. septemcinctus'' |2=''D. hybridus'' }} |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1=''D. yepesi'' |2=''D. sabanicola'' }} |2={{clade |label1= |1=''D. novemcinctus'' |2=''D. pilosus'' }} }} }} }} }} |label2=Chlamyphoridae |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1=Euphractinae |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= ''Euphractus'' |1=''E. sexcinctus'' }} |2={{clade |label1=''Zaedyus'' |1=''Z. pichiy'' |label2=''Chaetophractus'' |2={{clade |label1= |1=''C. villosus'' |2={{clade |label1= |1=''C. nationi'' |2=''C. vellerosus'' }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1={{extinct}}Glyptodontinae |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1= {{extinct}}''Doedicurus'' |1={{extinct}}''D. clavicaudatus'' }} |2={{extinct}}(31 other extinct genera) }} }}

|2={{clade |label1=Chlamyphorinae |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1=''Chlamyphorus'' |1=''C. truncatus'' }} |2={{clade |label1=''Calyptophractus'' |1=''C. retusus'' }} }} |label2=Tolypeutinae |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1=''Priodontes'' |1=''P. maximus'' }} |2={{clade |label1=''Tolypeutes'' |1={{clade |label1= |1=''T. tricinctus'' |2=''T. matacus'' }} |label2=''Cabassous'' |2={{clade |label1= |1=''C. tatouay'' |2={{clade |label1= |1=''C. chacoensis'' |2={{clade |1=''C. centralis'' |2=''C. unicinctus'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} {{clear}}

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

{{Wikiquote}} {{Wikispecies}} {{Commons}}

{{mammals}} {{Cingulata}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1242326}}

Category:Cingulata Category:Mammal orders Category:Taxa named by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger Category:Extant Thanetian first appearances