{{short description|Multiethnic confederation of Native Americans}} {{Other uses}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Yamasee | native_name = | image = | native_name_lang = | population = Extinct as a tribe<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waldman|first1=Carl|title=Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes|date=15 July 2006|publisher=Checkmark Books|isbn=978-0816062744|page=323|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxomdGVLjZ0C&q=Yamasee+extinct&pg=PA323}}</ref> | regions = {{Flagicon|United States}} United States (Georgia, northern Florida, and South Carolina<ref name=gene>[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/yamasee/yamaseeindiantribe.htm "Yamasee Indian Tribe History."] ''Access Genealogy.'' (retrieved 20 Nov 2010)</ref>) | pop1 = | ref1 = | religions = Yamasee tribal religion | languages = Yamasee language (extinct)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Lyle|title=American Indian Languages|date=21 September 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195140507|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h36tPYqAZPwC&q=Yamasee+extinct&pg=PA149}}</ref> | related = La Tama, Guale,<ref name=g13>Green et al 13</ref> Seminole, Hitchiti,<ref name=gene/> and other Muskogean tribes }}
The '''Yamasee''' (also spelled '''Yamassees''',<ref>Michael P. Morris. [https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/yamassee-war/ "Yamassee War."] ''South Carolina Encyclopedia.'' University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</ref><ref>[http://yamasseenation.org/index/ Yamassee Nation: Yamassee Indian Tribe of Seminoles] website. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</ref> '''Yemasees''', '''Yemassees''', and '''Yamasis'''<ref>[https://www.sciway.net/hist/indians/yemassee.html Yemassee Indians: Native Americans in SC] at SCIWAY.net. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</ref>) were a multiethnic confederation of Native Americans (Indians) consisting of the survivors of several chiefdoms in Georgia destroyed by disruptions caused by European explorers and settlers in the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref name=g13/> First coming to the attention of the Spanish in 1663, the Yamasee initially lived near the sea coast from northern Florida to South Carolina. The Yamasee became prominent in the history of South Carolina when they settled near the Savannah River in the 1680s. Allied with the British colonists, they became slave raiders, capturing Indians and trading them for guns and other British products. In 1715, due to a number of grievances, they and several other tribes went to war with the British in what was called the Yamasee War. The war was bloody and threatened the existence of the British colony in South Carolina. After initial successes, the Yamasee were defeated and dispersed. The survivors joined other tribes and the Yamasee soon ceased to exist as an independent people.<ref name="Howard 681–683">{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=James H.|date=August 1960|title=The Yamasee: A Supposedly Extinct Southeastern Tribe Rediscovered|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=62|issue=4|pages=681–683|doi=10.1525/aa.1960.62.4.02a00120|issn=0002-7294}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Sturtevant|first=William C.|date=April 1994|title=The Misconnection of Guale and Yamasee with Muskogean|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=60|issue=2|pages=139–148|doi=10.1086/466226|s2cid=143736985|issn=0020-7071}}</ref>
The Yamasee, along with their neighbors the Guale, are considered from linguistic evidence by many scholars to have been a Muskogean language people. For instance, the Yamasee term "Mico", meaning chief, is also common in Muskogee.<ref name=":3" />
==Origins== In what has been called the Mississippian shatter zone, European expeditions, diseases, and trade in the 16th and early 17th centuries disrupted the American Indian societies of what would become the southeastern United States. The large chiefdoms of the region began to fall apart, replaced by smaller and less populous tribes and confederations. The death-blow to the Ocute, Altamaha, and Ichisi chiefdoms in interior Georgia were the slave raids of the Westo beginning about 1660. The Westo were an Iroquoian people whose customers were colonists in the British colony of Virginia. Some of the refugees from the slave raids moved to Spanish Florida seeking protection from the slavers.<ref name="Gallay and Bossy">{{cite book |last1=Gallay |first1=Alan |last2=Bossy |first2=Denise I. |title=The Yamassee Indians |date=2018 |isbn=9781496230386 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |pages=1-2 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/62738 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref>
