Acaridae

{{Short description|Family of mites}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Grain mite 1.JPG | image_caption = ''Acarus siro'' | taxon = Acaridae | authority = Latreille, 1802 | display_parents = 3 | diversity_link = | diversity = > 110 genera, > 400 species | range_map = | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = *Acarinae *Fagacarinae *Pontoppidaniinae *Rhizoglyphinae }} [[File:Cheese mite.jpg|thumb|''Tyrophagus putrescentiae'']] [[File:Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Drawing).jpg|thumb|''Rhizoglyphus echinopus'']] [[File:5-Sancassania feeding stages ex Pelidnota punctata BMOC-15-0727-004.jpg|thumb|''Sancassania'' sp.]] The '''Acaridae''' are a family of mites in order Sarcoptiformes.<ref>{{cite web |editor=Barry O'Connor |url=http://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/Acari/Family/Acaridae.txt |title=Acaridae Species Listing |work=Biology Catalog |publisher=Texas A&M University |year=2008 |access-date=July 26, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100807105304/http://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/Acari/Family/Acaridae.txt| archive-date= 7 August 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

== Distribution == There are several acarid genera with cosmopolitan distributions, such as ''Acarus''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Acarus {{!}} Bee Mite ID |url=http://idtools.org/id/mites/beemites/factsheet.php?name=15314 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=idtools.org}}</ref>'', Sancassania''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sancassania {{!}} Bee Mite ID |url=http://idtools.org/id/mites/beemites/factsheet.php?name=15312 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=idtools.org}}</ref> and ''Tyrophagus''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tyrophagus {{!}} Bee Mite ID |url=http://idtools.org/id/mites/beemites/factsheet.php?name=15324 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=idtools.org}}</ref>

== Ecology == Acaridae live in various habitats and have various diets.

Many are generalists that live in natural (e.g. soil, litter, animal nests, decomposing plant material) and artificial (e.g. human dwellings, granaries, greenhouses, plant nurseries) environments. They feed on decomposing organic material, fungi and nematodes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

There are also more specialised acarids. Some ''Acarus'' inhabit nests of warm-blooded animals, mostly rodents and birds.<ref name=":0" /> Within ''Sancassania,'' there are species associated with certain bees, associated with scarabaeid beetles (riding phoretically on live beetles and feeding on dead beetles) or feeding on mushrooms.<ref name=":1" /> A lineage of ''Tyrophagus'', comprising ''T. formicetorum'' and related species, only occurs in ant nests.<ref name=":2" /> A number of ''Histiogaster'' species live beneath bark (subcortical) and feed on fungi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Genus Histiogaster |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/304203 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=bugguide.net}}</ref>

== Dispersal == Various Acaridae have a phoretic deutonymph stage in their life cycle, a non-feeding nymph stage that can disperse to new habitats by riding on larger animals.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Hyperphoresy (riding an animal which is itself riding a third animal) has also been reported, with acarid deutonymphs on a larger Uropodidae mite which in turn was on a beetle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beetle Mites |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/118625 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=bugguide.net}}</ref>

Most ''Tyrophagus'' species do not form deutonymphs (except for the ''T. formicetorum'' lineage), instead dispersing as feeding life stages. They may disperse phoretically, by active movements or by air currents.<ref name=":2" />

== Pests == Some Acaridae species are stored product pests, such as ''Acarus siro'', ''A. farris, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Tyrophagus longior'' and ''Tyrolichus casei''. These infest stored organic materials such as grains, flour, dried fruit, milk products, hams, cheeses, straw, animal hides, invertebrate culture media, vertebrate bedding materials and animal feed. They thrive in humid conditions and on damp materials. Acaridae can cause dermatitis via piercing human skin (in attempts to feed) or via contact allergens.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mullen |first1=Gary R. |title=Mites (Acari) |date=2019 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128140437000261 |work=Medical and Veterinary Entomology |pages=533–602 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00026-1 |isbn=978-0-12-814043-7 |access-date=2022-09-20 |last2=OConnor |first2=Barry M.|s2cid=239345468 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

