Automotive industry

{{short description|Organizations involved with motor vehicles}} {{Use British English|date=May 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}} [[File:002 Production line - car assembly line in General Motors Manufacturing Poland - Gliwice, Poland.jpg|thumb|An automotive assembly line at Opel Manufacturing Poland in 2015]]

[[File:Škoda cars being transported by rail at Kutná Hora město train station, Czech Republic - 20140710.ogv|thumb|SEAT, Škoda, and Volkswagen cars being transported by train in Kutná Hora, Czech Republic, in 2014]]

The '''automotive industry''' comprises a wide range of companies and organisations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, selling, repairing, and modification of motor vehicles.<ref>{{Britannica|45050|Automotive industry}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nieuwenhuis |first1=Paul |last2=Wells |first2=Peter |title=The Global Automotive Industry |date=2015 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Chicester |isbn=9781118802397 |edition=1st}}</ref> It is one of the world's largest industries by revenue with global automotive market at ~$2.75 trillion in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Automotive Market Size, Share & 2030 Growth Trends Report|url=https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/global-automotive-market|website=Mordor Intelligence|date=2025-09-22|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}</ref>

The word ''automotive'' comes from the Greek ''autos'' (self), and Latin {{Lang|la|motivus}} (of motion), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle. This term, as proposed by Elmer Sperry<ref name="STS of US">{{cite book |title= Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States |year= 1968 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |location=Washington, DC |page=164 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pS8rAAAAYAAJ&q=Society+of+Automobile+Engineers+-inauthor%3A%22Society+of+Automotive+Engineers%22&pg=PA164 |edition= Eighth |access-date= 25 March 2014}}</ref>{{qn|date=October 2018}} (1860–1930), first came into use to describe automobiles in 1898.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.carbidebur.com/automotive-industry/ |title=Automotive Industry |website=carbidebur.com |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>

== History == {{Main|History of the automobile}}[[File:Thomas B Jeffery Works Drawing.jpg|thumb|The Thomas B. Jeffery Company automobile factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin, around 1916]] [[File:Workers in Fiat factories, Turin.jpg|thumb|Fiat 1800 and 2100 sedans being assembled at a Fiat factory in 1961]]

The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers pioneering the horseless carriage. Early car manufacturing involved manual assembly by a human worker. The process evolved from engineers working on a stationary car to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialised engineers. In the 1960s, robotic equipment was introduced, and most cars are now mainly assembled by automated machinery.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2010 |title=The Timeline: Car manufacturing |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/features/timeline-car-manufacturing-2088018.html |first=Alice-Azania |last=Jarvis |work=The Independent |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>

For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production, with the U.S. Big Three General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler being the world's three largest auto manufacturers for a time, and G.M. and Ford remaining the two largest until the mid-2000s. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, of which the U.S. automobile enterprises produced more than 90%. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSgDAAAAMBAJ&q=U.S.+makes+ninety+percent+of+world's+automobiles&pg=PA84 |title=U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles |magazine=Popular Science |date=November 1929 |page=84 |volume=115 |issue=5 |access-date=6 August 2013 }}</ref> After 1945, the U.S. produced around three-quarters of the world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and then became a world leader again in 1994. Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production during 2006 and 2007, and in 2008 also China, which in 2009 took the top spot (from Japan) with 13.8 million units, although the U.S. surpassed Japan in 2011, to become the second-largest automobile industry. In 2024, China produced more than 31 million vehicles in a year, after breaking 30 million in 2023, reaching 29 million for the first time in 2017 and 28 million the year before. In 2024, China produced the most passenger cars in the world, with Japan, India, Germany, and South Korea trailing. This was achieved by Chinese car companies signing joint ventures with foreign manufacturers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China car production by type 2024 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/281133/car-production-in-china/#:~:text=In%202024,%20approximately%2027.5%20million,had%20been%20produced%20in%20China. |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> From 1970 (140 models) to 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown nearly twofold.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aichner |first1=Thomas |last2=Coletti |first2=Paolo |date=2013 |title=Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization |journal=Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=20–35 |doi=10.1057/dddmp.2013.34 |s2cid=167801827 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Safety== {{Main|Automobile safety}}

{{See also|2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls|General Motors ignition switch recalls|Firestone and Ford tire controversy}} [[File:IIHS Hyundai Tucson crash test.jpg|thumb|A 2010 Hyundai Tucson used for a crash test by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]]

Safety is a state that implies being protected from any risk, danger, damage, or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators, or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves implies that there is no risk of damage.

Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard ISO 26262, is considered one of the best practice frameworks for achieving automotive functional safety.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54591 |title=ISO 26262-10:2012 Road vehicles -- Functional safety -- Part 10: Guideline on ISO 26262 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>

In case of safety issues, danger, product defect,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Machado |first1=Miguel Araújo |last2=Rosado |first2=Luís Filipe Soldado Granadeiro |last3=Mendes |first3=Nuno Alberto Marques |last4=Miranda |first4=Rosa Maria Mendes |last5=dos Santos |first5=Telmo Jorge Gomes |date=January 2022 |title=New directions for inline inspection of automobile laser welds using non-destructive testing |journal=The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology |language=en |volume=118 |issue=3–4 |pages=1183–1195 |doi=10.1007/s00170-021-08007-0 |issn=0268-3768|doi-access=free |hdl=10362/126077 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Machado |first1=Miguel A. |last2=Rosado |first2=Luís S. |last3=Mendes |first3=Nuno M. |last4=Miranda |first4=Rosa M. |last5=Santos |first5=Telmo G. |date=2021-11-04 |title=Multisensor Inspection of Laser-Brazed Joints in the Automotive Industry |journal=Sensors |language=en |volume=21 |issue=21 |pages=7335 |doi=10.3390/s21217335 |doi-access=free |issn=1424-8220 |pmc=8587767 |pmid=34770642 |bibcode=2021Senso..21.7335M }}</ref> or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from raw materials.

Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.

==Economy== {{See also|Automotive industry by country}} [[File:Vintage Pontiac Promotion.svg|thumb|An advertisement for the Pontiac 6, {{circa|1928}}]]

In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over {{convert|980|e9litres|m3}} of petrol and diesel fuel yearly.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Plunkett Research |url= http://www.plunkettresearch.com/Industries/AutomobilesTrucks/AutomobileTrends/tabid/89/Default.aspx |title=Automobile Industry Introduction |year=2008 |access-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080118072914/http://plunkettresearch.com/Industries/AutomobilesTrucks/AutomobileTrends/tabid/89/Default.aspx |archive-date=2008-01-18}}</ref> The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Meanwhile, in developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed.<ref name="twnside1">{{cite web|url= http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/gtrends/gtrends396.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121013151102/http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/gtrends/gtrends396.htm |first=Martin |last=Khor |title=Developing economies slowing down |archive-date=13 October 2012 |website=twnside.org.sg |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanised countries) no longer want to own a car, and prefer other modes of transport.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Manufacturing/gx-global-automotive-consumer-study-europe-final.pdf |title=2014 Global Automotive Consumer Study: Exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe |publisher=Deloittelcom |access-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150704135550/http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Manufacturing/gx-global-automotive-consumer-study-europe-final.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2015 }}</ref> Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|first=Paul A.|last=Eisenstein|url= http://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2010/01/building-brics-the-four-markets-that-could-soon-dominate-the-automotive-world/ |title=Building BRIC's: 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World |website=thedetroitbureau.com|date=21 January 2010 }}</ref> Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets. The industry's expansion has also led to specialised academic programs in automotive marketing and dealership management; for example, Northwood University in Michigan hosts the annual Northwood University International Auto Show, which is the largest student-run outdoor automotive exhibition in North America.<ref>{{cite news |title=North America's largest outdoor auto show speeds into Midland this weekend |url=https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/north-americas-largest-outdoor-auto-show-speeds-into-midland-this-weekend/ |work=ClickOnDetroit |publisher=WDIV-TV |date=September 26, 2019 |access-date=February 2, 2026}}</ref>

According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Truth About Cars|author=Bertel Schmitt|url= https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2011/02/auto-industry-sets-new-world-record-in-2010-will-do-it-again-in-2011 |title=Auto Industry Sets New World Record In 2010. Will Do It Again In 2011|date=15 February 2011|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=J.D. Power and Associates|url= http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2011018|title=Global Automotive Outlook for 2011 Appears Positive as Mature Auto Markets Recover, Emerging Markets Continue to Expand|date=15 February 2011|access-date=7 August 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110217022100/http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2011018|archive-date=17 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.<ref name="twnside1"/> In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thecherrycreeknews.com/u-s-vehicle-sales-peaked-in-2005/ |title=U.S. vehicle sales peaked in 2000 |publisher=The Cherry Creek News |date=27 May 2015 |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150528010752/http://www.thecherrycreeknews.com/u-s-vehicle-sales-peaked-in-2005/ |archive-date=28 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In July 2021, the European Commission released its "Fit for 55" legislation package,<ref>{{cite news |title=European Green Deal: Commission proposes transformation of EU economy and society to meet climate ambitions |url= https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_3541 |work=European Commission |date=14 July 2021}}</ref> which contains important guidelines for the future of the automotive industry; all new cars on the European market must be zero-emission vehicles from 2035.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fit for 55: European Union to end sale of petrol and diesel models by 2035 |url= https://autovista24.autovistagroup.com/news/fit-for-55-european-union-to-end-sale-of-petrol-and-diesel-models-by-2035/ |work=Autovista24 |date=14 July 2021}}</ref>

The governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major car manufacturers including GM, Ford, Volvo, BYD Auto, Jaguar Land Rover and Mercedes-Benz committed to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets".<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Deal to end car emissions by 2040 idles as motor giants refuse to sign |url= https://www.ft.com/content/8c4a1809-902f-4582-a29e-1c83a97b9dff |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8c4a1809-902f-4582-a29e-1c83a97b9dff |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |work=Financial Times |date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Every carmaker that pledged to stop selling fossil-fuel vehicles by 2040 |url= https://www.carexpert.com.au/car-news/cop26-every-carmaker-that-pledged-to-stop-selling-fossil-fuel-vehicles-by-2040 |work=CarExpert |date=11 November 2021}}</ref> Major car manufacturing nations like the United States, Germany, China, Japan and South Korea, as well as Volkswagen, Toyota, Peugeot, Honda, Nissan and Hyundai, did not pledge.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Germany fails to sign up to 2040 combustion engine phaseout |url= https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-germany-fails-to-sign-up-to-2040-combustion-engine-phaseout/a-59777202 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=10 November 2021}}</ref>

==Environmental impacts== thumb |Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.<ref name=EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212>{{cite web |title=Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report |url=https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report |website=EPA.gov |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902145941/https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report |archive-date=2 September 2023 |date=12 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.<ref name=GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311>{{cite web |last1=Cazzola |first1=Pierpaolo |last2=Paoli |first2=Leonardo |last3=Teter |first3=Jacob |title=Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition |url=https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf |publisher=Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126092826/https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2023 |page=3 |doi=10.7922/G2HM56SV |date=November 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> The global automotive industry is a major consumer of water. Some estimates surpass {{cvt|39,000|impgal|L|order=flip}} of water per car manufactured, depending on whether tyre production is included. Production processes that use a significant volume of water include surface treatment, painting, coating, washing, cooling, air-conditioning, and boilers, not counting component manufacturing. Paintshop operations consume especially large amounts of water because equipment running on water-based products must also be cleaned with water.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Isaiah |first1=David |title=Water, water, everywhere in vehicle manufacturing |url= https://www.automotiveworld.com/articles/water-water-everywhere-vehicle-manufacturing/ |website=Automotive World |date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

In 2022, Tesla's Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg ran into legal challenges due to droughts and falling groundwater levels in the region. Brandenburg's Economy Minister Joerg Steinbach said that while water supply was sufficient during the first stage, more would be needed once Tesla expands the site. The factory would nearly double the water consumption in the Gruenheide area, with 1.4 million cubic meters being contracted from local authorities per year — enough for a city of around 40,000 people. Steinbach said that the authorities would like to drill for more water there and outsource any additional supply if necessary.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raymunt |first1=Monica |last2=Wilkes |first2=William |title=Elon Musk Laughed at the Idea of Tesla Using Too Much Water. Now It's a Real Problem |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-22/elon-musk-dismissed-tesla-tsla-german-factory-water-issue-now-it-s-a-problem |website=bloomberg.com |date=22 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==World motor vehicle production== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | width = 350 | header = World motor vehicle production<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bts.gov/bts/archive/publications/national_transportation_statistics/table_01_23 |title=Table 1-23: World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Thousands of vehicles) |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics |date= 23 May 2017|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> | header_align = center | image1 = Motor_Vehicle_Prod_volume_RITA_T1-23.svg | caption1 = {{center|Production volume (1000 vehicles)}} '''1960s''': Post-war increase

'''1970s''': Oil crisis and tighter safety and emission regulation

'''1990s''': Production started in NICs.

'''2000s''': Rise of China as a top producer

Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 | image2 = Motor_Vehicle_Prod_share_RITA_T1-23.svg | alt2 = | caption2 = '''To 1950''': US had produced more than 80% of motor vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrogenambassadors.com/meet-aae/whec15/17.php |title=Arno A. Evers FAIR-PR |publisher=Hydrogenambassadors.com |access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> '''1950s''': United Kingdom, Germany, and France restarted production.

'''1960s''': Japan started expanding production and increased volume through the 1980s. United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.

'''1990s''': South Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.

'''2000s''': China increased its production drastically, and became the world's largest-producing country in 2009.

'''2010s''': India overtakes Korea, Canada, Spain to become 5th largest automobile producer.

'''2013''': The share of China (25.4%), India, Korea, Brazil, and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of United States (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France, and United Kingdom fell to 34%.

'''2018''': India overtakes Germany to become 4th largest automobile producer. }}

thumb|707x707px|World motor production (1997–2016)

===By year=== {{See also|List of countries by motor vehicle production}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! width="48" | Year ! width="67" | Production ! width="52" | Change ! width="70" | {{refh}} |- style="text-align:center" | 1997 | 54,434,000 | — | <ref name= "OICA9798">{{cite web|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/cl98type.pdf|title=1998 - 1997 world motor vehicle production by type and economic area|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" style="text-align:center" | 1998 | 52,987,000 | {{decrease}} 2.7% | <ref name= "OICA9798"/> |- style="text-align:center" | 1999 | 56,258,892 | {{increase}} 6.2% | <ref>{{cite web|title=1999 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/1999-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2000 | 58,374,162 | {{increase}} 3.8% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2000 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2000-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2001 | 56,304,925 | {{decrease}} 3.5% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2001 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2001-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2002 | 58,994,318 | {{increase}} 4.8% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2002 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2002-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2003 | 60,663,225 | {{increase}} 2.8% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2003 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2003-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2004 | 64,496,220 | {{increase}} 6.3% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2004 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2004-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2005 | 66,482,439 | {{increase}} 3.1% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2005 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2005-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2006 | 69,222,975 | {{increase}} 4.1% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2006 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2006-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2007 | 73,266,061 | {{increase}} 5.8% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2007 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2007-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2008 | 70,520,493 | {{decrease}} 3.7% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2008 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2008-statistics/}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2009 | 61,791,868 | {{decrease}} 12.4% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2009 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2009-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2010 | 77,857,705 | {{increase}} 26.0% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2010 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2010-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2011 | 79,989,155 | {{increase}} 3.1% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2011-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2012 | 84,141,209 | {{increase}} 5.3% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2012-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2013 | 87,300,115 | {{increase}} 3.7% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2013-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2014 | 89,747,430 | {{increase}} 2.6% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2014 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2014-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2015 | 90,086,346 | {{increase}} 0.4% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2015 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2015-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2016 | 94,976,569 | {{increase}} 4.5% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2016-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2017 | 97,302,534 | {{increase}} 2.36% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2017 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2017-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2018 | 95,634,593 | {{decrease}} 1.71% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2018-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2019 | 91,786,861 | {{decrease}} 5.2% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2019 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2019-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2020 | 77,621,582 | {{decrease}} 16% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2020 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2020-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2021 | 80,145,988 | {{increase}} 3.25% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2021 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2021-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" | 2022 | 85,016,728 | {{increase}} 6.08% | <ref>{{cite web|title=2022 Production Statistics|website=oica.net|url=http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center" |}

thumb|upright=1.35|left|Percentage of exported cars by country (2014){{clarify|reason=Cars only or also includes trucks, motorcycles, buses, etc?|date=October 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/explore/tree_map/export/show/all/8703/2014/ |title=Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity |publisher=Harvard University |location=US |year=2014 |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> upright=1.35|thumb|Global automobile import and export in 2011

===By country=== {{Main|Automotive industry by country}}

The OICA counts over 50 countries that assemble, manufacture, or disseminate automobiles. Of those, only 15 countries ('''boldfaced''' in the list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up, and 17 countries (listed below) have at least one million produced vehicles a year (as of 2023).<ref name="Australia auto industry 2015 smh.com.au">{{cite news|first1=Jared |last1=Lynch |first2=Mark |last2=Hawthorne |url= http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/australias-car-industry-one-year-from-closing-its-doors-20151012-gk7ip0.html |title=Australia's car industry one year from closing its doors |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=17 October 2015 |access-date=27 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170527042758/http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/australias-car-industry-one-year-from-closing-its-doors-20151012-gk7ip0.html |archive-date=27 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Country !! Produced vehicles 2023<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/By-country-region-2023.pdf |title=World Motor Vehicle Production by Country/Region and Type |publisher=OICA |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref> |- |China (plus Taiwan) || 30,160,966 (30,446,928) |- |USA || 10,611,555 |- |Japan || 8,997,440 |- |India || 5,851,507 |- |Republic of Korea || 4,243,597 |- |Germany || 4,109,371 |- |Mexico || 4,002,047 |- |Spain || 2,451,221 |- |Brazil || 2,324,838 |- |Thailand || 1,841,663 |- |Canada || 1,553,026 |- |France || 1,505,076 |- |Turkey || 1,468,393 |- |Czechia || 1,404,501 |- |Indonesia || 1,395,717 |- |Slovakia || 1,080,000 |- |U.K. || 1,025,474 |}

===By manufacturer=== {{main|List of automotive manufacturers by production}}

====Top 10 (2016–2020)==== These were the ten largest manufacturers by production volume as of 2017,<ref name=oi15>{{cite web |title=World Motor Vehicle Production: World Ranking of Manufacturers, Year 2017 |publisher=OICA |url=http://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/World-Ranking-of-Manufacturers-1.pdf |access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref> of which the eight largest were in the top 8 positions since Fiat's 2013 acquisition of the Chrysler Corporation (although the PSA Group had been in the top 8 1999 to 2012, and 2007 to 2012 one of the eight largest along with the seven largest as of 2017) and the five largest in the top 5 positions since 2007, according to OICA, which, however, stopped publishing statistics of motor vehicle production by manufacturer after 2017. All ten remained as the ten largest car makers by sales until the merger between Fiat-Chrysler and the PSA Group in early 2021; only Renault was degraded to 11th place, in 2022, when being surpassed by both BMW (which became the 10th largest in 2021) and Chang'an.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 15 Automakers in the World {{!}} Car Sales Rank Worldwide |url=https://www.factorywarrantylist.com/car-sales-by-manufacturer.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=F&I Tools |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Rank{{efn|name=Rank2017|As of 2017}} !! Group !! Country !! data-sort-type="number" | Produced vehicles (2017)<ref name=oi15/> !! data-sort-type="number" | Sold vehicles (2018) !! data-sort-type="number" | Sold vehicles (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.factorywarrantylist.com/car-sales-by-manufacturer.html |title=2020 Worldwide Car Sales by Manufacturer |publisher=F&I Tools USA |date=2022 |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> |- | 1||Toyota || Japan || 10,466,051 || 10,521,134 || 10,741,556 |- | 2||Volkswagen Group || Germany || 10,382,334 || 10,831,232 || 10,975,352 |- | 3||General Motors (except SAIC-GM-Wuling){{efn|name=SAIC-GM-Wuling|OICA lists SAIC-GM-Wuling combined with G.M. until 2014 but separately from 2015. Including SAIC-GM-Wuling, G.M. would still be larger than Hyundai until 2020.}} || United States || 9,027,658 (6,856,880) || 8,787,233 || 7,724,163 |- | 4||Hyundai|| South Korea || 7,218,391 ||7,437,209 || 7,189,893 |- | 5||Ford|| United States || 6,386,818 || 5,734,217 || 5,385,972 |- | 6||Nissan || Japan || 5,769,277 || 5,653,743 || 5,176,211 |- | 7||Honda || Japan || 5,235,842 || 5,265,892 || 5,323,319 |- | 8||Fiat-Chrysler (now part of Stellantis)|| Italy / United States || 4,600,847 || 4,841,366 || 4,612,673 |- | 9||Renault || France || 4,153,589 || 3,883,987 || 3,749,815 |- | 10||PSA Group (now part of Stellantis) || France || 3,649,742 || 4,126,349 || 3,479,152 |}

====Top 20 (2012–2013)==== These were the twenty largest manufacturers by production volume in 2012 and 2013, or the 21 largest in 2011 (before the Fiat-Chrysler merger), of which the fourteen largest as of 2011 were in the top 14 in 2010, 2008 and 2007 (but not 2009, when Changan and Mazda temporarily degraded Chrysler to 16th place). The eighteen largest as of 2013 have remained in the top 20 as of 2017, except Mitsubishi which fell out of top 20 in 2016, while Geely fell out of the top 20 in 2014 and 2015 but re-entered it in 2016.

{| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Rank{{efn|name=Rank2012|As of 2012}} !! Group !! Country !! data-sort-type="number" | Produced vehicles (2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads//ranking-2013s-2.pdf |title=World Ranking of Manufacturers Year 2013 |publisher=OICA |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref> !! data-sort-type="number" | Produced vehicles (2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/worldpro2012-modification-ranking.pdf |title=World Ranking of Manufacturers Year 2012 |publisher=OICA |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref> !! data-sort-type="number" | Produced vehicles (2011)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/ranking-2011.pdf |title=World Ranking of Manufacturers Year 2011 |publisher=OICA |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref> |- | 1 || style="text-align:left;" | Toyota || style="text-align:left;" | Japan || 10,324,995 || 10,104,424 || 8,050,181 |- | 2 || style="text-align:left;" | General Motors || style="text-align:left;" | United States || 9,628,912 || 9,285,425 || 9,031,670 |- | 3 || style="text-align:left;" | Volkswagen Group || style="text-align:left;" | Germany || 9,379,229 || 9,254,742 || 8,525,573 |- | 4 || style="text-align:left;" | Hyundai || style="text-align:left;" | South Korea || 7,233,080 || 7,126,413 || 6,616,858 |- | 5 || style="text-align:left;" | Ford || style="text-align:left;" | United States || 6,077,126 || 5,595,483 || 5,516,931 |- | 6 || style="text-align:left;" | Nissan || style="text-align:left;" | Japan || 4,950,924 || 4,889,379 || 4,631,673 |- | 7 || style="text-align:left;" | Fiat / FCA || style="text-align:left;" | Italy || 4,681,704 || 4 498 722{{efn|name=FCA|Fiat acquired Chrysler in 2012. However, Fiat and Chrysler was still listed separately by OICA in 2012, and combined first from 2013. Separately, the production by Fiat was 2,127,295 and by Chrysler 2,371,427.}} || 2,336,954 |- | 8 || style="text-align:left;" | Honda || style="text-align:left;" | Japan || 4,298,390 || 4,110,857 || 2,909,016 |- | 9 || style="text-align:left;" | PSA Peugeot Citroën || style="text-align:left;" | France || 2,833,781 || 2,911,764 || 3,582,410 |- | 10 || style="text-align:left;" | Suzuki || style="text-align:left;" | Japan || 2,842,133 || 2,893,602 || 2,725,899 |- | 11 || style="text-align:left;" | Renault || style="text-align:left;" | France || 2,704,675 || 2,676,226 || 2,825,089 |- | 12 || style="text-align:left;" | Daimler || style="text-align:left;" | Germany || 1,781,507 || 2,195,152 || 2,137,067 |- | || style="text-align:left;" | Chrysler || style="text-align:left;" | United States || part of FCA || part of FCA || 1,999,017 |- | 13 || style="text-align:left;" | BMW || style="text-align:left;" | Germany || 2,006,366 || 2,065,477 || 1,738,160 |- | 14 || style="text-align:left;" | SAIC || style="text-align:left;" | China || 1,992,250 || 1,783,548 || 1,478,502 |- | 15 || style="text-align:left;" | Tata || style="text-align:left;" | India || 1,062,654 || 1,241,239 || 1,197,192 |- | 16 || style="text-align:left;" | Mazda || style="text-align:left;" | Japan || 1,264,173 || 1,189,283 || 1,165,591 |- | 17 || style="text-align:left;" | Dongfeng || style="text-align:left;" | China || 1,238,948 || 1,137,950 || 1,108,949 |- | 18 || style="text-align:left;" | Mitsubishi || style="text-align:left;" | Japan || 1,229,441 || 1,109,731 || 1,140,282 |- | 19 || style="text-align:left;" | Changan || style="text-align:left;" | China || 1,109,889 || 1,063,721 || 1,167,208 |- | 20 || style="text-align:left;" | Geely || style="text-align:left;" | China || 969,896 || 922,906 || 897,107 |}

==Inter-company relationships== {{Expand list|date=December 2020}} {{update section|date=September 2024|reason=several of these have changed}}