In 1663, Spanish sdocuments began referring to a people called the "Yamasis", the refugees from Ocute and the other chiefdoms. The Yamasis were living in five villages along the Atlantic Ocean coast near the border of Georgia and South Carolina. This was the beginning of a polity of refugees from several Indian tribes that the British settlers would call Yamasee.{{sfn|Gallay and Bossy|2018|pages=57,92}}
==European colonization== [[File:Roberto Holy Card.jpg|thumb|Image of Roberto, Yamasee Roman Catholic martyr (d. 1740)]] === Spanish contact ===
Spain established the town of St. Augustine, Florida in 1665, the first permanent European settlement in the United States. In subsequent years, Spanish soldiers established presidios (forts) and Franciscan missionaries established missions up and down the north Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina coasts. Indain peoples such as the Timucua and Mocama in Florida and Georgia, the Guale in Georgia, and the Cusabo in South Carolina flocked to the Spanish for protection from slavers. They were joined by the Yamasee after 1660. Most of the presidios soon failed but the missions persisted and provided a small measure of protection against slavers.{{sfn|Galley and Bossy|2018|page=57}}<ref name="Childers">{{cite journal |last1=Childers |first1=Ronald Wayne |title=The Presidio System in Spanish Florida, 1565-1763 |journal=Historical Archaeology |date=2004 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=24-27 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617178 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref>
The Yamasee and the Spanish missionaries were quickly estranged from each other. The Yamasee resisted conversion to Christianity and failed on occasion to provide the labor demanded of them by the Spanish missions. The English settlement in South Carolina in 1670 and the defeat and destruction of the Westo in 1674 gave them an alternative to the Spanish. Moreover, the British had no compunctions about selling them guns. Pirate attacks by the French along the coast were a also problem and in the 1680s most of the Yamasee moved inland to the Savannah River on the border of Georgia and South Carolina.<ref name="Gallay2003">{{cite book|last=Gallay|first=Alan|title=The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwYJXj6PdbAC&pg=PA73|access-date=14 July 2012|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-10193-5|pages=73–74}}</ref>{{sfn|Gallay and Bossy|2018|pages=33-34}}
===British allies=== In 1687, some Spaniards attempted to send captive Yamasee to the West Indies as slaves. The tribe revolted against the Spanish missions and their Native allies, and moved into the English colony of the Carolina (present day South Carolina).<ref name="Freeman">{{cite book |last1=Freeman |first1=Michael |title=Native American History of Savannah |date=2018 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-1-4396-6449-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMFdDwAAQBAJ&q=1687%2C%20Spaniards%20attempted%20to%20send%20Yamasees%20to%20the%20West%20Indies%2C%20South%20Carolina&pg=PT41 |access-date=12 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> They established several villages, including Pocotaligo, Tolemato, and Topiqui, in Beaufort County. In the early 18th century the population of the multi-ethnic Yamasee exceeded 4,000.<ref name="Hall">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Amanda |title=The Persistence of Yamassee Power and Identity at the Town of San Antonio de Pocotalaca, 1716-1752 |date=2018 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |isbn=9781496212276 |pages=221-222 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/62738 |access-date=25 May 2026}} In Gallay, Alan and Bossy, Denise I. ''The Yamassee Indians''.</ref>