There are also Acaridae which are pests of living plants. These include the genus ''Rhizoglyphus'' (pests of plants with bulbs)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulbmites |url=https://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/foliage/entomol/ncstate/mite2.htm |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=mrec.ifas.ufl.edu}}</ref> and the species ''T. longior'' (pest of some ornamental plants).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buxton |first=J. H. |date=1989 |title=Tyrophagus longior (Gervais) (Acarina; Acaridae) as a pest of ornamentals grown under protection |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb02167.x |journal=Plant Pathology |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=447–448 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb02167.x |issn=0032-0862|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Genera==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}} ;Fagacarinae Fain & R. A. Norton, 1979 * ''Fagacarus'' Fain & R. A. Norton, 1979

;Acarinae Nesbitt, 1945 * ''Acarus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Aleuroglyphus'' Zachvatkin, 1940 * ''Ebertia'' Oudemans, 1924 * ''Podoglyphus'' Oudemans, 1937 * ''Tyrolichus'' Oudemans, 1924 * ''Tyroglyphites'' Pampaloni, 1902 * ''Tyrophagus'' Oudemans, 1924

;Rhizoglyphinae Zakhvatkin, 1941 * ''Acarotalpa'' Volgin, 1966 * ''Acotyledon'' Oudemans, 1903 * ''Caloglyphus'' Berlese, 1923 * ''Cosmoglyphus'' Oudemans, 1932 * ''Froriepia'' Vitzthum, 1919 * ''Garsaultia'' Oudemans, 1916 * ''Histiogaster'' Berlese, 1883 * ''Horstia'' Oudemans, 1905 * ''Mycetoglyphus'' Oudemans, 1932 * ''Myrmoglyphus'' Vitzthum, 1935 * ''Rhizoglyphus'' Claparédè, 1869 * ''Sancassania'' Oudemans, 1916 * ''Schwiebea'' Oudemans, 1916 * ''Stereoglyphus'' Berlese, 1923 * ''Thyreophagus'' Rondani, 1874 * ''Troglocoptes'' Fain, 1966 * ''Valmontia'' Oudemans, 1923 * ''Viedebanttia'' Oudemans, 1929

;Pontoppidaniinae Oudemans, 1925 * ''Diphtheroglyphus'' Nesbitt, 1950 * ''Pontoppidania'' Oudemans, 1923

;''Incertae sedis'' * ''Aellenella'' S. Mahunka, 1978 * ''Apiacarus'' Volgin, 1974 * ''Amphicalvolia'' Türk, 1963 * ''Armacarus'' S. Mahunka, 1979 * ''Askinasia'' Yunker, 1970 * ''Australhypopus'' Fain & Friend, 1984 * ''Baloghella'' Mahunka, 1963 * ''Bembidioglyphus'' Klimov, 1998 * ''Boletacarus'' V. I. Volgin & S. V. Mironov, 1980 * ''Boletoglyphus'' Volgin, 1953 * ''Bromeliaglyphus'' H. H. J. Nesbitt, 1985 * ''Calvoliella'' Samsinak, 1969 * ''Calvoliopsis'' Mahunka, 1973 * ''Capillaroglyphus'' Klimov, 1998 * ''Carabidobius'' Volgin, 1953 * ''Cerophagopsis'' Zachvatkin, 1941 * ''Chibidaria'' Sasa, 1952 * ''Contromelisia'' Samsinak, 1969 * ''Ctenocolletacarus'' Fain, 1984 * ''Diadasiopus'' OConnor, 1997 * ''Dynastopus'' Fain, 1978 * ''Ewingia'' Pearse, 1929 * ''Fainoglyphus'' S. Mahunka, 1979 * ''Forcellinia'' Oudemans, 1924 * ''Ghanacarus'' Mahunka, 1973 * ''Halictacarus'' Mahunka, 1975 * ''Heteroglyphus'' Foa, 1897 * ''Hoogstraalacarus'' Yunker, 1970 * ''Horstiella'' Türk, 1949 * ''Hortacarus'' S. Mahunka, 1979 * ''Hyohondania'' Sasa, 1952 * ''Irianopus'' Fain, 1986 * ''Kanekobia'' Fain, C. E. Yunker, J. van Goethem & D. E. Johnston, 1982 * ''Kargoecius'' Fain, 1985 * ''Konoglyphus'' Delfinado & Baker, 1974 * ''Kuzinia'' Zachvatkin, 1941 * ''Lackerbaueria'' Zachvatkin, 1941 * ''Lamtoglyphus'' Fain, 1975 * ''Lasioacarus'' Kadzhyaya, 1968 * ''Lemmaniella'' Mahunka, 1977 * ''Lindquistia'' Mahunka, 1977 * ''Lowryacarus'' Fain, 1986 * ''Machadoglyphus'' Mahunka, 1963 * ''Madaglyphus'' Fain, 1971 * ''Mahunkaglyphus'' Eraky, 1998 * ''Mahunkallinia'' Eraky, 1999 * ''Mauracarus'' S. Mahunka, 1978 * ''Medeus'' Volgin, 1974 * ''Megachilopus'' Fain, 1974 * ''Mezorhizoglyphus'' Kadzhaya, 1966 * ''Mycetosancassania'' Klimov, 2000 * ''Myrmolichus'' Türk & Türk, 1957 * ''Naiacus'' H. H. J. Nesbitt, 1990 * ''Naiadacarus'' Fashing, 1974 * ''Neoacotyledon'' K. Samsinak, 1980 * ''Neohorstia'' Zachvatkin, 1941 * ''Neotropacarus'' Baker, 1985 * ''Notiopsyllopus'' Fain, 1977 * ''Ocellacarus'' S. Mahunka, 1979 * ''Olafsenia'' Oudemans, 1927 * ''Omentopus'' Fain, 1978 * ''Paraceroglyphus'' Fain & Beaucournu, 1979 * ''Paraforcellinia'' Kadzhaya, 1974 * ''Passaloglyphus'' Mahunka & Samsinak, 1972 * ''Paulacarellus'' Fain, 1976 * ''Pelzneria'' Scheucher, in Stammer 1957 * ''Pinoglyphus'' S. Mahunka, 1978 * ''Psyllacarus'' Fain, F. Bartholomaeus, B. Cooke & J. C. Beaucournu, 1990 * ''Psylloglyphus'' Fain, 1966 * ''Psyllopus'' Fain & J. C. Beaucournu, 1993 * ''Reckiacarus'' G. Kadzhaya, 1972 * ''Rettacarus'' S. Mahunka, 1979 * ''Rhizoglyphoides'' V. I. Volgin, 1978 * ''Rodionovia'' Zachvatkin, 1941 * ''Scatoglyphus'' Berlese, 1913 * ''Schulzea'' Zachvatkin, 1941 * ''Sennertionyx'' Zachvatkin, 1941 * ''Setoglyphus'' S. Mahunka, 1979 * ''Sinolardoglyphus'' Z. T. Jiang, 1991 * ''Sinosuidasia'' Jiang, 1996 * ''Spinacaropus'' Fain & A. M. Camerik, 1978 * ''Terglyphus'' Samsinak, 1965 * ''Thectochloracarus'' Fain, Engel, Flechtmann & OConnor, 1999 * ''Trichopsyllopus'' Fain & G. T. Baker, 1983 * ''Troxocoptes'' Fain & J. R. Philips, 1983 * ''Umakefeq'' Klimov, 2000 * ''Volginia'' Kadzhaya, 1967 {{div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category-inline}} * Stuart M. Bennett (2003): [http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th7g.htm ''Acarus siro'' (Flour Mite)]

Category:Acaridae Category:Sarcoptiformes Category:Mite families Category:Arachnids described in 1802 Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille