{{Short description|Relation between rules in linguistics}} {{IPA notice}} '''Bleeding order''' is a term used in phonology to describe specific interactions of phonological rules. The term was introduced in 1968 by Paul Kiparsky.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTVGb9pv2mAC&pg=PA137 | title=Phonology: A Cognitive Grammar Introduction | publisher=John Benjamins Publishing | author=Geoffrey S. Nathan | year=2008 | isbn=9789027219077 | page=137}}</ref> If two phonological rules are said to be in bleeding order, the application of the first rule creates a context in which the second rule can no longer apply.
The opposite of this is called feeding order.
==Examples== An example of this in English is the {{IPA|/ɪ/}}-insertion between a voiceless alveolar fricative and a plural-''z'', as in ''buses'' {{IPA|[bʌsɪz]}} (with the underlying representation {{IPA|//bʌs-z//}}). English also has a rule which devoices segments after voiceless consonants, as in ''books'' {{IPA|[bʊks]}}, with the underlying representation {{IPA|//bʊk-z//}}). In the output form {{IPA|[bʌsɪz]}} ''buses'', final devoicing has not applied, because the phonological context in which this rule could have applied has been destroyed by the application of {{IPA|/ɪ/}}-insertion. Put differently, the application order "(1) {{IPA|/ɪ/}}-insertion (2) final devoicing" is a bleeding order in English.
==Counterbleeding order==
If two rules which ''would'' have a bleeding relationship in one order ''actually'' apply in the opposite order, the latter is called a ''counterbleeding'' order. An example of this can be seen in the pronunciation of the diminutive of the word ''slang'' ("snake") in the Dutch dialect of Kaatsheuvel: {{IPA|[slɑŋəskə]}}. If [s]-insertion{{clarify|date=September 2015}} had applied first, then the rule which inserts an additional {{IPA|/-ə/}} between the noun stem and the suffix {{IPA|/-kə/}} could no longer have applied and the output form would have been {{IPA|[slɑŋskə]}}. However, the rules have applied in the reverse order.
== See also == * Feeding order * Markedness * Optimality theory * Phonological opacity
==Literature== *Gussenhoven, C. & Jacobs, H. (1998). ''Understanding Phonology''. London: Arnold. *Jensen, J. T. (2004).''Principles of Generative Phonology: An introduction''. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins ISBN 978-90-272-7517-2.
== References == <references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bleeding Order}} Category:Phonology Category:Sound changes Category:Phonotactics
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