{{short description|Subfamily of beetles}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Reitter-1916-plate155.jpg | image_caption = Central European Entiminae, with some anatomical details | taxon = Entiminae | authority = Schoenherr, 1826 | diversity_link = #Tribes | diversity = 55 tribes }} [[File:Deciduous-process.png|alt=Dorsal views of the head of Compsus auricephalus (Eustylini) and Apodrosus quisqueyanus (Polydrusini) showing their deciduous processes. In Compsus auricephalus the deciduous processes are large and sickle-shaped, whereas in Apodrosus quisqueyanus these are very small.|right|thumb|upright|Dorsal views of the head of ''Compsus auricephalus'' (Eustylini) and ''Apodrosus quisqueyanus'' (Polydrusini) showing their deciduous processes.]] [[File:Pseudoedophrys hilleri.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''Pseudoedophrys hilleri'']] [[File:Head of Compsus auricephalus indicating mandibular scar.png|alt=Frontal view of the head of Compsus auricephalus indicating the mandibular scar.|right|thumb|upright|Head of ''Compsus auricephalus'' indicating mandibular scar.]] The '''Entiminae''', or '''broad-nosed weevils''', are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phyllobius'', ''Sitona'', and ''Pachyrrhynchus''. In comparison with their stunning diversity, only a few of these weevils are notorious pests of major economic importance. Entimines are commonly encountered in the field, including urban environments, and abundant in entomological collections.
== Diversity == There are over 12,000 described species in the Entiminae subfamily worldwide, distributed in over 1,370 genera,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Marvaldi |first1=A. E. |chapter= Entiminae Schoenherr, 1823. |editor1=Leschen, R. and R. G. Beutel. |title= Handbook of Zoology, Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera, Volume 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga) |last2=Lanteri |first2=A. A. |last3=del Río |first3=M. G. |last4=Oberprieler |first4=R. G. |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2014 |location=Berlin |pages=503–522 |language=en}}</ref> which total nearly 14,000 by more recent counts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yunakov|first=N.|title=3i taxonomic databases, Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae {{!}} COL|url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/dataset/1166|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.catalogueoflife.org|year=2021|doi=10.48580/d4sl-3f8}}</ref> Most tribes are represented in only one biogeographic region of the world. The current classification within the subfamily has been recognized as artificial rather than reflecting natural groups.<ref name=":0" />
== General morphology == Besides the shape of their broad and short rostrum, most entimines are easily recognized by the presence of a mandibular scar that appears when a deciduous process falls off the mandible, shortly after the emergence of the adult from the pupal stage.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=R. S. |chapter=131 Curculionidae Latreille, 1802, XII Entiminae Schoenherr, 1823 |editor=Arnett, R.H. |editor2=M.C. Thomas |editor3=P.E. Skelley |editor4=J.H. Frank |title=American Beetles |volume=II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea |last2=Howden |first2=A. T. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2002 |location=Boca Raton, FL |pages=722–815 |language=en}}</ref>
== Ecology == In general, entimines tend to feed on a broad range of plants (polyphagous), but there are instances of oligophagy. In general, the larvae feed externally on roots in the soil and adults feed on foliage.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> They also show preference for habitat or substrate rather than plant specificity.<ref name=":0" />
Entimine weevils are primarily associated with angiosperms, but there are also species recorded from gymnosperms. They feed on monocotyledonous and a broad range of dicotyledoneous plants, including members of the families Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, and many more.<ref name=":0" />
The most commonly seen/known species are usually those associated with vegetation, where there is a trend to find more abundance and less diversity in cultivated areas, whereas forested or less disturbed areas tend to have more diversity and less abundance; there is a lot of diversity represented in the soil and on leaf litter, which is often overlooked.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Girón|first=Jennifer C.|date=2020-12-30|title=Status of knowledge of the broad-nosed weevils of Colombia (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) |journal=Neotropical Biology and Conservation|language=en|volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=583–674|doi=10.3897/neotropical.15.e59713 |doi-access=free |issn=2236-3777}}</ref>
The most effective method for collecting entimines from vegetation is with a beating sheet or by manual collecting; for soil entimines the best method is leaf litter sifting.{{cn|date=November 2025}}
== Biology == Entimines may lay eggs loosely on the substrate, or in clusters glued onto the vegetation<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howden|first=A. T.|date=1995|title=Structures related to oviposition in Curculionoidea|journal=Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington|volume=14|pages=53–102}}</ref> and do not use their rostrum to prepare their oviposition site.<ref name=":0" /> Over 50 species of entimines have been reported as parthenogenetic.<ref name=":0" />
The integument of entimines can be black, reddish, orange and even metallic in coloration. Many species of Entiminae are covered by scales arranged in a broad variety of patterns. Those scales bear three dimensional photonic crystals<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seago|first1=Ainsley E|last2=Brady|first2=Parrish|last3=Vigneron|first3=Jean-Pol|last4=Schultz|first4=Tom D|date=2009-04-06|title=Gold bugs and beyond: a review of iridescence and structural colour mechanisms in beetles (Coleoptera)|journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface|volume=6|issue=suppl_2|pages=S165–S184|doi=10.1098/rsif.2008.0354.focus |doi-access=free |pmc=2586663|pmid=18957361}}</ref> within their lumen, which makes the scales iridescent.<ref name=":0" />
Many species are flightless, which usually can be seen externally: the elytral shoulders (outer anterior corners of the elytra) are reduced to absent in apterous and brachypterous forms and well-developed in species with well-developed wings. alt=Three drawings: first one on the left, shoulders absent (outer corner of elytra straight); center, shoulders weakly developed (outer corner of elytra slightly curved); right, shoulders well-developed (outer corners of elytra prominent)|center|thumb|upright=2.8|Variation on development of elytral shoulders in entimine weevils.
== Tribes == The current tribal classification of Entiminae follows Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Alonso-Zarazaga |first1=M. A. |last2=Lyal |first2=C. H. C. |title=A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) excluding Scolytidae and Platypodidae |publisher=Entomopraxis |year=1999 |location=Barcelona, Spain |pages=315 pp |url=https://weevil.myspecies.info/sites/weevil.info/files/Alonso-Zarazaga%20%26%20Lyal,%201999_World%20Catalogue%20%28searchable%29.pdf |language=en |via=International Weevil Community }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> for the most part, with a few updates by Bouchard et al.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bouchard|first1=Patrice|last2=Bousquet|first2=Yves|last3=Davies|first3=Anthony|last4=Alonso-Zarazaga|first4=Miguel|last5=Alonso-Zarazaga|first5=Miguel|last6=Lawrence|first6=John|last7=Lyal|first7=Christopher|last8=Newton|first8=Alfred|last9=Reid|first9=Chris|last10=Schmitt|first10=Michael|last11=Slipinski|first11=Adam|date=2011-04-04|title=Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta) |journal=ZooKeys|language=en|issue=88|pages=1–972|doi=10.3897/zookeys.88.807 |doi-access=free |issn=1313-2970|pmc=3088472|pmid=21594053}}</ref> The latest tribal addition is the Namaini Borovec & Meregalli.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meregalli|first1=Massimo|last2=Borovec|first2=Roman|last3=Cervella|first3=Piero|last4=Santovito|first4=Alfredo|last5=Toševski|first5=Ivo|last6=Ottati|first6=Sara|last7=Nakládal|first7=Oto|date=2021-09-01|title=The Namaini, a new weevil tribe with six new genera from South Africa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=193|issue=1|pages=95–123|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa142 |doi-access=free|issn=0024-4082|url=https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/1771217/1/103_Namaini.pdf}}</ref> Currently, there are 55 tribes recognized in the subfamily.
A key to identify tribes is presented by Legalov.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Legalov|first=A. A.|date=2020|title=Annotated key to weevils of the world: Part 5 - Subfamily Entiminae (Curculionidae)|url=https://www.ujecology.com/articles/annotated-key-to-weevils-of-the-world-part-5--subfamily-entiminae-curculionidae.pdf |journal=Ukrainian Journal of Ecology|volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=332–346}}</ref>
{{div col}} * Agraphini * Alophini * Anomophthalmini * Anypotactini * Blosyrini * Brachyderini * Celeuthetini * Cneorhinini * Cratopodini * Cylydrorhinini * Cyphicerini * Dermatodini * Ectemnorhinini * Elytrurini * Embrithini * Entimini * Episomini * Eudiagogini * Eupholini * Eustylini * Geonemini * Holcorhinini * Hormorini * Laparocerini * Leptostethini * Lordopini * Mesostylini * Myorhinini * Nastini * Namaini * Naupactini * Nothognathini * Omiini * Oosomini * Ophryastini * Ophtalmorrhynchini * Otiorhynchini * Ottistirini * Pachyrhynchini * Peritelini * Phyllobiini * Polycatini * Polydrusini * Premnotrypini * Pristorhynchini * Prypnini * Psallidiini * Rhyncogonini * Sciaphilini * Sitonini * Tanymecini * Tanyrhynchini * Thecesternini * Trachyphloeini * Tropiphorini * Typhlorhinini {{div col end}}
== References == {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== *Donald E. Bright, Patrice Bouchard. ''The Insects and Arachnids of Canada'', Part 25: ''Coleoptera. Curculionidae. Entiminae. Weevils of Canada and Alaska''. Vol. 2. Ottawa, NRC Research Press, 2008. {{ISBN|0-660-19400-7}}.
==External links== {{Sister project links |collapsible=yes |b= |c= |n=n |q=n |s= |v=n |wikt=n}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1932939}}
Category:Entiminae Category:Beetle subfamilies