{{Short description|Genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ''Dasypus''<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Cingulata | id = 11700004 | heading = Genus ''Dasypus'' | pages = 94–95}}</ref> | fossil_range = Late Miocene-Recent, {{Fossil range|9|0}}<ref name="FW_D.neogaeus" /> | image = 9-banded-armadillo.jpg | image_caption = ''Dasypus novemcinctus'' | parent_authority = | taxon = Dasypus | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | type_species = ''Dasypus novemcinctus'' | type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | synonyms = * ''Hyperoambon'' <small>Peters, 1864</small><ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Hyperoambon Peters, 1864 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/4830164 |website=www.gbif.org |access-date=2 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = *†''D. bellus'' *''D. beniensis'' *''D. hybridus'' *''D. kappleri'' *''D. mazzai'' *†''D. neogaeus'' *''D. novemcinctus'' *''D. pilosus'' *''D. sabanicola'' *''D. septemcinctus'' | range_map = Dasypus range.jpg }}
'''''Dasypus''''' is the only extant genus in the family Dasypodidae. Its species are known as '''long-nosed''' or '''naked-tailed armadillos'''. They are found in South, Central, and North America,<ref name="animal-diversity">{{cite web|last1=McDonald|first1=K|last2=Larson|first2=J|title=Dasypus novemcinctus|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Dasypus_novemcinctus/|website=Animal Diversity Web|access-date=6 October 2014|date=2011}}</ref> as well as on the Caribbean islands of Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name=msw3b>{{MSW3 Cingulata | id = 11700009 | heading = ''Dasypus novemcinctus'' | pages = 94–95}}</ref> Members of ''Dasypus'' are solitary and primarily nocturnal to avoid temperature extremes and predation.<ref name="iron">{{Cite journal|last1=Rosa|first1=PS|last2=Pinke|first2=CAE|last3=Silva|first3=EA|title=The effect of iron supplementation in the diet of Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) armadillos in captivity|journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology|volume=69|issue=1|pages=117–122|doi=10.1590/S1519-69842009000100014|pmid=19347153|year=2009|doi-access=free}}</ref> They exist in numerous habitats ranging from brush to grassland areas and are mainly insectivorous.<ref name="dasypus">{{cite web|last1=Schaefer|first1=J.M.|last2=Hostetler|first2=M.E.|title=The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw082|website=University of Florida IFAS Extension|access-date=5 October 2014|date=2003}}</ref> The name is derived from the Ancient Greek words {{Lang|grc|δασύς}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|dasús}}), meaning "hair", and {{Lang|grc|πούς}} (''{{Lang|grc-Latn|poús}}''), meaning "foot".
The most common and widespread of the ''Dasypus'' species is the nine-banded armadillo (''Dasypus novemcintus''), which is commonly used in the study of leprosy due to its unique ability to contract the disease.<ref name="animal-diversity" />
==Description== ''Dasypus'' are xenarthran mammals known for their hard armor-like shell, called a carapace. Their ossified dermal plates compose a series of six to eleven movable bands covered by leathery keratinous skin, which surrounds and protects the body. A thin epidermal layer separates each of the armor bands, and joints in the shell allow for flexibility. The face, neck, and underside lack a bony covering and are instead covered with small bunches of hair.<ref name="seven-banded" />
''Dasypus'' species are grey or brown in color and possess long and sharp claws for scavenging and digging burrows. Although they have a very diverse range, armadillos are typically found near bodies of water, and their burrows are often dug into stream banks, tree stumps, or rock or brush piles.<ref name="dasypus" /><ref name="leprosy" />
When threatened, armadillos run to the nearest burrow or crevice and tightly wedge themselves inside with their back alongside the wall. If no such burrow or shelter is available, armadillos curl up to protect their vulnerable underside. ''Dasypus'' species are unable to roll into a complete ball like the Brazilian three-banded armadillo due to their excessive number of dermal plates.<ref name="animal-diversity" />
Because they lack significant hair covering, armadillos are particularly sensitive to climate and are therefore most active during summer nights and winter days. Due to their low fat storage, they spend most of their activity foraging for food, which primarily consists of insects, small reptiles, and amphibians, and plants. Armadillos have a small, flattened skull with a long lower jaw and narrow snout. They do have small, rudimentary teeth, but lack incisors, canines, and enamel.<ref name="smithsonian" /> Their tongue is particularly long and sticky and is used to forage for ants and termites. They have very poor eyesight and instead rely on their keen sense of smell and enhanced hearing to locate buried insects and detect predators.