=== Stakes === The following tables list automobile manufacturers that have stakes in other car makers: {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+ !Entity held !Stake held (%) !Voting rights (%) !Stake owner !Reference |- |Perodua |25 | |Daihatsu |<ref>{{cite web |date=17 January 2017 |title=Perusahaan Ootmobil Kedua |trans-title=Second Automobile Company |url=http://www.perodua.com.my/corporate/company |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117015645/http://www.perodua.com.my/corporate/company |archive-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=Perodua |language=ms |location=Malaysia}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Daimler Truck |30.01 | |Mercedes-Benz Group | rowspan="2" | |- |6.49 | |BAIC Group |- |Fuso |89.29 | |Daimler Truck | |- |BAIC Group |12 | |Mercedes-Benz Group | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sun |first1=Edward |last2=Taylor |first2=Yilei |date=23 July 2019 |title=China's BAIC buys 5% Mercedes-Benz Group stake to cement alliance |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-baic-daimler-idUSKCN1UI0IY |access-date=5 December 2020 |work=Reuters |location=US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Mercedes-Benz Group |5 | |BAIC Group |- |9.69 | |Geely Holding Group |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercedes and Geely joint ownership of Smart |url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/smart/106448/mercedes-and-geely-officially-announce-joint-ownership-of-smart-brand |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Auto Express |language=en}}</ref> |- |PSA Group |12.23 |19.94 |Dongfeng Motor | |- |Haima Automobile |49 | |FAW Group | |- |FCA Srbija |67 | |Stellantis | |- | rowspan="2" |Tofaş |37.8 | |FCA | |- |37.8 | |Koç Holding | |- | rowspan="2" |Zastava Trucks |54 | |Fiat Automobili Srbija | |- |46 | |Fiat Industrial | |- |King Long |15 | |Fujian Motors Group | |- |London EV Company |23 | |Geely Automobile | |- |Proton Holdings |49.9 | |Geely Automobile | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2017 |title=China's Geely to Acquire Stake in Malaysian Carmaker Proton |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-23/proton-owner-said-to-agree-to-sell-stake-in-carmaker-to-geely-j31o98jt |access-date=28 June 2017 |work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> |- |Lotus Cars |51 | |Geely Automobile |- |Volvo |8.3 |15.9 |Geely Holding Group | |- | rowspan="2" |Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines |20 | |General Motors | |- |10 | |Isuzu | |- |New Flyer Industries |19 | |Marcopolo | |- |Nissan Shatai |43 | |Nissan | |- |Volkswagen Group | |53.3 |Porsche SE | |- | rowspan="2" |AvtoVAZ |32.39 | |Rostec | |- |67.61 | |Central Research and Development Automobile and Engine Institute | |- |Renault Korea |52.8 | |Renault | |- |Pars Khodro |51 | |SAIPA | |- |Jaguar Land Rover |100 | |Tata Motors | |- |Daihatsu |100 | |Toyota | |- |Hino |100 | |Toyota | |- |Isuzu |4.6 | |Toyota | |- |Mazda |5.05 | |Toyota |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Toyota buys stake in Mazda, joint US factory, EV development planned {{!}} CarAdvice |url=https://www.caradvice.com.au/572997/toyota-buys-stake-in-mazda-joint-us-factory-ev-development-planned/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210428041457/https://www.caradvice.com.au/572997/toyota-buys-stake-in-mazda-joint-us-factory-ev-development-planned/ |archive-date=2021-04-28 |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=CarAdvice.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |Subaru Corporation |16.7 | |Toyota | |- |Suzuki |4.94 | |Toyota |<ref name="tp">{{Cite news |date=28 August 2019 |title=Toyota pulls Suzuki firmly into its orbit through stake deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-toyota-suzuki-idUSKCN1VI0MI |access-date=11 February 2020 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Toyota |0.25 | |Mazda | |- |0.2 | |Suzuki |<ref name="tp"/> |- |Audi Group |99.55 | | rowspan="3" |Volkswagen Group | |- |Scania |37.73 |68.6 | |- |MAN SE |53.7 |55.9 | |- |Tatra |19 | |Paccar | |- |Zhejiang Jonway |51 | |ZAP | |} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance !Entity held !Stake held (%) !Voting rights (%) !Stake owner !Owner parent !Reference |- |Nissan |43.4 | |Renault | | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2023 |title=Nissan, Renault move toward alliance rejig, to make statement -sources |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/01/30/nissan-renault |access-date=4 May 2025 |work=Euronews}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Statement |date=30 January 2023 |publisher=Alliance |url=https://media.alliancernm.com/statement//?lang=eng |access-date=4 May 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130111254/https://media.alliancernm.com/statement//?lang=eng |archive-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="share">{{cite press release |title=Renault Group and Nissan announce the completion of their agreements framing the foundations of the new chapter of the Alliance |date=8 November 2023 |publisher=Nissan |url=https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/231108-03-e |access-date=4 May 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108083613/https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/231108-03-e |archive-date=8 November 2023}}</ref> |- |Renault |15 | |Nissan | |- |Mitsubishi Motors |24 | |Nissan | |<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2016 |title=Nissan to take 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36273122 |access-date=1 July 2016 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Jack |date=8 Nov 2024 |title=Mitsubishi Buys Large Percentage of Shares Back from Nissan |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-baic-daimler-idUSKCN1UI0IY |access-date=4 May 2025 |location=US}}</ref> |} Mercedes-Benz Group held a combined 6.2% stake in the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance, and the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance also held a combined 6.2% stake in Mercedes-Benz Group until 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=Mercedes-Benz Offloads Its Entire Renault Stake |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/mercedes-benz-offloads-its-entire-renault-stake-174067.html |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Auto Evolution}}</ref>

=== Joint Ventures === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Name !Stakes held (%) !Stake owners !Reference |- | rowspan="2" |Blue Diamond Truck |50 |Ford | |- |50 |International Motors | |- | rowspan="2" |Ford Sollers |50 |Ford | |- |50 |Sollers JSC | |- | rowspan="2" |Ford Otosan |50 |Ford | |- |50 |Koç Holding | |- | rowspan="2" |Ford Lio Ho |70 |Ford | |- |30 |Lio Ho Group | |- | rowspan="2" |GM Uzbekistan |25 |General Motors | |- |75 |UzAvtosanoat | |- | rowspan="3" |GM-AvtoVAZ |41.61 |GM | |- |41.61 |AvtoVAZ | |- |16.76 |EBRD | |- | rowspan="2" |Hyundai Assan Otomotiv |70 |Hyundai Motor Company | |- |30 |Kibar Holding | |- | rowspan="2" |Anadolu Isuzu |50 |Isuzu | |- |50 |Anadolu Group | |- | rowspan="2" |Isuzu Truck South Africa |50 |Isuzu | |- |50 |General Motors | |- | rowspan="3" |Sollers-Isuzu |29 |Isuzu | |- |66 |Sollers JSC | |- |5 |Imperial Sojitz | |- | rowspan="2" |Mahindra Trucks and Buses Limited |51 |Mahindra & Mahindra | |- |49 |International Motors | |- | rowspan="2" |MAN Auto-Uzbekistan |49 |MAN SE | |- |51 |UzAvtosanoat | |- | rowspan="2" |PSA AVTEC Powertrain Pvt. Ltd. |50 |PSA | |- |50 |CK Birla Group (AVTEC) | |- | rowspan="3" |Ford Sollers | |Sollers JSC | |- | |Ford | |- | |Mazda | |- | rowspan="2" | | |Tata Motors | |- | |Fiat | |- | rowspan="2" |Tata Marcopolo |51 |Tata Motors | |- |49 |Marcopolo | |- | rowspan="2" |VE Commercial Vehicles |50 |Volvo | |- |50 |Eicher Motors | |}

==== China ==== Until 2022, China required foreign automotive firms to form joint ventures in order to access their market.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heng |first=Evelyn Cheng,Sonia |date=2024-11-22 |title=The world's auto giants will need to partner with Chinese companies to survive in China, analysts say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/11/22/auto-giants-need-to-partner-with-chinese-companies-to-survive-in-china-analysts.html |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> The policy led to quality improvement across the industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=How Joint Ventures Shaped Technology Transfer and Quality Upgrading in China’s Auto Industry: CID Faculty Research Insights |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/cid/voices/how-joint-ventures-shaped-technology-transfer-and-quality-upgrading-chinas-auto |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=www.hks.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Much Do China’s Joint Venture Requirements Promote Knowledge Transfers |url=https://sccei.fsi.stanford.edu/china-briefs/how-much-do-chinas-joint-venture-requirements-promote-knowledge-transfers-domestic |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=sccei.fsi.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Name !Stakes held (%) !Stake owners !Reference |- | rowspan="4" |Fujian Benz | |FMG | |- | |Beijing Automotive Group | |- | |China Motor | |- | |Mercedes-Benz Group | |- | rowspan="3" |Soueast |50 |FMG | |- |25 |China Motor | |- |25 |Mitsubishi Motors | |- | rowspan="2" |Beijing Benz |50 |Beijing Automotive Group | |- |50 |Mercedes-Benz Group | |- | rowspan="2" |Beijing Foton Daimler Automobile | |Beijing Automotive Group | |- | |Mercedes-Benz Group | |- | rowspan="2" |Beijing Hyundai |50 |Beijing Automotive Group | |- |50 |Hyundai | |- | rowspan="3" |BMW Brilliance |50 |BMW | |- |40.5 |Brilliance | |- |9.5 |Shenyang municipal government | |- | rowspan="2" |Changan PSA |50 |Changan Automobile | |- |50 |PSA Group | |- | rowspan="2" |Changan Suzuki |50 |Changan Automobile | |- |50 |Suzuki | |- | rowspan="2" |Changan Mazda |50 |Changan Automobile | |- |50 |Mazda | |- | rowspan="2" |Changan Ford |50 |Changan Automobile | |- |50 |Ford | |- | rowspan="2" |Jiangling Motor Holding | |Changan Automobile | |- | |JMCG | |- | rowspan="2" |Chery Jaguar Land Rover |50 |Chery | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Corporate Introduction |url=https://www.cheryjaguarlandrover.com/pc_static/company/index_en.php |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Chery Jaguar Land Rover}}</ref> |- |50 |Jaguar Land Rover |- | rowspan="2" |Qoros |50 |Chery | |- |50 |Israel Corporation | |- | rowspan="2" |Dongfeng Motor Company |50 |Dongfeng Motor Corporation | |- |50 |Nissan | |- | rowspan="2" |Denza |50 |Mercedes-Benz Group | |- |50 |BYD Auto | |- | rowspan="2" |smart Automobile |50 |Mercedes-Benz Group | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite press release |title=Mercedes-Benz and Geely Holding have formally established its global joint venture "smart Automobile Co., Ltd." for the smart brand |url=https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Mercedes-Benz-and-Geely-Holding-have-formally-established-its-global-joint-venture-smart-Automobile-Co-Ltd-for-the-smart-brand.xhtml?oid=45340879 |language=en |access-date=5 December 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230052857/https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Mercedes-Benz-and-Geely-Holding-have-formally-established-its-global-joint-venture-smart-Automobile-Co-Ltd-for-the-smart-brand.xhtml?oid=45340879 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |website=media.daimler.com}}</ref> |- |50 |Geely Holding Group |- | rowspan="2" |Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën |50 |Dongfeng Motor | |- |50 |Stellantis{{efn|name=Chrysler|until 2021}} | |- | rowspan="2" |Dongfeng Honda |50 |Dongfeng Motor | |- |50 |Honda | |- | rowspan="2" |Dongfeng Renault |50 |Dongfeng Motor | |- |50 |Renault | |- | rowspan="2" |FAW-GM |50 |FAW Group | |- |50 |General Motors | |- | rowspan="2" |FAW-Volkswagen |50 |FAW Group | |- |50 |Volkswagen Group | |- | rowspan="2" |Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor |50 |FAW Group | |- |50 |Toyota | |- | rowspan="2" |Ranz | |FAW Group | |- | |Toyota | |- | rowspan="2" |SAIC-GM | |General Motors | |- | |SAIC Motor | |- | rowspan="3" |SAIC-GM-Wuling | |General Motors | |- | |SAIC Motor | |- | |Wuling Motors | |- | rowspan="2" |Anhui Jianghuai Navistar | |Navistar International | |- | |JAC | |}

==== Dissolved ==== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Name !Stakes held (%) !Stake owners !Reference |- | rowspan="2" |Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel | |Dongfeng Motor | |- | |Volvo | |- | rowspan="2" |Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech |50 |PSA | |- |50 |Toyota | |}

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading== * Ajitha, P. V., and Ankita Nagra. "An Overview of Artificial Intelligence in Automobile Industry–A Case Study on Tesla Cars." ''Solid State Technology'' 64.2 (2021): 503–512. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ankita-Nagra/publication/349298066_An_Overview_of_Artificial_Intelligence_in_Automobile_Industry_-A_Case_Study_on_Tesla_Cars/links/60290f534585158939a2b5e6/An-Overview-of-Artificial-Intelligence-in-Automobile-Industry-A-Case-Study-on-Tesla-Cars.pdf online] * Banerjee, Preeta M., and Micaela Preskill. "The role of government in shifting firm innovation focus in the automobile industry" in ''Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Sustainability'' (Routledge, 2017) pp. 108–129. * Bohnsack, René, et al. "Driving the electric bandwagon: The dynamics of incumbents' sustainable innovation." ''Business Strategy and the Environment'' 29.2 (2020): 727–743 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bse.2430 online]. * Bungsche, Holger. "Regional economic integration and the automobile industry: automobile policies, division of labour, production network formation and market development in the EU and ASEAN." ''International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management'' 18.4 (2018): 345–370. * Chen, Yuan, C-Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell, and Yunshi Wang. "The Chinese automobile industry and government policy." ''Research in Transportation Economics'' 84 (2020): 100849. [http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lin/China_auto_mkt_JTRF_paper.pdf online] * Clark, Kim B., et al. "Product development in the world auto industry." ''Brookings Papers on economic activity'' 1987.3 (1987): 729–781. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kim-Clark-2/publication/4909817_Product_Development_in_the_World_Auto_Industry/links/53fdfc560cf22f21c2f90e91/Product-Development-in-the-World-Auto-Industry.pdf online] * Guzik, Robert, Bolesław Domański, and Krzysztof Gwosdz. "Automotive industry dynamics in Central Europe." in ''New Frontiers of the Automobile Industry'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 377–397. * Imran, Muhammad, and Jawad Abbas. "The role of strategic orientation in export performance of China automobile industry." in ''Handbook of Research on Managerial Practices and Disruptive Innovation in Asia'' (2020): 249–263. * Jetin, Bruno. "Who will control the electric vehicle market?" ''International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management'' 20.2 (2020): 156–177. [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03193666/document online] * Kawahara, Akira. ''The origin of competitive strength: fifty years of the auto industry in Japan and the US'' (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012). * Kuboniwa, Masaaki. "Present and future problems of developments of the Russian auto-industry." ''RRC Working Paper'' Series 15 (2009): 1–12. [https://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/rrc/Japanese/pdf/RRC_WP_No15.pdf online] * Lee, Euna, and Jai S. Mah. "Industrial policy and the development of the electric vehicles industry: The case of Korea." ''Journal of technology management & innovation'' 15.4 (2020): 71–80. [https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-27242020000400071&script=sci_arttext&tlng=p online] * Link, Stefan J. ''Forging Global Fordism: Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia, and the Contest over the Industrial Order'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Forging-Global-Fordism-Germany-Industrial/dp/0691177546/ excerpt]; influential overview * Liu, Shiyong. "Competition and Valuation: A Case Study of Tesla Motors." ''IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science'' . Vol. 692. No. 2. (IOP Publishing, 2021) [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022103/pdf online] * Miglani, Smita. "The growth of the Indian automobile industry: Analysis of the roles of government policy and other enabling factors." in ''Innovation, economic development, and intellectual property in India and China'' (Springer, Singapore, 2019) pp. 439–463. * {{cite book |last=Pavlinek |first=Petr |year=2025 |title=Europe's Auto Industry: Global Production Networks and Spatial Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781009453196 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/europes-auto-industry/8FB76CC4D668010A88C4871431C6320D}} * Qin, Yujie, Yuqing Xiao, and Jiawei Yuan. "The Comprehensive Competitiveness of Tesla Based on Financial Analysis: A Case Study." in ''2021 International Conference on Financial Management and Economic Transition'' (FMET 2021). (Atlantis Press, 2021). [https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125961100.pdf online] * Rawlinson, Michael, and Peter Wells. ''The new European automobile industry'' (Springer, 2016). * Rubenstein, James M. ''The changing US auto industry: a geographical analysis'' (Routledge, 2002). * Seo, Dae-Sung. "EV Energy Convergence Plan for Reshaping the European Automobile Industry According to the Green Deal Policy." ''Journal of Convergence for Information Technology'' 11.6 (2021): 40–48. [https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202118742188026.pdf online] * Shigeta, Naoya, and Seyed Ehsan Hosseini. "Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles' Power Sources." ''Energies'' 14.1 (2021): 78+ [https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/1/78/pdf online] * Ueno, Hiroya, and Hiromichi Muto. "The automobile industry of Japan." on ''Industry and Business in Japan'' (Routledge, 2017) pp. 139–190. * Verma, Shrey, Gaurav Dwivedi, and Puneet Verma. "Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in comparison to combustion engine vehicles: A review." ''Materials Today: Proceedings'' (2021) [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shrey-Verma-5/publication/349693055_Life_cycle_assessment_of_electric_vehicles_in_comparison_to_combustion_engine_vehicles_A_review/links/610e40290c2bfa282a2b2fd6/Life-cycle-assessment-of-electric-vehicles-in-comparison-to-combustion-engine-vehicles-A-review.pdf online]. * Vošta, M. I. L. A. N., and A. L. E. Š. Kocourek. "Competitiveness of the European automobile industry in the global context." ''Politics in Central Europe'' 13.1 (2017): 69–89. [https://www.politicsincentraleurope.eu/documents/file/PCE_2017_1_13.pdf#page=71 online] * Zhu, Xiaoxi, et al. "Promoting new energy vehicles consumption: The effect of implementing carbon regulation on automobile industry in China." ''Computers & Industrial Engineering'' 135 (2019): 211–226. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wu-Guangdong/publication/333622343_Promoting_new_energy_vehicles_consumption_The_effect_of_implementing_carbon_regulation_on_automobile_industry_in_China/links/5f81232d92851c14bcbc0a39/Promoting-new-energy-vehicles-consumption-The-effect-of-implementing-carbon-regulation-on-automobile-industry-in-China.pdf online]

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