Scholar Denise Bossy said that "by 1707 all southeastern Indians were either slave raiders or their targets."<ref name="Bossy">{{cite book |last1=Bossy |first1=Denise I. |title=Indian Slavery in Southeastern Indian and British societies, 1670-1730 |date=2009 |publisher=University Press of Nebraska |location=Lincoln |isbn=9780803222007 |page=215 |url=https://www.jstor.org/content/oa_chapter_edited/jj.32942794.10?seq=1}} In "Indian Slavery in Colonial America", ed. by Alan Galley</ref> The Yamasee, despite their past of being victims of slavery, were no exception. The economy of the British colony of South Carolina in the late 17th and early 18th century was based on export of deerskins and capturing and selling Indian slaves. Author Alan Gallay estimated that that between 1670 and 1715, 24,000 to 51,000 captive Indians were exported from South Carolina, more than the number of African slaves imported into South Carolina during that same period.{{sfn|Gallay|2003|page=299-301}}
Yamasee raiders (equipped with European firearms and working in concert with Carolinian settlers) conducted slave raids against Spanish-allied Indian tribes in Florida and Georgia.{{sfn|Gallay|2003|pages=127-134}} Indian captives of the Yamasee were transported to colonial settlements throughout Carolina, where they were sold to white colonists; many of these captives were then resold to West Indies sugar plantations, especially to the island of Barbados.<ref name="Oatis2004">{{cite book|last=Oatis|first=Steven J.|title=A Colonial Complex: South Carolina's Frontiers In The Era Of The Yamasee War, 1680-1730|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rcFu4KjwVAC&pg=PA47|access-date=14 July 2012|year=2004|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-3575-5|page=47}}</ref>
==Yamasee War and aftermath== {{Main|Yamasee War}} Many Yamasee soon became indebted to the colonists they traded with, as a result of duplicitous colonial mercantile practices.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Native American History|date=2011|publisher=Facts On File|editor=Mancall, Peter C.|isbn=978-1-4381-3567-0|location=New York, NY|oclc=753701389}}</ref> Infuriated by the practices of the colonists, the Yamasees resolved to go to war against them, forming a pan-tribal coalition and initiating a two-year long war by attacking the colonial settlement of Charles Town on April 15, 1715.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=The Yamasee Indians from Florida to South Carolina|editor=Bossy, Denise I.|date=November 2018|isbn=978-1-4962-1227-6|location=Lincoln, Nebraska|publisher= U of Nebraska Press|oclc=1053888273}}</ref>
Bolstered by the large number of Indian tribes they had managed to enlist into their coalition, the Yamasees staged large-scale raids against other colonial settlements in Carolina as well, leading to most colonists abandoning frontier settlements and seeking refuge in Charles Town.<ref name="gene" /><ref name="Ramsey2008">{{cite book|last=Ramsey|first=William L.|title=The Yamasee War: A Study of Culture, Economy, and Conflict in the Colonial South|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-IiOoGJHoYC&pg=PA101|access-date=14 July 2012|year=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-3972-2|pages=101–103}}</ref> South Carolina Governor Charles Craven led a force which defeated the Yamasees at Salkechuh (also spelled Saltketchers or Salkehatchie) on the Combahee River. Eventually, Craven was able to drive the Yamasees across the Savannah River back into Spanish Florida.<ref name="gene" />
After the war, the Yamasees migrated southwards to the region around St. Augustine and Pensacola, where they formed an alliance with the Spanish colonial administration. These Yamasees continued to inhabit Florida until 1727, when the combination of a smallpox epidemic and raids by Col. John Palmer (leading fifty Carolinian militiamen and one hundred Indians) eventually led many of the remaining Yamasees to disperse, with some joining the Seminole or Creek.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hoffman|first1=Paul E.|title=Florida's Frontiers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xS7FoD3cSAC&dq=1727+florida&pg=PA188|pages=188|year=2002|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253340191}}</ref> Still others remained near St. Augustine until the Spanish relinquished control of the city to the British. At that time, they took with them around ninety Yamasees to Havana, Cuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Covington |first1=James |title=The Seminoles of Florida |date=1993 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=9780813011967 |page=5}}</ref>
== Culture == Steven J. Oatis and other historians describe the Yamasees as a multi-ethnic amalgamation of several remnant Indian groups, including the Guale, ''La Tama'', Apalachee, Coweta, and Cussita Creek. Historian Chester B. DePratter describes the Yamasee towns of early South Carolina as consisting of lower towns, consisting mainly of Hitchiti-speaking Indians, and upper towns, consisting mainly of Guale Indians.<ref>{{NRHP url|id=64500575|title=Dr. Chester B. DePratter, "The Foundation, Occupation, and Abandonment of Yamasee Indian Towns in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1684-1715"}}, National Register Submission, National Park Service</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Oatis |first= Steven J. |title= A Colonial Complex: South Carolina's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680-1730 |year= 2004 |publisher= University of Nebraska Press |isbn= 0-8032-3575-5}}</ref>
=== Slavery === The Yamasees were one of the largest slave raiding tribes in the American Southeast during the late 17th century, and have been described as a "militaristic slaving society", having acquired firearms from European colonists.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|editor=Bossy, Denise I.|title=The Yamasee Indians from Florida to South Carolina|date=November 2018|publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-1-4962-1227-6|oclc=1053888273}}</ref> Their use of slave raids to exert dominance over other tribes is partially attributed to the Yamasee aligning with European colonists in order to maintain their own independence.<ref name=":2" /> It was typical of Native Americans to take captives during warfare, particularly young women and children, though the Yamasees soon began to transport their captives to Carolina to sell in Charles Town's slave markets. They soon began to conduct raids specifically to take captives and sell them in Carolina.{{fact|date=January 2022}}
=== Diplomacy === In 1713, Anglican missionaries in South Carolina sponsored the journey of a Yamasees man (whose actual name is unknown, as he was generally referred to as the "prince" or "Prince George") from Charles Town to London.<ref name=":23"/> Historians have noted that the motivation of the "prince" to visit London was a form of "religious diplomacy" on the part of the missionaries to further ties between the Yamasee and British colonists.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Bossy|first=Denise I.|date=2014|title=Spiritual Diplomacy, the Yamasees, and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel: Reinterpreting Prince George's Eighteenth-Century Voyage to England|journal=Early American Studies|volume=12|issue=2|pages=366–401|jstor=24474885|issn=1543-4273}}</ref> The missionaries hoped that if the "prince" converted to Christianity while in London, it would ensure the Yamasee would become firm allies of the British colonists. Around the period that the "prince" travelled to London, the Yamasees were largely unwilling to be culturally assimilated by the Spanish, choosing to maintain stronger contacts with British colonists instead.<ref name=":23"/> The "prince" returned to Charles Town in 1715, right around the period when the Yamasee War broke out, and shortly after his family had been taken captive by Carolinian raiders and sold into slavery.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Klingberg|first=Frank J.|date=1962|title=The Mystery of the Lost Yamassee Prince|journal=The South Carolina Historical Magazine|volume=63|issue=1|pages=18–32|jstor=27566384|issn=0038-3082}}</ref>
===Archaeological research=== The Yamasee Archeological Project was launched in 1989 to study Yamasee village sites in South Carolina. The project hoped to trace the people's origins and inventory their artifacts. The project located a dozen sites. Pocosabo and Altamaha have since been listed as archeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name=g13/>
==Language== {{Infobox language | name = Yamasee | nativename = | region = Georgia | extinct = 18th century | family = unclassified; perhaps Guale or Muskogean | familycolor = American | iso3 = none | glotto = yama1265 | glottorefname = Yamasee | map = USA Südosten-Yamasee.png | mapalt = Tribal territory of the Yamasees during the seventeenth century | mapcaption = Tribal territory of the Yamasees during the seventeenth century | states = United States | ethnicity = Yamasee | ancestor = Guale? | linglist = xap }}
The name "Yamasee" perhaps comes from Muskogee ''yvmvsē'', meaning "tame, quiet"; or perhaps from Catawban ''yį musí:'', literally "people-ancient".<ref name="Bright2004">{{cite book|last=Bright|first=William|author-link=William O. Bright|title=Native American placenames of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA578|access-date=11 April 2011|year=2004|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3598-4|page=578}}</ref>
Little record remains of the Yamasee language. It is partially preserved in works by missionary Domingo Báez. Diego Peña was told in 1716-1717 that the Cherokee of Tuskegee Town also spoke Yamasee.<ref name=h>Hudson 1990</ref>
Hann (1992) asserted that Yamasee is related to the Muskogean languages. This was based upon a colonial report that a Yamasee spy within a Hitchiti town could understand Hitichiti and was not detected as a Yamasee. Francis Le Jau stated in 1711 that the Yamasee understood Creek. He also noted that many Indians throughout the region used Creek and Shawnee as ''lingua francas'', or common trading languages. In 1716-1717, Diego Peña obtained information that showed that Yamasee and Hitchiti-Mikasuki were considered separate languages.<ref name="g">Goddard 2005{{Full citation needed|date=December 2024}}</ref>
The Yamasee language, while similar to many Muskogean languages, is especially similar to Creek, for they share many words.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Broadwell|first=George A.|date=1991|title=The Muskogean Connection of the Guale and Yamasee|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=57|issue=2|pages=267–270|doi=10.1086/ijal.57.2.3519769|jstor=3519769|s2cid=148411757|issn=0020-7071}}</ref> Many Spanish missionaries in La Florida were dedicated to learning native languages, such as Yamasee, in an effort to communicate for the purpose of conversion. It also allowed the missionaries to learn about the people's own religion and to find ways to convey Christian ideas to them.<ref name=":23"/>
There is limited, inconclusive evidence suggesting the Yamasee language was similar to Guale. It is based on three pieces of information: * a copy of a 1681 Florida missions census that states that the people of ''Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de la Tama'' speak "la lengua de Guale, y Yamassa" [the Guale and Yamasee language]; * a summary of two 1688 letters, sent by the Spanish Florida governor, that mentions prisoners speaking the "ydioma Yguala y Yamas, de la Prova de Guale" [the Yguala and Yamas language of the province of Guale]; and * the Guale referred to the Cusabo as ''Chiluque'', which is probably related to the Muscogee word ''čiló·kki'', meaning "Red Moiety."<ref name=g/> For this reason, Yamasee and Guale are linked together, sometimes as a single entity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Worth |first=John |date=2004-01-01 |title=Yamasee |url=https://www.academia.edu/864607 |journal=Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast, Volume 14 |archive-date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2024-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115022821/https://www.academia.edu/864607 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Linguists note that the Spanish documents are not originals and may have been edited at a later date. The name ''Chiluque'' is probably a loanword, as it seems also to have been absorbed into the Timucua language. Thus, the connection of Yamasee with Muskogean is unsupported.<ref name=g/>
A document in a British colonial archive suggests that the Yamasees originally spoke Cherokee, an Iroquoian language, but had learned another language.<ref>Anderson & Lewis (1983) p. 269</ref> For a time they were allied with the Cherokee but are believed to have been a distinct people. In 1715 Col. George Chicken stated that he was told that the Yammasses were the ancient people of the Cherokee.<ref> Chicken 1715:330 (1894)</ref>
==Legacy== The name of the Yamasees survives in the town of Yemassee, South Carolina, in the Lowcountry close to where the Yamasee War began. It is also used for the title of William Gilmore Simms' 1835 historical novel ''The Yemassee: A Romance of Carolina'', and by extension, ''Yemassee'', the official literary journal of the University of South Carolina.
===Modern descendants=== Descendants of the Yamasee are likely represented among citizens of several federally recognized tribes, including the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians. Following their dispersal, some Yamasee refugees fled south to Florida, where their descendants joined with other tribal groups and remnants through a process of ethnogenesis to become part of the Seminole people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murphee |first1=Daniel S. |title=Native America: a state-by-state historical encyclopedia |date=2012 |publisher=Greenwood |location=Santa Barbara, Calif |isbn=9798216121428}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yamasee people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yamasee |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=28 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> As late as 1775, James Adair recorded “Yamasee” as a dialect still spoken by members of the Catawba Indian Nation in South Carolina.<ref name="Adair">{{cite book |last=Adair |first=James |title=The History of the American Indians |date=1775 |publisher=Edward and Charles Dilly |location=London |pages=224–225}}</ref>
==Unrecognized organizations== There are currently self-identified "Yamasee" groups in Florida, South Carolina, and elsewhere.<ref>Matt Soergel.[https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/reason/2017/05/15/unf-professor-tries-shed-light-southeastern-indian-tribe/15755204007/ "UNF professor tries to shed light on Southeastern Indian tribe."] ''The Florida Times-Union.'' 15 May 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</ref><ref>[http://yamasseenation.org/index/ Yamassee Nation: Yamassee Indian Tribe of Seminoles] website. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</ref> None of these organizations are federally recognized as Native American tribes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01/29/2021-01606/indian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of |website=Federal Register |publisher=Bureau of Indian Affairs |access-date=8 December 2025 |language=en |date=29 January 2021}}</ref>
==See also== * John Barnwell, Irish colonist
==Notes== {{reflist|2}}
==References== * Anderson, William L. and James L. Lewis (1983) ''A guide to Cherokee documents in foreign archives''. p. 269. * Chicken, George (1894) "Journal of the march into the Cherokee Mountains in the Yemasse War", ''City of Charleston Yearbook'' - 1894. * Goddard, Ives. (2005). "The indigenous languages of the Southeast", ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''47'' (1), 1-60. *Green, William, Chester B. DePratter, and Bobby Southerlin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2Cwx6AkH0C&dq=Yamasee&pg=PA13 "The Yamasee in South Carolina: Native American Adaptation and Interaction along the Carolina Frontier"], ''Another's Country: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on Cultural Interactions in the Southern Colonies.'' Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-8173-1129-2}}. * Hudson, Charles M., Jr. (1990). ''The Juan Pardo Expeditions: Explorations of the Carolinas and Tennessee, 1566-1568''. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press.
==Further reading== * Bossy, Denise I., ed. (2018). ''The Yamasee Indians: From Florida to South Carolina.'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. * Boyd, Mark F. (1949). "Diego Peña's expedition to Apalachee and Apalachicolo in 1716", ''The Florida Historical Quarterly'', ''16'' (1), 2-32. * Boyd, Mark F. (1952). "Documents describing the second and third expeditions of lieutenant Diego Peña to Apalachee and Apalachicolo in 1717 and 1718," ''The Florida Historical Quarterly'', ''32'' (2), 109-139. * Hann, John H. (1991). ''Missions to the Calusa''. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. * Hann, John H. (1992). "Political leadership among the natives of Spanish Florida," ''The Florida Historical Quarterly'', ''71'' (2), 188-208. * Hann, John H. (1994). "Leadership nomenclature among Spanish Florida natives and its linguistics and associational implications", In P. B. Kwachka (Ed.), ''Perspectives on the Southeast: Linguistics, archaeology, and ethnohistory'' (pp. 94–105). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. * Hann, John H. (1996). "The seventeenth-century forebears of the Lower Creeks and Seminoles", ''Southeastern Archaeology'', ''15'', 66-80. * Hudson, Charles M., Jr. (1997). ''Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms''. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. * Sturtevant, William C. (1994). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1265616 "The Misconnection of Guale and Yamasee with Muskogean"]. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''60'' (2), 139-48. * Waddell, Gene. (1980). ''Indians of the South Carolina lowcountry, 1562-1751''. Spartansburg, SC: The Reprint Company. * Worth, John E. (1995). ''The struggle of the Georgia coast: An eighteenth-century Spanish retrospective on Guale and Mocama''. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History (No. 75). New York. * Worth, John E. (1998). ''The Timucuan chiefdoms of Spanish Florida'' (Vols. 1 & 2). Gainesville: University of Press of Florida. * Worth, John E. (2000). "The Lower Creeks: Origins and early history", In B. G. McEwan (Ed.), ''Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical archaeology and ethnohistory'' (pp. 265–298). Gainesville: University Press of Florida. * Worth, John E. (2004). "Yamasee". In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.), ''Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast'' (Vol. 14, pp. 245–253). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
==External links== * [http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Oct25/0,4670,YamaseeDig,00.html Yamasee artifacts found in South Carolina dig]
{{authority control}}
Category:Muskogean tribes Category:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands Category:History of the Thirteen Colonies Category:Native American tribes in Georgia (U.S. state) Category:Native American tribes in South Carolina Category:Unattested languages of North America