Armadillos are fully capable of climbing, swimming, and jumping. ''Dasypus'' have a unique ability to build up an oxygen debt and hold their breath for up to six minutes. This allows them to cross streams and ponds underwater by simply walking or running along the bottom. If the water body is too large for this, ''Dasypus'' can instead gulp in air, inflating their stomachs and intestines and increasing buoyancy. This allows them to float and more easily swim across the water.<ref name="leprosy" />
==Taxonomy and distribution== ''Dasypus'' are non-territorial, have large progeny, have few predators, and are capable of living in various environments, thus accounting for their large distribution. They are, though, limited by a lack of sufficient insects as a food source and their low metabolic rate, which prevents them from living in cold climates.<ref name="leprosy">{{cite web |last1=Vijayaraghavan |first1=R |title=Nine-banded Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus Animal Model for Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) |url=http://sjlas.org/index.php/SJLAS/article/download/182/161 |website=Scand. J. Lab. Anim. Sci. Vol. 36 No. 2 |access-date=3 October 2014 |date=2009 |archive-date=1 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801024902/http://sjlas.org/index.php/SJLAS/article/download/182/161 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Dasypus'' originated from South America but has expanded and diversified across numerous countries.<ref name="smithsonian">{{cite web|last1=Masterson|first1=J|title=Dasypus novemcinctus|url=http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/dasypus_novemcinctus.htm|website=Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce|access-date=5 October 2014|date=2007}}</ref> The existence of human developments and construction has generally increased the armadillo's ability to expand by facilitating the crossing of previous obstacles. As of 2011, within the United States, they have not yet migrated south due to the lack of rainfall or water availability.<ref name="animal-diversity" />
Cladogram of living ''Dasypus''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibb |first1=Gillian C. |last2=Condamine |first2=Fabien L. |last3=Kuch |first3=Melanie |last4=Enk |first4=Jacob |last5=Moraes-Barros |first5=Nadia |last6=Superina |first6=Mariella |last7=Poinar |first7=Hendrik N. |last8=Delsuc |first8=Frédéric |title=Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference PhyloGenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages= 621–642|year=2015 |doi= 10.1093/molbev/msv250|pmid= 26556496|pmc=4760074 }}</ref> {{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:500px; |label1=''Dasypus'' |1={{clade |label1=''D.'' (''Hyperoambon'') |1={{clade |1=''D. kappleri'' }} |label2=''D.'' (''Dasypus'') |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''D. septemcinctus'' |2=''D. hybridus'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''D. mazzai'' |2=''D. sabanicola'' }} |2={{clade |1=''D. novemcinctus'' |2=''D. pilosus'' }} }} }} }} }}
There are currently seven recognized extant ''Dasypus'' species: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!Distribution |- |120px || ''D. hybridus'' || Southern long-nosed armadillo or southern lesser long-nosed armadillo || Like many ''Dasypus'' species, the exact limits of its range are uncertain due to morphological similarities. It weighs about {{Convert|1-2|kg|abbr=on}} and is one of the few ''Dasypus'' species considered to be near threatened due to significant habitat loss and hunting.<ref name="IUCN" /><ref name="penguins" /> ||Eastern Paraguay, southern Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay |- |120px || ''D. kappleri'' || Greater long-nosed armadillo || A larger species at {{Convert|8-10|kg|abbr=on}} and distinguished by spurs located on its hind legs. It is one of the few ''Dasypus'' species that gives birth to two young instead of four.<ref name="IUCN" /><ref name="penguins" /> There are two subspecies: ''D. k. kappleri'' and ''D. k. pastasae''.<ref name="msw3" /> ||Venezuela, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil |- | Dasypus pilosus - Feijo et al 2018 holotype|120px|| ''D. pilosus'' || Hairy long-nosed armadillo ||A small species of about {{Convert|1.3|kg|abbr=on}}. It was initially listed as vulnerable, but it has been judged that there is not enough data for evaluation.<ref name="IUCN" /><ref name="penguins" /> || Peru |- | Dasypus sabanicola - Feijo et al 2018 holotype|120px|| ''D. sabanicola'' || Llanos long-nosed armadillo or northern long-nosed armadillo || About {{Convert|1.5|kg|abbr=on}} in size. It is considered near threatened due to hunting and extreme habitat loss from biofuel production and other agrochemical productions.<ref name="IUCN" /><ref name="penguins" /> ||Venezuela and Colombia |- |120px || ''D. septemcinctus'' || Seven-banded armadillo or Brazilian lesser long-nosed armadillo || Very similar in appearance to ''D. hybridus'', ''D. mazzai'', and young ''D. novemcinctus'', making the southern limits uncertain. It is about {{Convert|1.5-1.8|kg|abbr=on}} and unlike most ''Dasypus'' species that prefer scrub brush areas, it tends to live in grassland areas.<ref name="IUCN" /><ref name="penguins" /> Gives birth to 8–12 young instead of the typical four.<ref name=Placenta>{{cite web|title=Nine-banded Armadillo|url=http://placentation.ucsd.edu/arm.html|website=Placentation|access-date=3 October 2014|date=2005}}</ref> ||Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and northern Argentina |- |120px || ''D. novemcinctus'' || Nine-banded armadillo or long-nosed armadillo || Best known and most widely distributed species. It is the only species that is increasing in range and number.<ref name="leprosy" /><ref name=IUCN>{{cite web|title=Dasypus |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/ |website=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/http://www.iucnredlist.org/ |archive-date=2014-06-27 }}</ref><ref name="penguins">{{cite web|last1=Despiez|first1=A|title=Armadillo Fact Files|url=http://www.edinburghzoo.org.uk/media/282652/pantanal-armadillo-fact-files.pdf|website=From Penguins to Pandas|access-date=6 October 2014|date=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906003303/http://www.edinburghzoo.org.uk/media/282652/pantanal-armadillo-fact-files.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Average weight is about {{Convert|2-6|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}. There are six subspecies: ''D. n. novemcinctus'', ''D. n. aequatorialis'', ''D. n. fenestratus'', ''D. n. hoplites'', ''D. n. mexianae'' and ''D. n. mexicanus''.<ref name="msw3" /> ||Found throughout the southern United States, Central America, and South America. Within the United States, it currently inhabits Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Tennessee and Georgia. It is found in the Lesser Antilles, Tobago, Grenada and Trinidad. It can also be found in numerous islands of the Caribbean, where it may have arrived on trading ships. |- | 120px|| ''D. mazzai'' || Yepes's mulita or Yunga's lesser long nosed armadillo || About {{Convert|1.5-2|kg|abbr=on}} in weight<ref name="IUCN" /><ref name="penguins" /> ||Argentina and possibly Bolivia |- |}
An additional ''Dasypus'' species that is of medium size with noticeably shorter ears and tail is speculated to exist in Paraguay.<ref name="seven-banded">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=P|title=Seven-Banded Armadillo: Dasypus septemcinctus|url=http://www.faunaparaguay.com/mamm14Dasypusseptemcinctus.pdf|website=FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay|access-date=4 October 2014|date=2008}}</ref>
=== Fossils === * †Beautiful armadillo (''Dasypus bellus'') is an extinct armadillo species found in North and South America about 2.5 million to 11,000 years ago. It is much larger than current-day species, at about 2.5 times the size of the normal nine-banded armadillo, and had much thicker, more robust armor.<ref name=Beautiful>{{cite web|title=Beautiful Armadillo|url=http://exhibits.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/dasypus.html|website=Illinois State Museum|access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=fossil>{{cite web|last1=Hulbert Jr|first1=RC|title=Dasypus bellus (Simpson, 1929)|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/vertpaleo/fossilspeciesDasypusbellus.htm|website=Florida Museum of Natural History: Vertebrate Paleontology|date=2013}}</ref> * †''Dasypus neogaeus'', from the Huayquerian Ituzaingó Formation of the Paraná Basin in northeastern Argentina<ref name="FW_D.neogaeus">{{cite web | title = ''Dasypus neogaeus'' in the Paleobiology Database | work = Fossilworks | url = https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=278340 | access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref>
==Habitat== Armadillos are most often found in shady forests and brush areas in temperate regions.<ref name="dasypus" /> They thrive in high rainfall habitats, most likely due to better soil conditions for burrowing and a higher abundance of food. They are also known to inhabit various other environments, ranging from grassland to swamp areas, and are able to adapt to numerous regions as long as adequate food and water are available. It has been noted that armadillo species are extremely fond of water and will not only use streams for feeding and drinking but also for mud baths.<ref name=texas>{{cite web|last1=Davis|first1=WB|last2=Schmidly|first2=DJ|title=Nine-banded ArmadilloThe Mammals of Texas - Online Edition|url=http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/dasynove.htm|website=Texas Tech University|access-date=5 October 2014|date=1997|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516161804/http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/dasynove.htm|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Most ''Dasypus'' species are sensitive to temperature due to poor insulation. Because of this, they currently are not found in regions with temperatures below {{Convert|-2|C|abbr=}} or 24 annual freeze-over days. They are, however, able to withstand short cold periods by remaining in their burrows.
Armadillo's burrow systems may be up to ten meters in length and two meter deep, and are complex systems with a conjoined central den. Armadillos are known to have as many as twelve burrow sites and multiple entrances for each. They often have a primary burrow for nesting and additional shallow burrows within their territory as food traps.<ref name="dasypus" /> In certain coastal prairies, armadillos dig additional burrows for flood protection.<ref name="texas" /> Armadillos have been documented to occasionally share burrows with other animals such as rabbits or skunks.<ref name="leprosy" /> However, they very rarely share their burrow with another armadillo except during the mating season. One such incidence of adult armadillos sharing burrows is during extreme cold weather, in which sharing may enhance thermoregulation.<ref name="animal-diversity" />
==Ecology and behavior== ''Dasypus'' are typically non-aggressive, solitary animals. They are, however, known to occasionally show slight aggressive behavior during the mating season or while a female is nursing. Such behavior often includes kicking or chasing and does not cause substantial injury. Armadillos are more likely to respond to threats by freezing, jumping into the air, or sprinting away.
Armadillos use olfaction as their main perception for foraging. The nine-banded armadillos are capable of smelling food as much as {{Convert|20|cm|abbr=on}} below the ground surface. Once a food item is detected, it digs a small hole using its forefeet. Armadillos are also known to stand on their hind legs using their tail to brace themselves and sniff the air to either locate food or orient themselves.<ref name="animal-diversity" /><ref name="smith" />
Because of armadillos' low body temperature, scavenging habits, and damp living environments, they are susceptible to certain infections and parasites. Some of these include the bacterium ''Mycobacterium leprae'', which is the causative of leprosy, the organism ''Trypanosoma cruzi'', which is the causative of Chagas' disease, and the fungus ''Paracoccidiodies brasiliensis'', which is the causative of mycosis in humans. Despite these predispositions, however, armadillos are still considered less prone to getting parasites than other common small mammals such as skunks, opossums, and raccoons.<ref name="smith" /> No diagnosis of rabies within ''Dasypus'' species in Florida has been recorded yet.<ref name="dasypus" />
In some locations in Florida, ''Dasypus'' have more recently been noted to raid and destroy sea turtle nests, specifically those belonging to the endangered leatherback (''Dermochelys coriacea''), loggerhead (''Caretta caretta''), and the green (''Chelonia mydas''). This accounts for 95% of nest raids in the area and may present a large invasive problem. In order to protect the endangered sea turtles, National Wildlife Refuge staff and the USDA Wildlife Services have actively trapped and removed armadillos from nesting locations.<ref name="smithsonian" /> However, though the growth of armadillos in Florida may be contributing to sea turtle extinction, they are also serving as an important primary food source to maintain the endangered Florida panther (''F. concolor coryi'').<ref name=turtle>{{cite web|last1=Greenbaum|first1=Matthew|title=Nine-banded Aramdillo (Dasypus novemcinctus|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Dasypus_novemcinctus.html |website=Columbia University Introduced Species Summary Project|access-date=4 October 2014|date=2002}}</ref>
Armadillos have a life expectancy of 7 to 20 years. Juveniles lack fully developed and strengthened armor and are much more susceptible to predation, thereby having a much higher mortality rate than adults. Adult armadillos, however, have shown a significant increase in physical damage compared to juveniles. Since juvenile mortality rates are much higher, this most likely indicates an increased ability of adults to escape from predators. Strangely, various physical damages caused to armadillos do not appear to have any significant consequences in breeding or other physical functions.<ref name=damage>{{cite web|last1=Loughry|first1=WJ|last2=McDonough|first2=CM|last3=Robertson|first3=EG|title=Patterns of anatomical damage in a population of nine-banded armadillos Dasypus novemcinctus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae)|url=http://ww2.valdosta.edu/~jloughry/Reprints/Mamm02.pdf|website=Department of Biology, Valdosta State University|access-date=6 October 2014|pages=111–121}}</ref> In captivity, armadillos have a much higher life expectancy, with one recorded ''D. novemcinctus'' species living 23 years.<ref name="animal-diversity" />
One of the largest causes of death of armadillos within North America is highway accidents. This is most likely due to their common response of jumping into the air when startled, which causes a direct collision with a passing automobile. Armadillos are also killed by dogs or coyotes, as well as hunted by humans as a food source.<ref name="dasypus" /><ref name="seven-banded" /><ref name="Placenta" /> Despite hunting, predation, and highway accidents, the IUCN lists the majority of ''Dasypus'' species as a least concern endangered animal due to its very large distribution, living tolerance, and large progeny and population. A few species are considered at risk due to habitat loss.<ref name="IUCN" />
===Feeding=== Most ''Dasypus'' are opportunistic feeders. They are insectivores to omnivores, but are also known to eat small vertebrates. A study conducted on the nine-banded armadillo's stomach content concluded that their diet consists of approximately 7% plant matter and 93% animal matter.<ref name=smith>{{cite web|last1=Baker|first1=Robert|last2=McBee|first2=Karen|title=Mammalian Species Dasypus novemcinctus|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-162-01-0001.pdf|publisher=The American Society of Mammalogists|access-date=3 October 2014|pages=1–9|date=1982|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215090142/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-162-01-0001.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Plants include fruit, seeds, mushroom and fungi and animal matter includes beetles, snails, ants, worms, reptiles, and amphibians. They also occasionally eat small mammals, bird eggs, and carrion. However, it is believed that carrion is more readily eaten by the maggots and fly pupae within.<ref name="dasypus" /><ref name="smithsonian" /> Armadillos swallow their food with small soil particles and usually avoid chewing altogether.<ref name="iron" />
===Reproduction=== Armadillos of the genus ''Dasypus'' often pair during the breeding season, whereas they are usually solitary animals. While pairing, the male and female intermittently interact while foraging. These interactions include tail wagging, dorsal touching, sniffing, and tail lifting of the female.<ref name="animal-diversity"/>
Females have an external clitoris and a urogenital sinus, which acts as both a urethra and vagina.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cetica | first1 = Pablo D. | last2 = Aldana Marcos | first2 = Hernan J. | last3 = Merani | first3 = María Susana | year = 2005 | title = Morphology of female genital tracts in Dasypodidae (Xenarthra, Mammalia): a comparative survey | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226626401 | format = PDF | journal = Zoomorphology | volume = 124 | issue = 2| pages = 57–65 | doi = 10.1007/s00435-005-0111-5 | s2cid = 8252572 }}</ref> Males are slightly larger than females in size and have testes that descend into the pelvis and a prominent penis. They lack a scrotum.<ref name="leprosy"/> To copulate, the female has to lie on her back due to the high amount of bony armor and the ventrally located genitalia.
After conception, there is a fourteen-week period before the blastocyst is actually implanted.<ref name="animal-diversity" /> The blastocyst is fully developed and remains healthy through oxygen and nutrients received from uterine secretions during this time. Gestation is about five months long, and the implantation delay allows the armadillos to give birth at a more opportune time during the spring.<ref name="smithsonian" />
Members of ''Dasypus'' are unique among mammals in possessing the reproductive trait of monozygotic polyembryony, meaning their offspring are genetically identical due to the division of a single fertilized egg into four matching embryos.<ref name="Loughry1998">{{Cite journal |date=May–June 1998 |last1=Loughry |first1=W.J. |last2=Prodohl |first2=P. A. |last3=McDonough |first3=C. M. |last4=Avise |first4=J. C. |author-link4=John Avise |title=Polyembryony in Armadillos |journal=American Scientist |volume=86 |pages=274–279 |url=http://www.valdosta.edu/~jloughry/Reprints/AmSci.pdf |bibcode=1998AmSci..86..274L |doi=10.1511/1998.3.274 |issue=3}}</ref> This development of identical quadruplets has been utilized as a tool for genetic research.<ref name="leprosy" /> It is possible that the monozygotic polyembryony was an adaptation to accommodate the female's inability to carry more than one egg during the preimplantation stage. Delaying the implantation further does not affect the number of offspring produced.<ref name="Placenta" />
The armadillo's young are fully developed at birth. Their eyes are already open, and they are capable of walking after a few hours. However, the skin takes a few weeks to harden. The baby armadillos nurse for two months, and by month three or four, they are completely independent. Young armadillos have been noted to occasionally share burrows with siblings during their first summer and fall. Armadillos born in the spring can breed during the very next season and the following summer.<ref name="animal-diversity" /><ref name="leprosy" /><ref name="smithsonian" />
==Leprosy== Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacteria ''Mycobacterium leprae''. ''M. leprae'' is unculturable on artificial media, and only after years of research was the ability to culture the bacteria on the footpads of mice discovered. However, the development of the bacteria and study was still very limited until the successful infection of lepromatous leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo (''Dasypus novemcinctus'') by Kirchheimer and Storrs in 1971. Soon after, Convit and Pinardi incurred a second successful inoculation of ''M. leprae'' into ''Dasypus sabanicola''. The armadillo became the only known animal other than primates to regularly develop leprosy and has since largely advanced the disease study through the use of in vivo propagation of ''M. leprae''. ''Dasypus'' was also an ideal model due to the ability to replicate experiments on their genetically identical siblings. Despite the discovery of additional ''Dasypus'' species capable of infection (''D. septemcinctus'' and ''D. pilosus''), the nine-banded armadillo remains a favored animal model due to its availability and ideal body temperatures for bacterial hosting. ''D. sabanicola'' is also continually used in research due to its adaptability to the lab environment and ease of handling.<ref name=leprae>{{Cite journal|last1=Ulrich|first1=M|last2=Convit|first2=J|last3=Rapetti|first3=M|title=Immunological characteristics of the armadillo, Dasypus sabanicola|journal=Clinical and Experimental Immunology|volume=25|issue=1|pages=170–176|date=1976|pmc=1541395|pmid=825337}}</ref> The nine-banded armadillo's enhanced ability to grow ''M. leprae'' has led to suggestions that armadillo species are more susceptible to the disease due to their generally lower body temperatures.
While temperature enhances susceptibility, the actual infection source and mode of transmission are very poorly understood. This is primarily due to the bacteria's slow multiplication rate and long incubation period, making specific infection period identification difficult. The incubation period itself may range from ten months to four years in the nine-banded armadillo, compared to three to six years in humans. The long life of armadillos is particularly useful in the study of chronic effects of leprosy as well as the propagation of ''M. leprae'' outside of humans. The armadillo model has been useful for biochemical, immunological, and vaccine research.
Though the majority of nine-banded armadillos contract leprosy, about 15% of the species are resistant. The resistant specimens are used as a study model to develop a possible genetic linkage.<ref name="iron" /><ref name="leprosy" /><ref name="smith" />
==References== {{Reflist|30em}}
{{Cingulata}} {{Cingulata Genera|C.|state=autocollapse}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q902499}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Armadillos Category:Mammal genera Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot