Torminalis

{{Short description|Genus of trees in the rose family}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}} {{Speciesbox | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |title=''Sorbus torminalis'' |last1=Rivers|first1=M.C. |last2=Beech|first2=E. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T61957590A112312183 |date=2017 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61957590A112312183.en |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> | name = ''Torminalis glaberrima'' | image = Sorbus torminalis Ripsdorf.jpg | genus = Torminalis | parent_authority = Medik. | species = glaberrima | authority = (Gand.) Sennikov & Kurtto | range_map = Sorbus torminalis range.svg | range_map_caption = Distribution map | synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}} (Genus) * ''Hahnia'' Medik. * ''Torminaria'' (DC.) Opiz (Species) * ''Pyrus torminalis'' var. ''glaberrima'' (Gand.) Asch. & Graebn. * ''Sorbus glaberrima'' Gand. * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''glaberrima'' (Gand.) Hegi * ''Aria torminalis'' (L.) Beck * ''Aria torminalis'' f. ''mollis'' (Beck) Beck * ''Azarolus torminalis'' (L.) Borkh. * ''Crataegus torminalis'' L. * ''Hahnia torminalis'' (L.) Medik. * ''Lazarolus torminalis'' (L.) Borkh. * ''Malus torminalis'' (L.) Risso * ''Mespilus torminalis'' (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg. * ''Pyrenia torminalis'' (L.) Clairv. * ''Pyrus septiloba'' Stokes * ''Pyrus torminalis'' (L.) Ehrh. in Beitr. * ''Pyrus torminalis'' var. ''mollis'' (Beck) Asch. & Graebn. * ''Pyrus torminalis'' f. ''mollis'' Beck * ''Pyrus torminalis'' var. ''perincisa'' (Borbás & Fekete) Asch. & Graebn. * ''Pyrus torminalis'' var. ''pinnatifida'' (Boiss.) Asch. & Graebn. * ''Sorbus guadarramica'' Pau * ''Sorbus latifolia'' var. ''semitorminalis'' Borbás * ''Sorbus orientalis'' Schönb.-Tem. * ''Sorbus perincisa'' Borbás & Fekete * ''Sorbus semitorminalis'' (Borbás) Hedl. * ''Sorbus torminalis'' (L.) Crantz * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''angustifolia'' Priszter & Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''araliifolia'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis subsp. brachyloba'' O.Schwarz * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''brachyloba'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''brevifolia'' Priszter & Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''breviloba'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''budensis'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' var. ''caucasica'' Diap. * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''cuneata'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''dolichocarpa'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''dolichocarpa'' Kossetz * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''domokosiana'' Kerényi & Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''genuina'' Kossetz * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''grosseserrata'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''inaequalis'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''intermedia'' Kossetz * ''Sorbus torminalis'' var. ''kabylica'' Chabert * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''kerenyiana'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''kissii'' (Jáv.) Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis subsp. kissii'' Jáv. * ''Sorbus torminalis'' var. ''kissii'' (Jáv.) Soó * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''longifolia'' Priszter & Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''longiloba'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''macrocarpa'' Priszter & Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''macrophylla'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''microcarpa'' Priszter & Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''microphylla'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' var. ''mollis'' (Beck) Diap. * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''mollis'' (Beck) C.K.Schneid. * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''obtecta'' Priszter & Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' var. ''obtusa'' Nyár. * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''obtusa'' (Nyár.) Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' var. ''orientalis'' (Schönb.-Tem.) Gabrieljan * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''orientalis'' (Schönb.-Tem.) Browicz * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''pendula'' Priszter & Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''penzesiana'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''perincisa'' (Borbás & Fekete) Beck * ''Sorbus torminalis subsp. perincisa'' (Borbás & Fekete) Jáv. * ''Sorbus torminalis'' var. ''perincisa'' (Borbás & Fekete) C.K.Schneid. * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''pinnatifida'' (Boiss.) Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' var. ''pinnatifida'' Boiss. * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''pisifera'' Priszter & Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''platyloba'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''platyphylla'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''pomoidea'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''priszteri'' Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''rotundata'' Priszter & Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' var. ''semitorminalis'' (Borbás) Düll * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''semitorminalis'' (Borbás) Jáv. * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''sphaerocarpa'' Priszter & Kárpáti * ''Sorbus torminalis'' f. ''stenoloba'' Kárpáti * ''Torminalis clusii'' K.R.Robertson & J.B.Phipps * ''Torminalis orientalis'' (Schönb.-Tem.) K.R.Robertson & J.B.Phipps * ''Torminaria clusii'' M.Roem. * ''Torminaria clusii'' var. ''pubescens'' Lavallée * ''Torminaria torminalis'' (L.) Dippel * ''Torminaria vulgaris'' Schur {{hidden end}} | synonyms_ref = <ref name=":0" /> }}

'''''Torminalis''''' is a genus of plants in the rose family, Rosaceae.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Torminalis glaberrima (Gand.) Sennikov & Kurtto {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77164867-1 |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> The genus was formerly included within the genus ''Sorbus'' as the section '''''Torminaria''''', but the simple-leafed species traditionally classified in ''Sorbus'' are now considered to form a separate monophyletic group.<ref name=":1">{{citation |author1=Lo, E.Y.Y. |title=Expanded phylogenetic and dating analyses of the apples and their relatives (Pyreae, Rosaceae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=230–243 |year=2012 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.005 |pmid=22293154 |author2=Donoghue, M.J.|bibcode=2012MolPE..63..230L }}</ref> It is monotypic, being represented by the single species '''''Torminalis glaberrima''''', commonly known as '''wild service tree''', '''chequers''', and '''checker tree'''.<ref name = GRIN>{{citation |url = https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=35071 |title = Taxon: ''Sorbus torminalis'' (L.) Crantz|website=USDA GRIN Taxonomy |access-date = 30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918224439/http://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=35071|archive-date=2016-09-18}}</ref> This tree is native to Europe, parts of northern Africa and western Asia.

==Description== ''Torminalis glaberrima'' is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing to about 30 m (100 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 1.3 m in diameter. The bark is smooth and grey when young, becoming scaly and flaking away in squarish plates to reveal darker brown layers when about 30 years old. Young twigs are lightly hairy, quickly becoming glabrous, and brownish in colour. Winter identification is made easier by the buds, which are green and pea-sized with obvious brown-edged scales.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=P. |date=2017 |title=Biological Flora of the British Isles: ''Sorbus torminalis'' |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=105 |issue=6 |pages=1806–1831 |doi=10.1111/1365-2745.12857 |jstor=45029467 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Price |first1=D. |title=Winter Trees: a photographic guide to common trees and shrubs |last2=Bersweden |first2=L. |publisher=Field Studies Council |date=n.d. |isbn=978-1-9088-19-11-6}}</ref> thumb|Wild service tree has characteristically square flaky patches of bark.

The leaves are {{convert|6|–|14|cm|abbr=off|6=0}} long and broad with a {{cvt|2.5|–|5|cm|in|0}} petiole, dark green on both sides, with five to nine acute lobes; the basal pair of lobes are spreading, the rest more forward-pointing and decreasing in size to the leaf apex, and with finely toothed margins; the undersides have small hairs when young, but both sides are smooth and shiny when older; the autumn colour is yellow to red-brown. The flowers are {{Convert|10–15|mm|frac=8}} in diameter, with five white petals and 20 creamy-white stamens; they are produced in corymbs {{cvt|5|–|12|cm|in|frac=2}} diameter in late spring to early summer, and are hermaphroditic and insect pollinated. The fruit is a globose to ovoid pome 10–15 mm in diameter, greenish to russet or brown, patterned with small pale lenticel spots when mature in mid to late autumn.<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=afm>Mitchell, A. F. (1974). ''A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-212035-6}}</ref><ref name=blamey>Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. {{ISBN|0-340-40170-2}}</ref> thumb|The leaves are broadly 7-lobed, with the lower pair of lobes divergent.

==Taxonomy== Wild Service-tree was first named by Linnaeus as ''Crataegus torminalis'' in ''Species Plantarum'' in 1753, but of course it was known long before that. Pre-Linnean polynomials include ''Crataegus foliis cordatis acutis: lacinulis acutis serratis'', "the hawthorn with sharp cordate leaves [and] sharp serrated lobes", from ''Hortus Cliffortianus'', 1737, and ''Mespilus, apii folio, sylvestris non spinosa'' "the spineless mespil of the woods, with celery leaves", from Bauhin's ''Pinax Theatri Botanici'', 1623.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Linné |first1=Carl von |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84235#page/484/mode/1up |title=Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas, cum diferentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas |last2=Linné |first2=Carl von |date=1753 |publisher=Junk |volume=1 (1753) |location=Berlin}}</ref>

Which genus the wild service-tree should be placed in has been a matter of debate for centuries. Apart from Linnaeus's original ''Crataegus'', it has been placed in ''Pyrus'', ''Malus'', ''Mespilus'', ''Torminaria'' and various other genera over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Torminalis glaberrima (Gand.) Sennikov & Kurtto |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/9410160 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref> Until recently it was commonly known as ''Sorbus torminalis'' but since about 2010 it has become increasingly apparent from genetic studies that it is not very closely related to the pinnate-leaved plants in that genus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lo |first1=Eugenia Y. Y. |last2=Donoghue |first2=Michael J. |date=2012-05-01 |title=Expanded phylogenetic and dating analyses of the apples and their relatives (Pyreae, Rosaceae) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790311004337 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=230–243 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.005 |pmid=22293154 |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The currently accepted name was published in 2017<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sennikov |first1=Alexander N. |last2=Kurtto |first2=Arto |date=2017-06-13 |title=A phylogenetic checklist of Sorbus s.l. (Rosaceae) in Europe |url=https://journal.fi/msff/article/view/64741 |journal=Memoranda Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica |language=en |volume=93 |pages=1–78 |issn=1796-9816}}</ref> and is endorsed by more recent studies. However, there is still some uncertainty about whether it should be in a genus on its own or combined with some other closely related plants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ulaszewski |first1=Bartosz |last2=Jankowska-Wróblewska |first2=Sandra |last3=Świło |first3=Katarzyna |last4=Burczyk |first4=Jarosław |year=2021 |title=Phylogeny of Maleae (Rosaceae) Based on Complete Chloroplast Genomes Supports the Distinction of Aria, Chamaemespilus and Torminalis as Separate Genera, Different from Sorbus sp. |journal=Plants |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |page=2534 |doi=10.3390/plants10112534 |doi-access=free |pmid=34834899 |pmc=8618278 |issn=2223-7747}}</ref>

There are two varieties:<ref name=rushforth/> * ''Torminalis glaberrima'' var. ''torminalis''. Europe, northwest Africa. * ''Torminalis glaberrima'' var. ''caucasica''. Caucasus and Alborz Mountains. Leaves less deeply lobed than in var. ''torminalis''.

''Torminalis glaberrima'' is a sexually reproducing diploid species that forms diploid and polyploid hybrids with members of the genus ''Aria'' (whitebeams).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pellicer, J. |author2=Clermont, S. |author3=Houston, L. |author4=Rich, T.C. |author5=Fay, M.F. |year=2012 |title=Cytotype diversity in the ''Sorbus'' complex (Rosaceae) in Britain: sorting out the puzzle |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=1185–1193 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs185 |pmid=22922587 |pmc=3478048}}</ref> A number of often very localised stable apomictic polyploid species of ultimately hybrid origin between ''Sorbus torminalis'' and various species in the genus ''Aria'' occur in Europe, including ''Sorbus latifolia'' (service tree of Fontainebleau), and ''S. bristoliensis'' (Bristol whitebeam).<ref name=rushforth/> They are now classified in the genus ''Karpatiosorbus''.

===Etymology=== The tree's Latin name, ''torminalis'', means "good for colic".

The name "service-tree" is thought to be derived from the Latin word for beer, ''cervesa''. This in turn is an adaptation of the (hypothetical) Proto-Celtic term *kurmi, and was introduced into the Roman language by Pliny the Elder in his ''Natural History'' of 77 AD. Thus, the words "sorb", "Sorbus", and "serve/service" all come ultimately from the Celtic word for beer, and are applied to this plant because the fruits of the closely related true service tree were used to flavour that beverage in ancient Gaul.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Lesley |title=The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, vol. 2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-19-861271-0 |edition=4th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-30 |title=Words for beer – Zythophile |url=https://zythophile.co.uk/2009/12/30/wortds-for-beer/ |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=zythophile.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In Anglo-Saxon, *kurmi became ''syrfe'', either by re-importation from Vulgar Latin<ref>{{Citation |title=service |date=2025-01-19 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/service |access-date=2025-02-07 |language=en}}</ref> or directly from the Celtic, and has since morphed into a variety of forms, including "Surrey".<ref name=Mabey>{{cite book |last1=Mabey |first1=Richard |title=Flora Britannica |date=1996 |publisher=Reed International |location=London |isbn=1-85619-377-2}}</ref> Another English common name is "chequers (or checkers) tree", for which a variety of origins have been proposed. Some authors have suggested that the pattern of dots on the fruits,<ref name="oed">''Oxford English Dictionary''</ref> or the appearance of the bark, is similar to that of a checkers board or a pub sign;<ref name="Mabey" /><ref name="M-J">G. J. Monson-Fitzjohn gives three possible origins for chequers as a pub name: the chequer board suggests the passing away of odd hours by a game of "draughts"; others were named from the custom of painting signposts sometimes found outside pubs in alternate black and white squares; and others from the "chequy field" of the coat of arms of a local landowner. 270 hotels, tavern and inns then bore the name. – Monson-Fitzjohn, G. J. (1926) ''Quaint Signs of Olde Inns''. London: Herbert Jenkins (reissued by Senate, London, 1994 {{ISBN|1-85958-028-9}}); pp. 34, 45</ref> but it could simply be that "chequers" and "chokers" are more evolutions of the original ''cervesa''.

==Distribution and habitat== It is found from Great Britain (England and Wales) east to Denmark and Poland, south to northwest Africa, and southeast to southwest Asia from Asia Minor to the Caucasus and Alborz mountains.<ref name="rushforth">Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-220013-9}}.</ref>

The wild service tree favours deep fertile soils, but can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions, from chalky, superficial, dry soils to temporarily waterlogged soils, often found alongside the true service tree. It can adapt to a variety of climatic conditions, but occurs most often in lowlands. Wild service tree is a light-demanding species, often out-competed by other hardwood species.<ref name="demesure04">{{citation |author=Demesure-Muschm, B. |title=Wild service tree – ''Sorbus torminalis'': Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use |date=2004 |url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1039_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_Wild_service_tree__Sorbus_torminalis_.pdf |page=6 |publisher=European Forest Genetic Resources Programme |name-list-style=amp |author2=Oddou-Muratorio, S.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131192444/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1039_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_Wild_service_tree__Sorbus_torminalis_.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-31 }}</ref>

It is relatively rare and in Britain is now usually confined to pockets of ancient woodland, although it can also be found growing in hedgerows. It can often be found associated with oak and ash woods. In Britain, summer temperatures are often too low for the seeds to ripen, so its principal method of propagation is by suckers.<ref name="rushforth" /> Its Ellenberg values in Britain are L=4, F=5, R=6, N=5 and S=0, which means it grows in shady, moist woodland on neutral soils and with moderate fertility, and no tolerance for salt.<ref name="Plantatt">{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=M.O. |last2=Preston |first2=C.D. |last3=Roy |first3=D.B. |title=PLANTATT – Attributes of British and Irish Plants – Spreadsheet |url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/biblio/plantatt-attributes-british-and-irish-plants-spreadsheet |publisher=UK Biological Records Centre}}</ref>

==Ecology== The fruits are eaten by many birds and a few mammals, making the tree ecologically important.<ref name="demesure04" />

There are many insects associated with the wild service tree. The goat moth, a moth with the second largest larvae in the UK, deposits its eggs on the bark of the wild service tree. After hatching, the larvae burrow into the tree, feeding on the inner wood, creating large, visible tunnels, causing substantial harm and weakening the tree. Over time, the tunnels can damage the tree's structure, making it prone to diseases, decay, other infestations such as fungal infections or attacks from bark beetles like ''Scolytus mali''. In cases of severe damage, the tree may eventually die. Wood infested by the goat moth has a strong vinegar scent, with a substance described as "fermenting juice" present at the base of the trunk.

The phloeophagous (phloem feeding) black beetle, ''Scolytus mali'', causes damage by chewing through bark to access the phloem. It has a symbiotic relationship with a fungus (from the genus ''Ophiostoma'') in which the beetles carry the spores beneath the bark, and as the fungus grows within the tree infected, it helps to break down the tree's tissues which makes it easier for the beetle to feed on the phloem. This fungus is associated with tree diseases such as Dutch elm disease. Signs that a tree is under attack are lots of tiny entrance holes on the outside of the tree bark, and gnarled tunnels on the underneath of the bark. However, these insects are minute, and the holes can be inconspicuous, meaning it isn't always obvious a tree is infested.

The wild service tree also supports a mite, ''Eriophyes torminalis'' Nalepa (1926), which feeds solely on the leaves of this species, making it monophagous. When the mite feeds on the leaf it injects saliva into the surface of the leaf, causing the plant to respond by growing abnormal tissue around the feeding area. This forms hollow galls, which look like brown blisters on both sides of the leaf, encysting the microscopic mites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eriophyes torminalis – Plant Parasites of Europe |url=https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/acari/actinotrichida/prostigmata/eleutherengona/eriophyoidea/eriophyidae/eriophyinae/eriophyini/eriophyes/eriophyes-torminalis/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=bladmineerders.nl}}</ref> thumb|Leaf galls caused by ''Eriophyes torminalis'' mites

==Uses== thumb|Wood of ''Torminalis glaberrima''

The wild service tree is one of the most valuable hardwoods in Europe. The wood is fine-grained, very dense and has good bending strength. It was used in the past to make screws for winepresses, billiard cue sticks, musical instruments and turnery. Today, it is usually only used for decorative veneers.<ref name='demesure04'/>

The fruit, sometimes called "chequers", are edible and taste similar to dates, although they are now rarely collected for food. They are usually too astringent to eat until they are over-ripe and bletted. They were traditionally known as a herbal remedy for colic. Before the introduction of hops, the fruit were used to flavour beer.<ref name="M-J" />

==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Sorbus torminalis Trunk and canopy.jpg|Trunk and leaf canopy Sorbus torminalis 190513.jpg|Flowers ElsbeerFrucht.jpeg|Foliage and fruit Sorbus torminalis Weinsberg 20070929 5.jpg|Ripe fruit Sorbus torminalis Weinsberg 20070929 8.jpg|Autumn leaf colour Sorbus torminalis fruits-001.jpg|Fruits </gallery>

== References == {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== * Wedig Kausch-Blecken von Schmeling: ''Die Elsbeere''. Bovenden 1994, {{ISBN|3-88452-925-0}} * {{cite journal|last1=Roper|first1= P. |year=1993|title=The distribution of the Wild Service Tree ''Sorbus torminalis'' (L.) Crantz, in the British Isles|journal=Watsonia|volume=19| pages=209–229 |url= https://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats19p209.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223030037/https://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats19p209.pdf |archive-date= 2022-12-23 |url-status=live}}

==External links== {{Commons|Sorbus torminalis}} * [https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/17606/wild-service-tree/details Wild Service Tree] at rhs.org.uk * ''[https://www.euforgen.org/species/sorbus-torminalis/ Sorbus torminalis]'' – distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)

zh-yue:野生楸樹

Category:Monotypic Rosaceae genera

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