{{Short description|American artist and filmmaker (1928–1987)}} {{Redirect|Warhol||Warhol (disambiguation)|and|Andy Warhol (disambiguation)}} {{pp-vandalism|expiry=indef|small=yes}} {{pp-move}} {{Use American English|date=July 2022}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}} {{Infobox artist | image = Andy Warhol at the Jewish Museum (by Bernard Gotfryd) – LOC.jpg | alt = Warhol crossing his arms while looking at a camera | caption = Warhol in 1980 | birth_name = Andrew Warhola Jr. | birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|8|6}} | birth_place = Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. | field = {{hlist|Printmaking|painting|illustration|film|photography}} | training = Carnegie Institute of Technology | movement = Pop art | death_date = {{Death date and age|1987|2|22|1928|8|6}} | module = {{Infobox person|child=yes | signature = Andy Warhol Autograph.svg}} | death_place = New York City, U.S.<!-- No boroughs/neighborhoods, just cities per format --> | burial_place = St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery, Bethel Park, Pennsylvania | partner = Jed Johnson (1968–1980) | years_active = 1949–1987 | works = {{plainlist| * ''Campbell's Soup Can'' (1962) * ''Marilyn Diptych'' (1962) * ''Eight Elvises'' (1963) * ''Brillo Box'' (1964) * ''Empire'' (1964) * ''Flowers'' (1964) * ''Chelsea Girls'' (1966) * ''Blue Movie'' (1969)}} | awards = Art Directors Club Medal (1952)<br/>Art Directors Club Award for Distinctive Merit (1956)<br/>Independent Film Award (1964) }}
'''Andy Warhol''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɔːr|h|ɒ|l|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Warhol.wav}}; born '''Andrew Warhola Jr.'''; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American artist and filmmaker. Widely regarded as the most important artist of the second half of the 20th century,{{Refn|{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/01/movies/a-portrait-of-the-artist-as-a-visionary-a-voyeur-and-a-brandname.html |title=A Portrait of the Artist as a Visionary, a Voyeur and a Brand-Name Star |access-date=August 24, 2025 |date=September 1, 2006 |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Stephen |last=Holden}} * {{cite news |last=Cotter |first=Holland |date=November 8, 2018 |title=Meet Warhol, Again, in This Brilliant Whitney Show |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/arts/design/warhol-review-donna-de-salvo-whitney-museum-celebrity-portrait.html |access-date=April 1, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote="He's the most important American artist of the second half of the 20th century." |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401155922/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/arts/design/warhol-review-donna-de-salvo-whitney-museum-celebrity-portrait.html |url-status=live}} * {{cite magazine |last=Metcalf |first=Stephen |date=December 6, 2018 |title=Andy Warhol, Cold and Mute, Is the Perfect Artist for Our Times |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/01/andy-warhol-pop-art-whitney/576412/ |access-date=April 1, 2024 |magazine=The Atlantic |quote="He's now widely regarded as the most important artist of the second half of the 20th century." |issn=2151-9463 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401022720/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/01/andy-warhol-pop-art-whitney/576412/ |url-status=live}} * {{cite magazine |last=Acocella |first=Joan |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Untangling Andy Warhol |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/06/08/untangling-andy-warhol |access-date=April 1, 2024 |magazine=The New Yorker |quote="There was no huger reputation than Warhol's in the art of the sixties, and in late-twentieth-century art there was no more important decade than the sixties. Much of the art that has followed, in the United States, is unthinkable without him (...)" |issn=0028-792X |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401155922/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/06/08/untangling-andy-warhol |url-status=live}}|group=n}} Warhol's practice spanned various media, including painting, filmmaking, photography, publishing, and performance art. A leading figure in the Pop art movement, his work explores the relationship between advertising, consumerism, mass media, and celebrity culture. His embrace of mechanical reproduction challenged traditional boundaries between high and low culture. He is also credited with popularizing the expression "15 minutes of fame."
Born to working-class Rusyn immigrant parents in Pittsburgh, Warhol began his career as a commercial artist in New York before transitioning to fine art. Among his best-known early silkscreen paintings are ''Campbell's Soup Can'' (1962), ''Marilyn Diptych'' (1962), and ''Coca-Cola (3)'' (1962). In the mid-1960s, Warhol began devoting his attention to creating experimental films such as ''Blow Job'' (1964) and ''Empire'' (1965). He subsequently directed a number of underground films—including ''Chelsea Girls'' (1966), ''Four Stars'' (1967), and ''Blue Movie'' (1969)—featuring a shifting group of personalities known as Warhol superstars. His studio, the Factory, became a hub for avant-garde experimentation, bringing together drag queens, poets, bohemians, musicians, and wealthy patrons. Warhol also managed the influential rock band the Velvet Underground, who performed at his ''Exploding Plastic Inevitable'' (1966–67) multimedia events.
After Warhol survived an assassination attempt in 1968, the Factory evolved into a business enterprise. He founded ''Interview'' magazine, produced the play ''Pork'' (1971), and published various books such as ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol'' (1975) and ''Popism'' (1980). He executed several series of paintings—notably ''Mao'' (1972–73), ''Athletes'' (1977), and ''Last Supper'' (1985–86)—and commissioned portraiture, while expanding into television with ''Andy Warhol's TV'' (1980–83) and ''Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes'' (1985–87). He meticulously documented his social life through photography and daily recordings, published posthumously as ''The Andy Warhol Diaries'' (1989). Warhol died of cardiac arrhythmia at the age of 58 following gallbladder surgery in 1987.
Warhol has been described as the "bellwether of the art market", with several of his works ranking among the most expensive paintings ever sold.<ref name="Daily News-2013">{{cite news |date=November 13, 2013 |title=Andy Warhol painting sells for $105M |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music-arts/andy-warhol-painting-sells-105m-article-1.1516240 |access-date=November 13, 2013 |newspaper=New York Daily News |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924051125/https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music-arts/andy-warhol-painting-sells-105m-article-1.1516240 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Economist-2009">{{cite news |date=November 28, 2009 |title=The Pop master's highs and lows |url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2009/11/28/the-pop-masters-highs-and-lows |access-date=February 3, 2021 |newspaper=The Economist |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208032449/https://www.economist.com/special-report/2009/11/28/the-pop-masters-highs-and-lows |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, ''Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster)'' (1963) sold for $105 million. In 2022, ''Shot Sage Blue Marilyn'' (1964) sold for $195 million, the highest price ever paid at auction for a work by an American artist. Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions, books, and documentary films. The Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, which holds an extensive permanent collection of his art and archives, is the largest in the United States dedicated to a single artist.
==Early life and education== === Childhood (1928–1936) === Warhol was born on August 6, 1928, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=15}} He was the fourth child of Andrej Varchola (Americanized as Andrew Warhola; c. 1886–1942{{Refn|Many European-born Rusyns lacked official birth certificates, so exact birth dates were commonly uncertain. Church metrical books record Andrew Warhola's birth as December 7, 1886, but various documents give differing information: his 1909 marriage record lists his age as 24 (not 22), the 1930 U.S. Census reports his age at marriage as 21, a 1913 insurance application gives 1887 as his birth year, and Julia Warhola told Esquire in 1966 he was 20 at marriage. By his 1924 naturalization he used 1886 but with a different month and day; his citizenship papers, draft card, death certificate, and tombstone show November 28, 1886.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rusinko |first=Elaine |title=Andy Warhol's Mother: The Woman Behind the Artist |date=2025 |publisher=The University of Pittsburgh Press |isbn=978-0-8229-4840-7 |edition= |series=Russian and East European Studies |location=Pittsburgh, Pa |pages=xvii}}</ref>|group=n}} and Julia Warhola ({{nee|Zavacky}}, 1891–1972).<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Driscoll |first=Bill |date=December 10, 2024 |title=The mother of Pittsburgh-born Andy Warhol gets a biography of her own |url=https://www.wesa.fm/arts-culture/2024-12-10/julia-warhola-biography-andy-warhol-elaine-rusinko |access-date=March 16, 2025 |publisher=90.5 WESA}}</ref> His parents were working-class Rusyn emigrants from Mikó, Austria-Hungary (now Miková in northeast Slovakia).<ref name="Magocsi-2002">{{cite book |last1=Magocsi |first1=Paul Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovCVDLYN_JgC |title=Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture |date=November 30, 2002 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-3566-0 |page=539 |quote=Warhol's mother and father emigrated from the Rusyn-inhabited village of Mikova in northeastern Slovakia to the United States on the eve of World War I.}}</ref><ref name="Weinraub-1966">{{Cite journal |last=Weinraub |first=Bernard |date=November 1966 |title=Mothers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_esquire_1966-11_66_5/page/100/mode/2up |journal=Esquire |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=101, 158}}</ref>
[[File:Julia Warhola.jpg|thumb|Warhol (right) as a toddler with his mother, Julia, and his brother, John, {{circa}} 1930|297x297px]]
In 1912, Warhol's father emigrated to the United States and found work in a coal mine.<ref name="Britanik-2018">{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2018 |title=Sorting Fact from Fiction in Andy Warhol's Family History |url=https://deepgenes.com/blog/2017/02/sorting-fact-from-fiction-in-andy-warhols-family-history/ |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref> His wife joined him nine years later in 1921.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2014 |title=Andy Warhol's childhood |url=https://newsinteractive.post-gazette.com/thedigs/2014/05/19/andy-warhols-childhood/ |access-date=July 11, 2024 |website=Old Pittsburgh photos and stories {{!}} The Digs |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711072142/https://newsinteractive.post-gazette.com/thedigs/2014/05/19/andy-warhols-childhood/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh.<ref name="Bockris-1989">{{Cite book |last=Bockris |first=Victor |author-link=Victor Bockris |url=https://archive.org/details/lifedeathofandyw00bock/page/4 |title=The Life and Death of Andy Warhol |publisher=Bantam Books |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-553-05708-9 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifedeathofandyw00bock/page/4 4–5] |oclc=19631216}}</ref> They were Ruthenian Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church. Warhol had two older brothers, Paul (1922–2014) and John (1925–2010),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grimes |first=William |date=December 29, 2010 |title=John Warhola, Brother of Andy Warhol, Dies at 85 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/29/arts/design/29warhola.html |access-date=July 11, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627044055/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/29/arts/design/29warhola.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as an older sister, Maria (1912; died in infancy).<ref name="Weinraub-1966" /><ref name="Britanik-2018" /> Warhol's nephew James Warhola, became a successful children's book illustrator.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hogan |first=Lauren |date=June 18, 2009 |title=Children's Author James Warhola Tells About His Crazy Uncle Andy (as in Warhol) |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/childrens-author-james-warhola-tells-about-his-crazy-uncle-andy-as-in-warhol-9516641/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref>
At the age of eight, Warhol had a streptococcal infection that led to scarlet fever.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=23}} Because there were no antibiotics to treat the illness, it progressed to rheumatic fever and ultimately the neurological condition Sydenham's chorea, sometimes referred to as St. Vitus' Dance.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=23}} At times he was confined to bed and made to remain home from school. He would spend these days drawing, creating scrapbooks from Hollywood magazines, and cutting out images from comic books that his mother bought him.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|pp=26–27}}<ref name="Weinraub-1966" /> He also enjoyed using the family's Kodak Baby Brownie Special camera, and after noticing his passion for photography, his father and brothers built a darkroom in the basement for him.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=26}}
=== Education (1937–1949) === When Warhol started art classes at Holmes School in 1937, his teacher recognized his talent and arranged for him to attend Saturday drawing classes at the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=28}} In May 1942, as Warhol was preparing to graduate from Holmes School, his father died of tubercular peritonitis, after having years earlier drunk contaminated water from a coal mine in West Virginia.{{Sfn|Gopbik|2020|pp=32–33}}<ref name="Weinraub-1966"/>
[[File:Andy-Warhol-1947.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Warhol as a student at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, 1947]]
Warhol attended Schenley High School in Pittsburgh, where he excelled academically and artistically.<ref name="Weinraub-1966" /> His tenth-grade art teacher, Mary Adeline McKibbin encouraged him to enter a national Scholastic Corporation's art contest, which she also helped organize locally.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=34}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carlin |first=Margie |date=1972-10-22 |title=Andy Warhol … Is He For Real? |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press-andy-warhol-is-he/196414688/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=The Pittsburgh Press Roto |pages=18}}</ref> The competition drew high school entries from across the United States, with tens of thousands of works submitted and regional selections exhibited at the Carnegie Museum of Art.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=34}} McKibbin later claimed Warhol won a Scholastic award.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=34}}<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Scholastic Corporation |access-date=May 22, 2022 |title=Inspiring Young Artists & Writers |url=https://www.scholastic.com/90years/ourStory17.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027013905/https://www.scholastic.com/90years/ourStory17.htm |archive-date=October 27, 2010}}</ref> However, biographer Blake Gopnik notes that contemporary coverage of the 1944 and 1945 contests suggests he did not receive a major prize, scholarship, or War Bond award.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=34}} At most, Warhol appears to have earned an unpublicized "honorable mention," the gold pin for which he reportedly still wore in the 1980s.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=34}}
After graduating from Schenley High School in 1945, Warhol won a scholarship to the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Guo |first=David |date=1987-02-23 |title=Heart Attack Claims Warhol |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-post-gazette-heart-attack-cla/196413687/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |pages=5}}</ref> While working as a produce huckster in 1946, Warhol created a series of pen-and-ink drawings satirizing his customers and documenting social contrasts encountered during his route, from affluent to working-class families.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1946-11-24 |title=Artist-Huckster Sketches Customers and Wins Prize; Series of Drawings Shows Everything From idle Rich to Scrambling Poor |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press-artist-huckster-ske/196419516/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=The Pittsburgh Press |pages=2}}</ref> His illustrations depicted everyday interactions and behaviors, including demands from "new rich" customers and chaotic scenes involving families and children.<ref name=":3" /> The series won one of the annual Leisser Art Fund awards, valued at $40, which were given annually to Carnegie Tech students for the best visual representations of their summer activities.<ref name=":3" /> Warhol described this job as a "wonderful experience" and said that "people are funny," offering an early indication of his interest in observing everyday behavior and social interaction.<ref name=":3" />
As a student, Warhol worked part-time as a window dresser at Horne's department store and was reportedly threatened with expulsion on several occasions due to his attendance record.<ref name=":2" /> He also served as art director of the student art magazine, ''Cano'', illustrating a cover in 1948 and a full-page interior illustration in 1949.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sprite Heads Playing Violins, 1948 |url=http://www.warhol.org/Warhol/Content/collection/art/earlywork/1998-1-1590 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209190850/http://www.warhol.org/Warhol/Content/collection/art/earlywork/1998-1-1590/ |archive-date=February 9, 2015 |website=The Warhol}}</ref><ref name="Gopnik">{{cite web|last1=Gopnik|first1=Blake|title=Feb 9, 2015: The Daily Pic|url=http://blakegopnik.com/post/110535434580|website=Blake Gopnik on Art|access-date=February 9, 2015|ref=gopnik|archive-date=February 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209194924/http://blakegopnik.com/post/110535434580|url-status=live}}</ref> These are believed to be his first two published artworks.<ref name="Gopnik" /> Warhol earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design in 1949.{{sfn|Colacello|1990|p=19}}
== Life and career ==
=== Commercial illustration and early exhibitions (1949–1954) === After graduating from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in June 1949, Warhol moved to New York City with his classmate Philip Pearlstein.{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=78}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearlstein |first=Philip |date=April 25, 2014 |title=In Philip Pearlstein's Autobiography, Warhol Is a Major Character |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/philip-pearlstein-autobiography-features-warhol-as-major-character-2417/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |publisher=Artnews |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126221254/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/philip-pearlstein-autobiography-features-warhol-as-major-character-2417/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They lived in a sixth-floor walk-up tenement building on St. Mark's Place near Tompkins Square Park in the East Village.{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=78}} On his second day in New York, Warhol visited Tina Fredericks, the art director of ''Glamour'' magazine, whom he had met during a brief visit to the city the previous year.{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=80}} He presented a portfolio of work completed at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, which Fredericks received favorably, purchasing a small $10 drawing of an orchestra for her personal collection.<ref name="Benstock2">Benstock, Shari and Suzanne Ferriss (editors). ''Footnotes: On Shoes''; Rutgers University Press; February 1, 2001; {{ISBN|978-0-8135-2871-7}}; pp. 44–48.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Roberta |date=April 16, 1989 |title=Warhol Before The Soup |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/16/arts/gallery-view-warhol-before-the-soup.html |access-date=May 5, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505082100/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/16/arts/gallery-view-warhol-before-the-soup.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She subsequently commissioned Warhol to produce shoe illustrations; after more than one attempt, his drawings were accepted.<ref name="Gotham Book Mart Gallery-1971" /> ''Glamour'' published a page of Warhol's shoe illustrations along with several pages of people climbing the "ladder of success," accompanying the major feature "What Is Success?,"—a package of six articles by Katherine Sonntag, Hazel M. Wood, Margot Clarke, Patricia Curtain, Marya Mannes, and Elizabeth Weston.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sonntag |first1=Katherine |last2=Wood |first2=Hazel M. |last3=Clarke |first3=Margot |last4=Curtain |first4=Patricia |last5=Mannes |first5=Marya |last6=Weston |first6=Elizabeth |date=September 1949 |title=What Is Success? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_glamour_1949-09_22_1/page/152/mode/2up?q=warhol |journal=Glamour |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=146–154}}</ref><ref name="Gotham Book Mart Gallery-1971">{{Cite book |last= |url=https://archive.org/details/andywarholhisear0000andr/page/6/mode/2up |title=Andy Warhol: His Early Works, 1947-1959 |date=1971 |publisher=Gotham Book Mart Gallery |location=New York |pages=5–7}}</ref> The publication marked the beginning of his career as a commercial artist.
[[File:Warhol-Glamour-1953.png|thumb|308x308px|Illustrations by Warhol in ''Glamour'', February 1953]]
Warhol was hired by prominent fashion magazines, including ''Glamour'', ''Mademoiselle'', ''Vogue'', and ''Harper's Bazaar'', and produced a prolific body of advertisements throughout the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 1953 |title=Moving into a Country Flat |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_glamour_1953-02_28_6/mode/2up?q=warhol |journal=Glamour |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 1954 |title=Gift ideas for the girl of action |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_glamour_1954-12_32_4/page/98/mode/2up?q=warhol |journal=Glamour |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=98–99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 15, 1955 |title=Shoe news here |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_vogue_1955-08-15_126_3/page/n83/mode/2up?q=warhol |journal=Vogue |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 1957 |title=The long-distance shoes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mademoiselle_1957-08_45_4/page/284/mode/2up?q=warhol |journal=Mademoiselle |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=204–205}}</ref> During this period, gallerist Alexander Iolas is often credited with discovering Warhol and organizing his first solo exhibition, ''Andy Warhol: Fifteen Drawings Based on the Writings of Truman Capote'', at the Hugo Gallery in New York in 1952.<ref name="Baboulias-2017">{{Cite web |last=Baboulias |first=Yiannis |date=August 9, 2017 |title=The Man Who Discovered Warhol |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/man-who-discovered-warhol |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120121822/https://www.frieze.com/article/man-who-discovered-warhol |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |access-date=April 11, 2024 |website=frieze}}</ref>{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=131}}
In May 1952, while working as a freelance artist, Warhol won the Art Directors Club Medal in its annual exhibition of advertising and editorial art for his drawing promoting CBS Radio's ''Nation's Nightmare'' documentary series.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 19, 1952 |title=N.Y. Ad Awards; Art Directors Club Opens Exhibition |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_broadcasting-telecasting_1952-05-19_42_20/page/38/mode/2up?q=warhol |journal=Broadcasting Telecasting |volume=42 |issue=20 |pages=38}}</ref> Warhol would be featured in the exhibition every year but one over the following decade.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|pp=124–125}} Between 1953 and 1954, he also designed several covers for ''Interiors'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kimmelman |first=Michael |date=October 24, 1993 |title=A Warhol Footnote |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/24/magazine/a-warhol-footnote.html |access-date=February 12, 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lot - WARHOL, ANDY; et al. Interiors & Industrial Design. |url=https://www.swanngalleries.com/auction-lot/warhol-andy-et-al.-interiors-industrial-desig_0C7462CB3F |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=www.swanngalleries.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sirabella |first=Sylvia |date=July 21, 2017 |title=Rediscovering Olga Gueft, Foremother of Interior Design |url=https://metropolismag.com/profiles/rediscovering-olga-gueft-foremother-interior-design/ |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=Metropolis |language=en-US}}</ref>
In 1954, Warhol exhibited his work on multiple occasions at Vito Giallo's Loft Gallery in New York.<ref name="Dwyer-2022">{{Cite news |last=Dwyer |first=Kate |date=April 5, 2022 |title=He Worked for Warhol, but That's Just Part of the Story |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/05/style/nyc-antiques-vito-giallo-warhol.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704070304/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/05/style/nyc-antiques-vito-giallo-warhol.html |archive-date=July 4, 2025 |access-date=January 3, 2026 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> ''ARTnews'' observed that Warhol had "developed an original style of line drawing," noting that his technique produced "the effect of the reverse side of a negative, although his lines are broken and the spaces not clouded."<ref name="Guest-1954">{{Cite journal |last=Guest |first=Barbara |date=Jun–Aug 1954 |title=Reviews and previews |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_artnews_june-august-1954_53_4/page/74/mode/2up?q=warhol |journal=ARTnews |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=75}}</ref> His "blotted line" technique combined aspects of printmaking and graphite drawing on paper.<ref name="Benstock2" /> Within a year, Warhol—then working out of his railroad apartment on East 34th Street—invited Giallo to become his first paid studio assistant.<ref name="Dwyer-2022" />
=== Rise to prominence and artistic development (1955–1956) === In 1955, Warhol began designing advertisements for the shoe manufacturer Israel Miller.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Curley |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXS0AAAAQBAJ&dq=Miller+warhol+1955&pg=PA67 |title=A Conspiracy of Images: Andy Warhol, Gerhard Richter, and the Art of the Cold War |date=December 3, 2013 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-18843-1 |pages=67}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=February 10, 2008 |title=A Little Jewel Box of a Shoe Store |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/10/realestate/10scap.html |access-date=January 19, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518034006/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/10/realestate/10scap.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Photographer John Coplans recalled that "nobody drew shoes the way Andy did. He somehow gave each shoe a temperament of its own, a sort of sly, Toulouse-Lautrec kind of sophistication, but the shape and the style came through accurately and the buckle was always in the right place."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coplans |first=John |url=http://archive.org/details/andywarhol0000copl |title=Andy Warhol |date=1970 |publisher=New York Graphic Society |isbn=978-0-8212-0397-2 |location=Greenwich, Conn |pages=8}}</ref> By 1956, Warhol's distinctive style had made him widely recognized as a fashion illustrator and he became so busy that he had to turn down assignments.<ref name="McClean-1956">{{Cite journal |last=McClean |first=Margaret |date=August 1956 |title=Mlle picks 20 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mademoiselle_1956-08_43_4/mode/2up?q=warhol |journal=Mademoiselle |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=258}}</ref> His drawings for I. Miller attracted considerable attention and earned him the Art Directors Club Award for Distinctive Merit in 1956.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=163}}
In a 1956 interview with ''Mademoiselle'', Warhol described his approach to combining commercial and fine art: "Every time I draw a shoe for a job, I do an illustration for myself." He acknowledged that "you almost have to specialize to get assignments," but noted that most New York art directors were eager to "give you a chance to do things."<ref name="McClean-1956" /> Warhol's personal illustrations were whimsical shoe designs embellished with gold leaf, and each represented a famous figure such as Truman Capote, Kate Smith, James Dean, Julie Andrews, Elvis Presley, and Zsa Zsa Gabor.<ref name="Life-1957">{{Cite magazine |date=January 21, 1957 |title=Crazy Golden Slippers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13 |magazine=Life (Magazine) |pages=12–13 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-date=February 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219130209/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mugrabi-2019">{{Cite web |last=Mugrabi |first=Colby |date=March 13, 2019 |title=The Shoes of Andy Warhol |url=https://www.minniemuse.com/articles/musings/the-shoes-of-andy-warhol |access-date=January 19, 2025 |website=Minnie Muse |archive-date=March 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328022014/https://www.minniemuse.com/articles/musings/the-shoes-of-andy-warhol |url-status=live }}</ref> They sold for $50 to $225 apiece when they were presented at the Bodley Gallery in New York in December 1956.<ref name="Life-1957" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tyler |first=Parker |date=December 1956 |title=Reviews and previews |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_artnews_1956-12_55_8/page/58/mode/2up?q=warhol |journal=ARTnews |volume=55 |issue=8 |pages=59}}</ref>
In 1956, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) politely declined Warhol's gift of his drawing ''Shoe'', citing limited storage space and asking him to retrieve it. Nevertheless, that same year one of his shoe drawings was included in MoMA's ''Recent Drawings U.S.A.'' group exhibition, marking Warhol's first museum showing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=David |date=October 29, 2009 |title=MoMA owns up to Warhol rejection letter from 1956 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/culture-monster-blog/story/2009-10-29/moma-owns-up-to-warhol-rejection-letter-from-1956 |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recent Drawings U.S.A. {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3344 |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> That year, he traveled around the world with his friend, production designer Charles Lisanby, studying art and culture in several countries.<ref name="Colker-2013">{{Cite news |last=Colker |first=David |date=September 11, 2013 |title=Warhol's Marilyn: Charles Lisanby could have hit jackpot but declined |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-xpm-2013-sep-11-la-cm-charles-lisanby-warhol-marilyn-20130911-story.html |access-date=April 8, 2024 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=April 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408070710/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-xpm-2013-sep-11-la-cm-charles-lisanby-warhol-marilyn-20130911-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> While in Kyoto, Japan, Warhol drew a stylized portrait of business tycoon Madame Helena Rubinstein.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rubinstein |first=Madame Helena |date=May 1, 1957 |title=Noted Beauty Authority Tours Far East |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evansville-courier-and-press-noted-beaut/172340137/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |newspaper=Evansville Courier and Press |pages=14 |archive-date=May 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522205941/https://www.newspapers.com/article/evansville-courier-and-press-noted-beaut/172340137/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Commercial expansion (1957–1961) === Warhol habitually used the expedient of tracing photographs projected with an epidiascope.<ref>{{Citation | last1=Warhol |first1=Andy |last2=Glozer |first2=Laslo |last3=Schellmann |first3=Jörg |last4=Edition Schellmann | title=Andy Warhol, art from art |year=1994 | publisher=Edition Schellmann; München : Schirmer/Mosel | isbn=978-3-88814-725-8 }}</ref> Using prints by Edward Wallowitch, the photographs would undergo a subtle transformation during Warhol's often cursory tracing of contours and hatching of shadows.{{Sfn|Koestenbaum|2001|p=40}} Warhol used Wallowitch's photograph ''Young Man Smoking a Cigarette'' ({{circa|1956}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://flavorwire.com/573987/warhol-by-the-book-reveals-the-icons-fascinating-career-as-a-book-artist/8 |title=Edward Wallowitch ''Young Man Smoking a Cigarette'' (c.1956 Gelatin silver print). The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh |access-date=August 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816061841/http://flavorwire.com/573987/warhol-by-the-book-reveals-the-icons-fascinating-career-as-a-book-artist/8 |archive-date=August 16, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> for a 1958 design for a book cover he submitted to Simon and Schuster for the Walter Ross pulp novel ''The Immortal'', and later used others for his series of paintings.<ref>''Three one-dollar bills mounted on cardboard'' (1962). Photograph by Edward Wallowitch. The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh; Founding Collection, Contribution The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc.</ref><ref>Printz, N. (2014). Making Money/Printing Painting: Warhol's Dollar Bill Paintings. Criticism, 56(3), 535–557.</ref>
To promote himself as an artist, Warhol produced and distributed self-published books of his illustrations, including ''25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy'' (1957) and ''A Gold Book'' (1957), which he gave to potential clients and contacts to generate work.<ref name="Sheppard-1957">{{Cite news |last=Sheppard |first=Eugenia |date=February 7, 1957 |title=High Fashion Highlights |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-columbia-record-warhols-book-25-cat/166869578/ |access-date=February 28, 2025 |work=The Columbia Record |pages=6–B |archive-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416163442/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-columbia-record-warhols-book-25-cat/166869578/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Smith-1988">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=P. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/warholconversati00patr/mode/2up?q=lisanby |title=Warhol: Conversations About the Artist |date=1988 |publisher=UMI Research Press |isbn=978-0-8357-1932-2 |location=Ann Arbor |pages=141}}</ref> He frequently incorporated calligraphy by his mother, Julia Warhol, to accompany his drawings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Ed |date=January 26, 2025 |title=Julia Warhola Was an Artist in Her Own Right |url=https://hyperallergic.com/985368/julia-warhola-was-an-artist-in-her-own-right/ |access-date=February 28, 2025 |website=Hyperallergic |archive-date=April 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403194214/https://hyperallergic.com/985368/julia-warhola-was-an-artist-in-her-own-right/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Factory Lexington Avenue.jpg|thumb|292x292px|From 1960 to 1974, Warhol lived at 1342 Lexington Avenue in Carnegie Hill, Manhattan.]]
With the rapid expansion of the record industry, RCA Records hired Warhol to design album covers and promotional materials.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lawson |first=Nell |date=September 14, 1955 |title=Disc Data |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-boston-symphony-orchest/172339082/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |work=The Buffalo News |pages=51 |archive-date=May 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522205904/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-boston-symphony-orchest/172339082/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Andrew |last1=Oldham |author-link=Andrew Loog Oldham |author2=Simon Spence |author3=Christine Ohlman |title=2Stoned |publisher=Secker and Warburg |location=London |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-436-28015-3 |oclc=50215773|page=137 }}</ref> By the late 1950s, he was also working for high-end advertising clients, including Tiffany & Co.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 21, 1959 |title=Dream Birthday Party |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-star-table-setting-designed-by-a/166870505/ |access-date=February 28, 2025 |work=Evening Star |pages=B-7 |archive-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416163356/https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-star-table-setting-designed-by-a/166870505/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Warhol became widely recognized as one of "New York's more stylish window dressers and top shoe illustrators."<ref name="HAWCtPCSC" /> His hand-drawn images appeared regularly in ''Vogue'', the society pages of ''The New York Times'', and in publications such as ''Amy Vanderbilt's Complete Cook Book'' (1961), which featured his illustrations at a moment when photography was beginning to replace drawn imagery in commercial media..<ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 15, 1961 |title=For the house lights to shine on |url=https://archive.org/details/vogue_1961-11-15_138_9/page/n101/mode/2up?q=warhol |journal=Vogue |volume=138 |issue=9 |pages=158–162}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Masheck |first=Joseph |date=May–June 1971 |title=Warhol as illustrator: Early manipulations of the mundane |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-in-america_may-june-1971_59_3/page/54/mode/2up |journal=Art in America |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=54–59}}</ref>
At a time when traditional artists rarely purchased the work of their peers, Warhol actively collected it.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|p=14}} To survive, gallery artists typically did commercial work, such as window displays, and avoided using their real names because it was frowned upon. In contrast, Warhol gained recognition as a commercial artist, which caused tension with other artists.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|p=14}}
In 1960, Warhol purchased a Victorian townhouse at 1342 Lexington Avenue, now part of the Hardenbergh/Rhinelander Historic District, in the Carnegie Hill neighborhood of Manhattan.{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|p=67}} He used the house as both a residence and a studio, and his mother lived in the basement apartment.<ref name="HAWCtPCSC" /> === Early Pop Art and silkscreen technique (1961–1962) === That April, his pop paintings were exhibited for the first time in the window display of the Bonwit Teller department store on Fifth Avenue at 57th Street.<!--N.B. This is an extremely famous intersection with flagship Tiffany & Co. at the SE corner since 1940 and Bergdorf Goodman owning the building on the NW corner even before that.-->{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|p=79}}<ref name="HAWCtPCSC">{{cite journal |last1=Gopnik |first1=Blake |date=May 2020 |title=How Andy Warhol Came to Paint Campbell's Soup Cans |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/andy-warhol-campbell-soup-cans-180974600/ |journal=Smithsonian |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=3 |doi= |access-date=August 26, 2025 |ref=none}}</ref> Five paintings based on comic strips and newspaper ads served as the backdrop for mannequins wearing spring dresses: ''Saturday's Popeye'', ''Little King'', ''Superman'', ''Before and After'', and ''Advertisement''.<ref name="Rosenthal-2012">{{Cite book |last1=Rosenthal |first1=Mark Lawrence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTSLCLiRV84C&dq=andy+warhol+bonwit+teller+superman&pg=PA250 |title=Regarding Warhol: Sixty Artists, Fifty Years |last2=Prather |first2=Marla |last3=Alteveer |first3=Ian |last4=Lowery |first4=Rebecca |last5=Apfelbaum |first5=Polly |last6=Baldessari |first6=John |last7=Celmins |first7=Vija |last8=Close |first8=Chuck |last9=Gober |first9=Robert |date=2012 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-469-9 |pages=250, 267}}</ref>
In 1961, Warhol sold paintings directly to collector Robert Scull and soon attracted major buyers such as Emily Tremaine and Burton Tremaine, but dealer Ivan Karp's efforts failed to secure him gallery representation.{{Sfn|Watson|2003|p=74}} When Karp introduced him to Leo Castelli, Castelli declined, feeling Warhol's work was too close to that of Roy Lichtenstein and concern over potential conflicts within his roster.{{Sfn|Watson|2003|pp=74–75}} Out of desperation, Warhol considered returning to the Bodley Gallery, but its director dismissed his new paintings as "ridiculous."{{Sfn|Watson|2003|p=79}} Karp subsequently approached Sidney Janis, Richard Bellamy, Martha Jackson, and Robert Elkon, with only Jackson expressing interest in a future exhibition.{{Sfn|Watson|2003|p=79}} After seeing Claes Oldenburg's storefront installation ''The Store'' in December 1961, Warhol returned home frustrated, telling friends Ted Carey and Muriel Flatow that his comic-strip paintings no longer felt original enough.{{Sfn|Watson|2003|p=79}} Determined to create something more distinctive and impactful, he accepted Flatow's tongue-in-cheek suggestion—offered in exchange for $50—that he focus on what he liked most: money.{{Sfn|Watson|2003|p=79}}
Warhol began considering silkscreened images of dollar bills, drawn to the idea of mechanically reproducing currency like counterfeit cash.{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|p=108}} Seeking technical guidance, he turned to Floriano Vecchi of Tiber Press, who introduced him to the basics of silkscreen printing—transferring designs onto acetate, preparing screens, and pulling ink with a squeegee.{{Sfn|Watson|2003|p=79}} These experiments marked a turning point in Warhol's practice and soon led to some of his earliest silkscreen works.{{Sfn|Watson|2003|p=79}} Dealer Allan Stone took several works on consignment and offered Warhol a three-man exhibition alongside Robert Indiana and James Rosenquist, but all three artists declined, each holding out for a solo show.{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|p=100}} As Pop art gained momentum in New York in 1962, Warhol remained without major gallery representation, increasingly determined to secure his place within the emerging movement.
=== ''Campbell's Soup Cans'' and breakthrough success (1962–1964) === [[File:Campbell's Soup Cans by Andy Warhol.jpg|thumb|''Campbell's Soup Cans'' (1961–62)]]
In May 1962, Warhol was featured in ''Time'' magazine's article "The Slice-of-Cake School," alongside Lichtenstein, Rosenquist, and Wayne Thiebaud.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=May 11, 1962|title=The Slice-of-Cake School|url=https://time.com/vault/issue/1962-05-11/page/56/|magazine=Time|pages=52|access-date=July 3, 2025|archive-date=January 13, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113212526/https://time.com/vault/issue/1962-05-11/page/56/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, he was working on his ''Campbell's Soup Cans'' (1961–62) paintings and had completed sixteen of them.{{Sfn|Watson|2003|p=80}} When Los Angeles dealer Irving Blum visited, he was surprised to learn that Warhol lacked gallery representation. With an opening available in July, Blum offered him a solo exhibition at the Ferus Gallery.<ref name="Livingstone-1992">{{Cite book |first=Marco |last=Livingstone |title=Pop art: an international perspective |publisher=Rizzoli |location=New York City |year=1992 |page=32 |isbn=978-0-8478-1475-6 |oclc=25649248}}</ref> Warhol sent 32 canvases to Los Angeles, each depicting a different variety of Campbell's Soup. The exhibition opened on July 9, 1962, marking his West Coast debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Jack |date=July 23, 1962 |title=Soup Can Painter Uses His Noodle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-andy-warhol-exhibi/157853533/ |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |pages=Part lV |archive-date=December 26, 2024 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226014024/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-andy-warhol-exhibi/157853533/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the run of the exhibition, a forthcoming December show at the Martha Jackson Gallery was canceled due to concerns about negative repercussions.{{sfn|Watson|2003|p=80–81}}{{sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=263}} Despite the cancellation, Jackson's assistant John Weber sold ten Warhol paintings that had been taken on consignment.{{sfn|Scherman|Dalton|2009|p=93}}
In July 1962, Warhol's ''Big Campbell's Soup Can with Can Opener (Vegetable)'' (1962) became the first of his soup-can paintings to enter a museum exhibition when it was shown at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 7, 1962 |title=Abstract Art Being Given Its Chance at Atheneum |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/hartford-courant-abstract-art-being-give/191668874/ |access-date=February 19, 2026 |work=Hartford Courant |pages=11}}</ref> The following month, his painting ''S&H Green Stamps'' (1962) was included in the exhibition ''New Painting of Common Objects'' at the Pasadena Art Museum in Pasadena, California.<ref name="Coplans-1962">{{Cite web |last=Coplans |first=John |date=November 1, 1962 |title=The New Paintings of Common Objects |url=https://www.artforum.com/features/the-new-paintings-of-common-objects-212213/ |access-date=March 10, 2026 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref> The show featured works drawn from commercial labels, consumer goods, and advertising imagery, contributing to the movement's early critical recognition.<ref name="Coplans-1962" />
Warhol was invited by art dealer Sidney Janis to participate in the October 1962 exhibition, ''The New Realists: An Exhibition of Factual Painting & Sculpture'' at her New York gallery.{{sfn|Gopnik|2020b|p=275–276}} Warhol exhibited his 1962 paintings ''200 Soup Cans'', ''Big Campbell's Soup Can 19c (Beef Noodle)'', and ''Do It Yourself (Flowers)''.{{sfn|Scherman|Dalton|2009|p=129}}{{sfn|Gopnik|2020|pp=275–276}} The exhibition was widely seen as a turning point in the acceptance of Pop art; ''The New Yorker'' likened its impact on the New York art world to an "earthquake," while ''The Kansas City Star'' newspaper ran the headline, "Which Way Is Modern Art Going? Hold Your Breath and Watch the Soup Cans."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanford |first=Robert K. |date=October 21, 1962 |title=Which Way Is Modern Art Going? Hold Your Breath and Watch Soup Cans. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-star-which-way-is-modern/191952825/ |access-date=February 23, 2026 |work=The Kansas City Star |pages=Section D}}</ref>
Filmmaker Emile de Antonio introduced Warhol to dealer Eleanor Ward of the Stable Gallery, who agreed to give him a solo exhibition in exchange for a painting of a two-dollar bill.{{sfn|Gopnik|2020|pp=263–264}} Warhol's first solo New York Pop show opened there on November 6, 1962.{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|pp=132–134}} The exhibition contained eighteen new works, including ''Marilyn Monroe Twenty Times'', ''Flavor Marilyns'', ''Gold Marilyn Monroe'', ''129 Die'' ''in Jet!'', ''Red Elvis'', ''Troy Donahue'', ''100 Soup Cans'', ''100 Coke Bottles'', and ''100 Dollar Bills''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swenson |first=G. R. |date=November 1962 |title=Reviews and Previews |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_artnews_1962-11_61_7/page/14/mode/2up?q=warhol+stable |journal=ARTNews |volume=61 |issue=7 |pages=15}}</ref>{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=155}}{{sfn|Gopnik|2020|pp=280–281}} The show received rave reviews from Michael Fried who wrote in ''Art International'', "Of all the painters working today in the service—or thrall—of a popular iconography Andy Warhol is probably the most single-minded and the most spectacular."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fried |first=Michael |date=December 20, 1962 |title=New York Letter |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-international_1962-12-20_6_10/page/n63/mode/2up?q=warhol |journal=Art International |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=57}}</ref>
In December 1962, the MoMA hosted a symposium on Pop art, during which artists such as Warhol were attacked for "capitulating" to consumerism. Critics were appalled by Warhol's open acceptance of market culture, which set the tone for his reception.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lacey|first=Joann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mscWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA624|title=History of Art and Architecture: Volume Two|date=January 23, 2021|publisher=Sugar Creek|pages=624}}</ref> The next year, Warhol formed The Druds, a short-lived avant-garde noise band that included figures from the New York minimal art and proto-conceptual art scenes, including Larry Poons, La Monte Young, Walter De Maria, Jasper Johns, Claes Oldenburg, and Lucas Samaras.<ref name="desi-2014">{{Cite web |last=desi |date=August 7, 2014 |title=My Mind Was Blown: Experiencing the Warhol's EPI Gallery |url=https://www.warhol.org/my-mind-was-blown-experiencing-the-warhols-epi-gallery/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109100445/https://www.warhol.org/my-mind-was-blown-experiencing-the-warhols-epi-gallery/ |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 8, 2024 |publisher=The Andy Warhol Museum}}</ref>
In January 1963, Warhol rented his first studio, an old firehouse at 159 East 87th Street, where he produced his ''Elvis'' series, including ''Eight Elvises'' (1963) and ''Triple Elvis'' (1963).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elbaor |first=Caroline |date=November 21, 2016 |title=Andy Warhol's First New York Studio Sells for $9.98 Million |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/andy-warhols-first-new-york-studio-sells-9-98-million-755330 |access-date=May 2, 2022 |publisher=Artnet |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520230119/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/andy-warhols-first-new-york-studio-sells-9-98-million-755330 |url-status=live }}</ref> These works, along with a series of portraits of Elizabeth Taylor, were exhibited later that year at his second exhibition at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles.<ref name="Christie's">{{Cite web |title=Double Elvis [Ferus Type] — Warhol's mirror to Sixties America |url=https://www.christies.com/features/Andy-Warhol-Double-Elvis-Ferus-Type-1963-9115-3.aspx |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=Christie's}}</ref>
=== The Factory scene, expansion into sculpture and film (1964–1966) === By 1964, Warhol had relocated his studio to 231 East 47th Street, which became known as the Factory.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|p=61}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=McKenna |first=Kristina |date=October 30, 1994 |title=Andy Warhol's Dream Factory |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-10-30-ca-56531-story.html}}</ref> Warhol used assistants to increase his productivity, and these collaborations would remain a defining aspect of his working methods throughout his career. During this period, poet Gerard Malanga assisted him with the production of silkscreens and films at the Factory, which was covered in aluminium foil and silver paint by Billy Name in 1964.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=January 21, 2009 |title=Interview with Gerard Malanga |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/gerard-malanga-adam-kimmel |access-date=January 28, 2025 |magazine=Interview |archive-date=February 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217030256/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/gerard-malanga-adam-kimmel |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="O'Hagan-2015">{{Cite news |last=O'Hagan |first=Sean |date=September 27, 2015 |title=I shot Andy Warhol: photographer Billy Name on drugs and shootings at the Factory |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/sep/27/billy-name-andy-warhol-factory-photographer-pop-art |access-date=January 19, 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
Warhol was among the artists commissioned to create an artwork for the New York State Pavilion at the 1964 World's Fair in Queens, New York.<ref name="Lyons-1964">{{Cite news |last=Lyons |first=Leonard |date=September 28, 1964 |title=The Lyons Den |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-register-andy-warhols-13-most/178137524/ |access-date=August 4, 2025 |newspaper=The Daily Register |pages=14}}</ref> He created the mural ''Thirteen Most Wanted Men'' (1964), which was painted over after government officials objected to the images before the fair opened in April 1964.{{sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|p=71}}<ref name="Lyons-1964"/> That spring, Warhol had his second exhibition at the Stable Gallery in the spring of 1964, which featured sculptures of commercial boxes stacked and scattered throughout the space to resemble a warehouse.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Kay |date=May 10, 1964 |title=New York Seen-ery |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/express-and-news-andy-warhol-at-the-stab/159398468/ |work=San Antonio Express and News |pages=6–F |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225025240/https://www.newspapers.com/article/express-and-news-andy-warhol-at-the-stab/159398468/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gopnik|first=Blake|date=May 30, 2017|title=The First Book on Warhol's Sculptures Shows Him at His Best|url=https://news.artnet.com/opinion/book-warhol-sculptor-974225|access-date=August 23, 2021|publisher=Artnet|archive-date=August 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823110934/https://news.artnet.com/opinion/book-warhol-sculptor-974225|url-status=live}}</ref> For the exhibition, Warhol custom ordered wooden boxes and silkscreened graphics onto them.{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|p=182}} The sculptures of commercial cartons—Brillo Soap Pads, Del Monte Peach Halves, Heinz Tomato Ketchup, Kellogg's Corn Flakes, Campbell's Tomato Juice, and Mott's Apple Juice—sold for $200 to $400 depending on the size of the box.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Salvo|first1=Donna M. De|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peyDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|title=Andy Warhol: From A to B and Back Again|last2=Beck (Art Museum Curator)|first2=Jessica|date=January 1, 2018|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-23698-9|pages=196}}</ref>
[[File:Robert-Indiana-Andy-Warhol-1964.png|thumb|302x302px|Warhol with Robert Indiana and the Factory cats, Black Lace and White Pussy, in 1964. In the background is Warhol's ''Most Wanted Men'' (1964).]]
A pivotal event in Warhol's career was ''The American Supermarket'' exhibition at Paul Bianchini's Upper East Side gallery in October 1964.<ref name="The New York Times-1964">{{Cite news|date=October 8, 1964|title=Sale: Lettuce a la Metal and Turkey au Canvas; Gallery Market Hawks Art on Rye; Store Display Is Set Up for Pop Food Creations|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/08/archives/sale-lettuce-a-la-metal-and-turkey-au-canvas-gallery-market-hawks-a.html|access-date=July 13, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714061710/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/08/archives/sale-lettuce-a-la-metal-and-turkey-au-canvas-gallery-market-hawks-a.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The show was presented as a typical small supermarket environment, except that everything in it—from the produce, canned goods, meat, and paintings on the wall—was created by prominent Pop artists of the time.<ref name="Life-1964">{{Cite magazine |date=November 20, 1964 |title=You think this is a Supermarket? No Hold your hats... It's an Art Gallery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4U0EAAAAMBAJ&q=warhol&pg=PA140 |magazine=Life |volume=57 |issue=21 |pages=138–140}}</ref> Warhol designed a paper shopping bag and contributed his box sculptures along with a ''Campbell's Soup Can'' painting, and genuine signed Campbell's soup cans.<ref name="The New York Times-1964" /><ref name="Life-1964" /> The exhibit was one of the first mass events that directly confronted the general public with both Pop art and the perennial question of what art is.<ref name="Weitman-1999">{{Cite book |last1=Weitman |first1=Wendy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ggm4z5PQgsC&dq=Factory+Additions+warhol&pg=PA13 |title=Pop Impressions Europe/USA: Prints and Multiples from the Museum of Modern Art |date=1999 |publisher=The Museum of Modern Art |isbn=978-0-87070-077-4 |pages=13}}</ref>
In November 1964, Warhol's first ''Flowers'' series was exhibited at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=395}} In May 1965, his second ''Flowers'' series, which had more sizes and color variation that the previous, was shown at Galerie Ileana Sonnabend in Paris.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|p=140}}{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=432}} During this trip Warhol announced that he was retiring from painting to focus on film.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|p=144}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lenoir |first=Jean-Pierre |date=May 13, 1965 |title=PARIS IMPRESSED BY WARHOL SHOW; Artist Speaks of Leaving Pop Pictures for Films |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/13/archives/paris-impressed-by-warhol-show-artist-speaks-of-leaving-pop.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Warhol made a conscious decision to oppose conventional painting, stating that he no longer believed in painting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 25, 1974 |title=KXIE-TV Education Specials |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/willows-daily-journal-andy-warhol-and-ro/160700062/ |work=Willows Daily Journal |archive-date=February 19, 2025 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219130245/https://www.newspapers.com/article/willows-daily-journal-andy-warhol-and-ro/160700062/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year, Warhol's first solo museum exhibition was held at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia in October 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Donohoe |first=Victtoria |date=October 10, 1965 |title=Warhol Show at Penn Institute |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer-andy-warhol-ex/172477833/ |access-date=February 19, 2026 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |pages=6}}</ref> In response to art dealer Ivan Karp's suggestion to paint cows, Warhol produced ''Cow'', screenprints on wallpaper for his April 1966 exhibition at the Leo Castelli Gallery.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|pp=17–18}}
=== ''Exploding Plastic Inevitable'', ''Chelsea Girls'', and Lecture tours (1966–1968) === In November 1966, Warhol was hired by the Abraham & Straus department store in Brooklyn to promote the "Paint-your-own-dress" collection by the Mars Manufacturing Company, which included a white paper dress that came with a paintbrush and a box of watercolors.<ref name="Sheppard-1966">{{Cite news |last=Sheppard |first=Eugenia |date=November 10, 1966 |title=Everyone's Going Mad For Paper Clothes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette-everyones-going-mad-for-pap/177993766/ |access-date=August 2, 2025 |work=The Gazette |pages=28}}</ref><ref name=fragile/> In a live demonstration, Warhol decorated two dresses at the store that were given to the Brooklyn Museum using Nico as his model.<ref>{{Cite news |title="Fragile" dress by Andy Warhol |url=http://atopos.gr/fragile-dress-by-andy-warhol/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209123341/http://atopos.gr/fragile-dress-by-andy-warhol/ |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=August 2, 2025 |work=ATOPOS |url-status=live }}</ref> In his capacity as the manager of the experimental rock group the Velvet Underground, he included them as a key component of his ''Exploding Plastic Inevitable'' multimedia happenings in 1966 and 1967, and he funded their debut album, ''The Velvet Underground & Nico'' (1967).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Kevin |date=May 5, 1966 |title=A Far-Out Night With Andy Warhol |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-andy-warhols-expl/159150194/ |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |pages=14 Part V |archive-date=December 26, 2024 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226064827/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-andy-warhols-expl/159150194/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Consequence-2017">{{Cite magazine |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Velvet Underground: How Andy Warhol Was Fired by His Own Art Project |url=https://consequence.net/2017/03/the-velvet-underground-how-andy-warhol-was-fired-by-his-own-art-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109100432/https://consequence.net/2017/03/the-velvet-underground-how-andy-warhol-was-fired-by-his-own-art-project/ |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 |magazine=Consequence}}</ref>
Warhol intended to present the film ''Chelsea Girls'' (1966) at the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, but it wasn't shown because "the festival authorities explained that the film was too long, there were technical problems."<ref name="RH Webster-2017">''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary'': [http://www.dictionary.com/browse/warhol "Warhol"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705175141/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/warhol|date=July 5, 2017}}</ref>
Warhol's Factory became a hub for a group of "superstars," including Baby Jane Holzer, Edie Sedgwick, International Velvet, Ultra Violet, Viva, and Candy Darling, who appeared in his films and embodied his concept of fleeting celebrity. His remark that "everyone will be famous for 15 minutes" first appeared in a 1967 ''Time'' magazine article and became closely associated with the Factory scene.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=October 13, 1967 |title=Sculpture: Master of the Monumentalists |url=https://time.com/archive/6631254/sculpture-master-of-the-monumentalists/ |magazine=Time}}</ref>
[[File:Andy-Warhol-Stockholm-1968.jpg|thumb|Warhol amid his ''Brillo Box'' sculptures at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm, 1968|263x263px]]
To finance his film productions, Warhol began going on college lecture tours, where he screened some of his underground films and answered audience questions.<ref name="Fagan-1968">{{Cite news |last=Fagan |first=Beth |date=February 8, 1968 |title=Pop Artist Andy Warhol Confesses Actor Stand-In Sent on Oregon Tour |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oregonian-pop-artist-andy-warhol-con/170569614/ |access-date=April 18, 2025 |work=The Oregonian |pages=8 |archive-date=May 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501090243/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oregonian-pop-artist-andy-warhol-con/170569614/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Warhol sent actor Allen Midgette to impersonate him during a West Coast college tour in October 1967.<ref name="Fagan-1968" /> Warhol reimbursed the four institutions where he did not appear and returned to the campuses in 1968.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 23, 1968 |title=Real Andy Warhol Visits UO Campus, Shows Film |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oregonian-real-andy-warhol-visits-uo/170570124/ |access-date=April 18, 2025 |work=The Oregonian |pages=17 |archive-date=May 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501091636/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oregonian-real-andy-warhol-visits-uo/170570124/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bishoff-1968">{{Cite news |last=Bishoff |first=Don |date=February 8, 1968 |title=Film Maker Sends 'Double' on 4-Campus Hoax |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-film-maker-sends/170567864/ |access-date=April 18, 2025 |work=The Los Angeles Times |pages=3 |archive-date=May 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501091744/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-film-maker-sends/170567864/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Around this time, Warhol met Fred Hughes, then working for the Menil Foundation, who soon became closely involved in his activities.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|pp=216–217}} At the time, Warhol had largely paused painting, but he resumed work shortly thereafter, producing the ''Big'' ''Electric Chair'' paintings for his retrospective at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hickley |first=Catherine |date=September 13, 2018 |title=Brillo Boxes 'faked' by museum director included in new Andy Warhol show |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2018/09/13/brillo-boxes-faked-by-museum-director-included-in-new-andy-warhol-show |access-date=November 16, 2024 |website=The Art Newspaper |archive-date=November 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128001951/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2018/09/13/brillo-boxes-faked-by-museum-director-included-in-new-andy-warhol-show |url-status=live }}</ref> Hughes quickly took on a central role in both Warhol's artistic and film projects, arranging a commission from the de Menils for Warhol to film a sunset as part of a project for the restoration of a bombed church in Texas.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|p=217}} The remaining funds from that commission were used to finance ''Lonesome Cowboys'' (1968), which was filmed in Arizona.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|p=259}}
=== Assassination attempt and recovery (1968) === {{Main|Attempted assassination of Andy Warhol}}
On June 3, 1968, radical feminist writer Valerie Solanas shot Warhol and Mario Amaya, art critic and curator, at the Factory.<ref name="Behrens-1968">{{Cite news |last1=Behrens |first1=David |last2=Mann |first2=Jack |date=June 4, 1968 |title=Andy Warhol Is Shot by Actress |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-andy-warhol-is/153582451/ |access-date=August 19, 2024 |work=Newsday (Nassau Edition) |pages=3, 62 |archive-date=September 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930064032/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-andy-warhol-is/153582451/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Solanas had been a marginal figure in the Factory scene before the shooting. She authored the ''SCUM Manifesto'',<ref name="Solanas-2004">{{Cite book|first=Valerie |last=Solanas |author-link=Valerie Solanas |title=SCUM Manifesto |publisher=Verso |location=London |orig-year=1967 |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-85984-553-0 |oclc=53932627|title-link=SCUM Manifesto }}</ref> a separatist feminist tract that advocated the elimination of men; and appeared in the Warhol film ''I, a Man'' (1967).<ref name="Jobey">Jobey, Liz, "Solanas and Son," ''The Guardian'' (Manchester, England), August 24, 1996, p, T10 and following.</ref> Amaya received only minor injuries and was released from the hospital later the same day.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=622}} Warhol was seriously wounded by the attack and barely survived: he remained in hospital for nearly two months.<ref name="Spencer-2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Spencer |first=Samuel |date=March 10, 2022 |title=When and Why Andy Warhol Was Shot |url=https://www.newsweek.com/andy-warhol-diaries-when-why-shot-valerie-solanas-netflix-1686744 |access-date=April 29, 2024 |magazine=Newsweek |archive-date=March 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322081636/https://www.newsweek.com/andy-warhol-diaries-when-why-shot-valerie-solanas-netflix-1686744 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 29, 1968 |title=Warhol Out Of Hospital |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-andy-warhol-released-from-hos/153582706/ |access-date=August 19, 2024 |newspaper=New York Daily News |pages=13 |archive-date=September 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930064222/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-andy-warhol-released-from-hos/153582706/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Solanas turned herself in to the police a few hours after the attack and said that Warhol "had too much control over my life."<ref name="Behrens-1968" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 30, 2021 |title=Did the 1968 Shooting of Andy Warhol Lead to His Death 19 Years Later? |url=https://www.insideedition.com/inside-the-many-tragedies-spawned-from-valerie-solanas-attempted-murder-of-andy-warhol-70636 |access-date=August 19, 2024 |work=Inside Edition}}</ref> She was subsequently diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and eventually sentenced to three years in prison.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wertheim |first=Bonnie |date=June 26, 2020 |title=Overlooked No More: Valerie Solanas, Radical Feminist Who Shot Andy Warhol |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/obituaries/valerie-solanas-overlooked.html |access-date=August 19, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112223639/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/obituaries/valerie-solanas-overlooked.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Jed Johnson, an assistant who was present at the Factory during the shooting,{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=616}}<ref name="Spencer-2022" /> visited Warhol daily at the hospital, and the two developed an intimate relationship.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=647}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-ACZ-855 |title=Jed Johnson: Opulent Restraint, Interiors |date=2005 |publisher=Rizzoli |isbn=978-0-8478-2714-5 |editor-last=Callahan |editor-first=Temo |location=New York |editor-last2=Cashin |editor-first2=Tom}}</ref> Shortly after Warhol was discharged, Johnson moved in with him to aid in his recovery and to help care for his ailing mother.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=645}} During Warhol's hospitalization that summer, Paul Morrissey assumed primary filmmaking responsibilities and directed his first film, ''Flesh'' (1968), starring Joe Dallesandro.<ref name="Davis-1973">{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Melton S. |date=July 15, 1973 |title=Morrissey From 'Flesh' and 'Trash' to 'Blood for Dracula' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/15/archives/morrisseyfrom-flesh-and-trash-to-blood-for-dracula-also-opening.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922193544/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/15/archives/morrisseyfrom-flesh-and-trash-to-blood-for-dracula-also-opening.html |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |access-date=January 3, 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|pp=632-634}}
[[File:The NY Times Magazine 1968.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Warhol with his superstars Viva and Ultra Violet on the cover of ''The New York Times Magazine'', 1968]]
The assassination attempt had a profound effect on Warhol's life and art.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|pp=287–295}}<ref name="Harding-2001">{{cite journal |last=Harding |first=James |title=The Simplest Surrealist Act: Valerie Solanas and the (Re)Assertion of Avantgarde Priorities |journal=TDR/The Drama Review |volume=45 |issue=4; Winter 2001 |pages=142–162 |doi=10.1162/105420401772990388 |year=2001|s2cid=57565380 | issn = 1054-2043}}</ref>{{sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|pp=287–295}} Complications from a second operation the following year left his abdominal muscles improperly repaired, requiring him to wear a surgical corset for the rest of his life to prevent his stomach from distending when he ate.{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=351}} The Factory became more regulated, and Warhol focused on making it a structured business enterprise. He credited Morrissey with transforming the Factory into a "regular office."{{sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|pp=287–295}}
In August 1968, Warhol made an appearance in court after Phillip "Fufu" Van Scoy Smith, an investor in a canceled film adaptation of the Charlotte Brontë novel ''Jane Eyre'', sued him for $80,000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 28, 1968 |title=Fufu's Wily Ancestor Never Faced a Warhol |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-andy-warhol-at/163948976/ |access-date=January 26, 2025 |work=Newsday (Suffolk Edition) |pages=12}}</ref> A legal battle ensued for two years, ending after the backer failed to show up in court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=May 12, 2020 |title=The 7 Biggest Reveals from a New Warhol Biography, from Potential Tax Dodges to Legal Battles |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/andy-warhol-biography-reveals-tax-dodge-1202686811/ |access-date=January 26, 2025 |publisher=Artnews |archive-date=February 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219130105/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/andy-warhol-biography-reveals-tax-dodge-1202686811/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Warhol reemerged on the public social scene that fall. In September 1968, Warhol and Ultra Violet attended a party celebrating the completion of the film ''Midnight Cowboy''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 7, 1968 |title=Hale and Hardy |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-andy-warhol-and-ultra-violet/163950162/ |access-date=January 26, 2025 |work=Daily News |pages=16 |archive-date=February 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220064248/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-andy-warhol-and-ultra-violet/163950162/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ultra Violet-1988">{{Cite book |last=Ultra Violet |url=https://archive.org/details/famousfor15minut00ultr_0/mode/2up?q=jed |title=Famous for 15 Minutes: My Years with Andy Warhol |date=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |isbn=978-0-15-130201-7 |pages=114, 180}}</ref> The film includes a party scene featuring members of the Factory that was shot during Warhol's hospitalization.<ref name="Ultra Violet-1988" /> That same month, Warhol hosted a party at the Factory for the release of Nico's album ''The Marble Index''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 20, 1968 |title=Andy Warhol Is Back – 'Even More Beautiful' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent-record-warhol-hosts-part/153580954/ |access-date=August 19, 2024 |work=The Independent-Record |pages=16 |archive-date=September 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930062826/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent-record-warhol-hosts-part/153580954/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Warhol, Viva, and Ultra Violet also appeared on the cover of ''The New York Times'' ''Magazine'' on November 10, 1968.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leonard |first=John |date=November 10, 1968 |title=The Return Of Andy Warhol; The return of Andy Warhol |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/11/10/archives/the-return-of-andy-warhol-the-return-of-andy-warhol.html |access-date=August 19, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819064055/https://www.nytimes.com/1968/11/10/archives/the-return-of-andy-warhol-the-return-of-andy-warhol.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== New ventures in film, photography, publishing, theater, and commercial work (1969–1971) === In February 1969, Warhol and his entourage traveled to Los Angeles to discuss a prospective movie deal with Columbia Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prelutsky |first=Burt |date=March 9, 1969 |title=Pop Goes the Warhol |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-andy-warhol-in-los/157148290/ |work=Los Angeles Times West Magazine |pages=4 |archive-date=December 2, 2024 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202005417/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-andy-warhol-in-los/157148290/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Warhol, who had always had an interest in photography, used a Polaroid camera to document his recuperation after the shooting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopnik |first=Blake |date=August 6, 2015 |title=For Warhol's Birthday, a Selfie of his Resurrection |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/andy-warhols-birthday-heres-selfie-escape-death-323092 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |publisher=Artnet}}</ref> A few of his photographs were published in the May 1969 edition of ''Esquire'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lyons |first=Leonard |date=April 14, 1969 |title=Lyons Den |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-post-standard-warhol-polaroids-in-es/157765967/ |work=The Post Standard |pages=14 |archive-date=June 29, 2025 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629205706/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-post-standard-warhol-polaroids-in-es/157765967/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He would become well known for always carrying his Polaroid camera to chronicle his encounters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chalasani |first=Radhika |date=July 22, 2015 |title=Instant Andy: if Andy Warhol had an Instagram account it might look like this |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/instant-andy-before-there-was-instagram-there-was-warhol/15/ |access-date=October 24, 2024 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> Eventually, he used instant photography as the basis for his silkscreen portraits when he resumed painting in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jennings |first1=Emily |last2=Pickering |first2=David |date=October 5, 1972 |title=Art museum proudly opened – |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/corpus-christi-caller-times-andy-warhol/157765196/ |work=Corpus Christi Caller |pages=16 |archive-date=December 2, 2024 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202000428/https://www.newspapers.com/article/corpus-christi-caller-times-andy-warhol/157765196/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Andy-Warhol-and-Johnson-Twins-by-Cecil-Beaton-1969.jpg|left|thumb|Warhol with his partner Jed Johnson and superstar Jay Johnson at the Factory by Cecil Beaton, 1969]]
After the release of the erotic film ''Blue Movie'' (1969), Warhol rented the Fortune Theater at 62 East 4th Street, where he screened male pornographic films from June 25 to August 5, 1969.{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=325}} The project was managed by Gerard Malanga under his business, Poetry on Film.{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=325}} The theater was called "Andy Warhol's Theater: Boys to Adore Galore."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlson |first=Jen |date=May 5, 2008 |title=Mysterious 62 East 4th Street Has Warhol Past |url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/mysterious-62-east-4th-street-has-warhol-past |access-date=June 29, 2025 |website=Gothamist |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528180219/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/mysterious-62-east-4th-street-has-warhol-past |url-status=live }}</ref> Morrissey came up with the idea to rent the theater and set the admission price at $5.{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=325}}
Warhol and British journalist John Wilcock founded ''Interview'' magazine in the fall of 1969.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=October 30, 2019|title="Interview" Celebrates 50 Years—and Toasts to 50 More|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/interview-magazine-50th-anniversary-assouline-nordstrom|access-date=September 22, 2021|magazine=Interview|archive-date=September 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917041813/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/interview-magazine-50th-anniversary-assouline-nordstrom|url-status=live}}</ref> The magazine was initially published as ''inter/VIEW: A Monthly Film Journal''. It was revamped a few years later and came to represent Warhol's social life and fascination with celebrity.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schulman |first=Michael |date=May 24, 2018 |title=The Legacy of Interview Magazine and a Trip to 1988 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-legacy-of-interview-magazine-and-a-trip-to-1988 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |magazine=The New Yorker |issn=0028-792X |archive-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203162104/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-legacy-of-interview-magazine-and-a-trip-to-1988 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1969, Warhol received an invitation to curate an exhibition using items from the permanent collection of the Rhode Island School of Design Museum (RISD Museum) in Providence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2014 |title=Raid the Icebox |url=https://risdmuseum.org/manual/115_raid_the_icebox |access-date=February 24, 2025 |publisher=Rhode Island School of Design Museum |archive-date=June 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605022607/https://risdmuseum.org/manual/115_raid_the_icebox |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 1969, the exhibition ''Raid the Icebox'' opened at Rice University's Institute for the Arts in Houston.<ref name="AAS-1969" /> In 1970, the show traveled to the Isaac Delgado Museum in New Orleans before arriving at the RISD Museum.<ref name="AAS-1969">{{Cite news |date=October 5, 1969 |title=Andy Warhol 'Raid the Icebox' Art Exhibition To Begin Oct. 30 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-andy-warhol-r/166552840/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |work=Austin American-Statesman |pages=E-14}}</ref>
Compared to the success and scandal of Warhol's work in the 1960s, the early 1970s were much quieter years, as he became more entrepreneurial. He was generally regarded as quiet, shy and a meticulous observer. Art critic Robert Hughes called him "the white mole of Union Square".<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Robert |last=Hughes |author-link=Robert Hughes (critic) |date=February 18, 1982 |title=The Rise of Andy Warhol |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1982/02/18/the-rise-of-andy-warhol/ |magazine=The New York Review of Books |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108125444/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1982/02/18/the-rise-of-andy-warhol/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His fashion evolved from what Warhol called his "leather look" to his "Brooks Brothers look," which included a Brooks Brothers shirt and tie, DeNoyer blazer, and Levi jeans.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 9, 1980 |title=Ian Ball meets Andy Warhol |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-ian-ball-meets-andy/153833590/ |access-date=August 23, 2024 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |pages=20 |archive-date=September 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930062833/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-ian-ball-meets-andy/153833590/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=371}}
[[File:Andy Warhol signing autographs.jpg|thumb|Warhol with his superstars Carol LaBrie and Jane Forth at the opening of his retrospective at the Pasadena Art Museum, 1970]]
As Warhol continued to forge into filmmaking, he had established himself as "one of the most celebrated and well-known Pop art figures to emerge from the sixties."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Genie |date=July 31, 1970 |title=Andy Warhol Tops Pop Art Boom |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-herald-andy-warhol-retrospecti/145039817/ |access-date=April 9, 2024 |work=The Daily Herald |pages=Section 2–3 |archive-date=April 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409071906/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-herald-andy-warhol-retrospecti/145039817/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Pasadena Art Museum organized a retrospective of his work in 1970.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cartnal |first=Alan |date=May 13, 1970 |title=Attire, Art Compete at Warhol Show |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-attire-art-compet/191601510/ |access-date=February 18, 2026 |work=The Los Angeles Times |pages=6 Part IV}}</ref> The show traveled to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven; Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; Tate Gallery, London; and Whitney Museum of American Art, New York.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parker |first=Jerry |date=April 30, 1971 |title=Warhol at the Whitney |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-andy-warhol-at/153645913/ |access-date=March 29, 2025 |work=Newsday |location=Nassau Edition |pages=123 |archive-date=March 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329133150/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-andy-warhol-at/153645913/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cork |first=Richard |date=February 19, 1971 |title=Andy Warhol and the Superstars |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-standard-andy-warhol-exhibition/144496302/ |access-date=April 7, 2024 |work=Evening Standard |pages=13}}</ref> The Whitney exhibition in 1971 distinctly featured Warhol's ''Cow'' (1966) wallpaper as the backdrop for his paintings.<ref name="Canaday-1971">{{Cite news |last=Canaday |first=Joan |date=May 1, 1971 |title=Art: Huge Andy Warhol Retrospective at Whitney |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/01/archives/art-huge-andy-warhol-retrospective-at-whitney-many-familiar-items.html |access-date=September 22, 2021 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221085935/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/01/archives/art-huge-andy-warhol-retrospective-at-whitney-many-familiar-items.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rose |first1=Barbara |date=May 31, 1971 |title=In Andy Warhol's Aluminum Foil, We Have All Been Reflected |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ij-_4jJ4oj8C&pg=PA55 |work=New York |page=55 |issn=0028-7369}}</ref> Meanwhile, Warhol produced the play ''Andy Warhol's Pork'', which opened at New York's La MaMa Experimental Theatre in May 1971.<ref name="Grace-1971" /> A few months later, the controversial production was brought to the Roundhouse in London.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jenkins |first=Valerie |date=August 3, 1971 |title=Valerie Jenkins at the Round House |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-standard-andy-warhol-pork-at-the/143582462/ |access-date=January 19, 2025 |work=Evening Standard |pages=13 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225141608/https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-standard-andy-warhol-pork-at-the/143582462/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Warhol also came up with the cover concept and did the photography for the Rolling Stones' album ''Sticky Fingers'' (1971), which features a close-up image of a man's crotch in jeans with a real zipper.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorgerson |first=Storm |url=http://archive.org/details/100bestalbumcove0000thor |title=100 Best Album Covers: [The Stories Behind the Sleeves] |date=1999 |publisher=London; New York: DK Pub. |isbn=978-0-7894-4951-1 |pages=138–139}}</ref> He received a Grammy nomination for Best Album Cover at the 14th Annual Grammy Awards in 1972.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leogrande |first=Ernest |date=March 14, 1972 |title=The Trade Prizes Prize For Record Jacket Art |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-sticky-fingers-by-the-rolling/160778907/ |access-date=April 1, 2026 |work=Daily News |pages=57}}</ref>
=== Montauk, social life, and domestic life (1971–1974) === In late 1971, Warhol and his business partner Paul Morrissey purchased Eothen, an oceanfront estate in Montauk, New York on Long Island.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Carlson |first1=Jen |date=June 25, 2015 |title=Warhol's Sprawling "Eothen" Estate In Montauk Is On The Market |url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/warhols-sprawling-eothen-estate-in-montauk-is-on-the-market |access-date=August 13, 2024 |website=Gothamist |archive-date=August 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813222324/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/warhols-sprawling-eothen-estate-in-montauk-is-on-the-market |url-status=live }}</ref> They began renting the main house on the property in 1972.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Inside the Compound Where Andy Warhol, Elizabeth Taylor, and Mick Jagger Spent Their Summers |url=https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2023/07/10/andy-warhol-elizabeth-taylor-mick-jagger-vincent-fremont |access-date=August 13, 2024 |magazine=Cultured |date=July 10, 2023 |archive-date=August 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813222324/https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2023/07/10/andy-warhol-elizabeth-taylor-mick-jagger-vincent-fremont |url-status=live }}</ref> Lee Radziwill, Jackie Kennedy, the Rolling Stones, Elizabeth Taylor, Truman Capote, and Halston were among the estate's guests.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Fremont |first=Vincent |date=July 8, 2023 |title=Andy Warhol's Montauk House Drew Stars of All Stripes |url=https://airmail.news/arts-intel/highlights/warhol-in-montauk |access-date=December 2, 2024 |magazine=Air Mail |archive-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203135828/https://airmail.news/arts-intel/highlights/warhol-in-montauk |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Andy-Warhol-Archie-1974.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Warhol with his dachshund Archie at the Factory, 1974]]
In 1972, Warhol planned the Halston runway presentation at the Coty Awards.<ref name="Graham-1972">{{Cite news |last=Graham |first=Rubye |date=October 22, 1972 |title=The Coty Award: Three Designers Get Top Billing, As Andy Warhol, Superstars Shake Up the Show |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer-warhol-superst/171925311/ |access-date=May 16, 2025 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |pages=14–F |archive-date=May 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522205942/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer-warhol-superst/171925311/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Warhol was considered to be apolitical, he participated in an exhibition with the poster ''Vote McGovern'' (1972) in an effort to raise funds for George McGovern's 1972 presidential campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weekes |first=Julie Ann |date=October 30, 2008 |title=Warhol's Pop Politics |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/warhols-pop-politics-89185734/ |access-date=August 19, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=August 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819220934/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/warhols-pop-politics-89185734/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Richard |first=Paul |date=October 2, 1972 |title=Art Works Aid McGovern |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-journal-news-andy-warhol-participate/153622306/ |access-date=August 19, 2024 |work=The Journal News |pages=27 |via=The Washington Post |archive-date=September 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930064230/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-journal-news-andy-warhol-participate/153622306/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 1972, Warhol's work was included in the inaugural show at the Art Museum of South Texas in Corpus Christi, Texas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Butterfield |first=Jan |date=October 15, 1972 |title=Two Museum Openings Stress Regional Art Renaissance |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-johns-stella/145762003/ |access-date=June 2, 2024 |work=Fort Worth Star-Telegram |pages=1–G |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602212720/https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-johns-stella/145762003/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The following month, Warhol's ''Mao'' screenprints debuted at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol - Mao Prints - Exhibitions - Castelli Gallery |url=https://www.castelligallery.com/exhibitions/andy-warhol4 |access-date=March 26, 2026 |website=www.castelligallery.com |language=en}}</ref>
In November 1972, Warhol and his live-in boyfriend Jed Johnson acquired a dachshund puppy they named Archie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business envelope with dog license and veterinary invoice (for Andy Warhol's dachshund, Archie) 1972 |url=https://warhol.netx.net/portals/warhol-exhibitions/#asset/102658 |website=The Warhol |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-date=June 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624230540/https://warhol.netx.net/portals/warhol-exhibitions/#asset/102658 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Economist-2009" /> Warhol doted on Archie and took him everywhere: to the studio, parties, restaurants, and on trips to Europe.<ref name="Magocsi-2002" />{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=150}} He created portraits of Johnson, Archie, and Amos—a second dachshund that joined their family a few years later.<ref name="Daily News-2013" /> In 1974, the couple moved into a Neo-Georgian townhouse at 57 East 66th Street in Manhattan's Lenox Hill neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AnOther |date=July 9, 2018 |title=Why We're Fascinated by the Contents of Andy Warhol's Bathroom Cabinet |url=https://www.anothermag.com/design-living/10983/why-were-fascinated-by-the-contents-of-andy-warhols-bathroom-cabinet |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=AnOther |language=en |archive-date=April 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415203252/https://www.anothermag.com/design-living/10983/why-were-fascinated-by-the-contents-of-andy-warhols-bathroom-cabinet |url-status=live }}</ref> By this time, Warhol's public presence had increased significantly due to his attendance at parties. In 1974, he said, "I try to go around so often so much and try to go to every party so that they'll be bored with me and stop writing about me."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 1989 |title=Andy-isms: Highlights from a decade of interviews by Andy Warhol |journal=Interview |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=90}}</ref>
Warhol began traveling more frequently to Europe during this period and developed a particular fondness for Paris after filming ''L'Amour'' (1972) around the city.<ref name="Landry-2009">{{Cite web |last=Landry |first=Carole |date=March 3, 2009 |title=Paris steps into Andy Warhol's Wide World |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/paris-steps-into-andy-warhol-s-wide-world.247254 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=The Times |location=Malta |language=en-gb |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602212720/https://timesofmalta.com/article/paris-steps-into-andy-warhol-s-wide-world.247254 |url-status=live }}</ref> He maintained an apartment on the Left Bank, on Rue du Cherche-Midi, which he shared with his business manager Fred Hughes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Cavassoni |first=Natasha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwWqDQAAQBAJ&dq=Rue+du+Cherche-Midi,+Paris+warhol&pg=PA239 |title=After Andy: Adventures in Warhol Land |date=August 1, 2017 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-399-18355-3 |pages=151, 239 |language=en |archive-date=December 26, 2024 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226084657/https://books.google.com/books?id=XwWqDQAAQBAJ&dq=Rue%20du%20Cherche-Midi%2C%20Paris%20warhol&pg=PA239 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=762}} While in Paris, Warhol and his circle socialized with members of the city's jet set, including Karl Lagerfeld, Yves Saint Laurent, Loulou de la Falaise, and Paloma Picasso.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drake |first=Alicia |url=http://archive.org/details/beautifulfall00alic |title=The Beautiful Fall: Fashion, Genius, and Glorious Excess in 1970's Paris |date=2007 |publisher=Back Bay Books |isbn=978-0-316-00185-4 |location=New York |pages=102–106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawsthorn |first=Alice |url=http://archive.org/details/yvessaintlaurent00raws |title=Yves Saint Laurent: A Biography |date=1996 |publisher=Nan A. Talese/Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-47645-4 |location=New York |pages=110–111}}</ref> This lifestyle shift has been attributed in part to Hughes, who sought to cultivate a more polished public image for Warhol and to position the Factory as an international social and artistic presence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richardson |first=John |date=July 1983 |title=Andy on the Move: The Factory Factor |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_house-garden_1983-07_155_7/page/150/mode/2up?q=white+hous |journal=House & Garden |volume=155 |issue=7 |pages=148}}</ref>
=== ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol'', Studio 54, and ''Exposures'' (1975–1979) === thumb|Warhol in Iran, 1976
Warhol designed the sets for the Broadway musical ''Man on the Moon'' by John Philips of the Mamas & the Papas, which opened in January 1975 at the Little Theatre in New York.<ref name="Parker-1975">{{Cite news |last=Parker |first=Jerry |date=January 26, 1975 |title=Sky-High Hopes For A Lunar Musical |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-sky-high-hopes/168217876/ |access-date=March 20, 2025 |work=Newsday |location=Nassau Edition |pages=Part II / 5 |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610083929/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-sky-high-hopes/168217876/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 1975, Warhol attended President Gerald Ford's state dinner in honor of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, at the White House.{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=302}} In September 1975, he went on an eight-city U.S. book tour for his book ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (From A to B & Back Again)'', followed by stops in Italy, France, and England.<ref name="Acocella-2020">{{Cite magazine |last=Acocella |first=Joan |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Untangling Andy Warhol |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/06/08/untangling-andy-warhol |access-date=April 1, 2024 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X |quote=There was no huger reputation than Warhol's in the art of the sixties, and in late-twentieth-century art there was no more important decade than the sixties. Much of the art that has followed, in the United States, is unthinkable without him (...) |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401155922/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/06/08/untangling-andy-warhol |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Raymond-1975" /> In June 1975, the Baltimore Museum of Art mounted a major exhibition showcasing works from various periods of his career.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Dorsey |first=John |date=1975-07-20 |title=Andy Is Dandy But Balky, Not Talky |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun-andy-warhol-interview/162395867/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=The Baltimore Sun |pages=Section D}}</ref>
In 1976, Warhol and painter Jamie Wyeth were commissioned to paint each other's portraits by the Coe Kerr Gallery in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 4, 1976 |title=Art: Warhol Meets Wyeth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/04/archives/art-warhol-meets-wyeth.html |work=The New York Times |archive-date=December 21, 2024 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221073849/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/04/archives/art-warhol-meets-wyeth.html |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, Warhol traveled to Iran to do a portrait of Empress Farah Pahlavi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Interview: What it Was Like to Travel to Iran With Andy Warhol in 1976 {{!}} Asia Society |url=https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/interview-what-it-was-travel-iran-andy-warhol-1976 |access-date=February 21, 2026 |website=asiasociety.org |language=en}}</ref> He returned to the Middle east in January 1977, when he traveled to Kuwait for the opening of his exhibition at the Dhaiat Abdulla Al Salem Gallery.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 9, 2022 |title=When Andy Warhol Visited Kuwait |url=https://www.gqmiddleeast.com/culture/andy-warhol-kuwait |access-date=June 25, 2024 |work=GQ Middle East |language=en-US |archive-date=June 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626001035/https://www.gqmiddleeast.com/culture/andy-warhol-kuwait |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Jimmy Carter with Andy Warhol during a reception for inaugural portfolio artists., 06-14-1977 - NARA - 175147.jpg|thumb|Warhol with President Jimmy Carter at the White House, 1977|left]]
The opening of Studio 5 on April 1977 ushered in a new era in New York City nightlife.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crowther |first=Hal |date=January 1, 1978 |title=Studio 54; An Encounter With the Crowd At New York's "In" Disco — You Don't Have to be Beautiful, But It Helps to Be Well Known |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-studio-54/194639174/ |access-date=April 1, 2026 |work=The Buffalo News Magazine |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Larkin |first=Kathy |date=January 6, 1978 |title=DISCOver a whole new scene |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-discover-a-whole-new-scene/194639139/ |access-date=April 1, 2026 |work=Daily News |pages=48}}</ref> Warhol was a regular and was often seen partying with his friends Halston, Bianca Jagger, and Liza Minnelli.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bennetts |first=Leslie |date=1978-04-28 |title=An ‘In’ Crowd and Outside Mob Show Up for Studio 54's Birthday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/28/archives/an-in-crowd-and-outside-mob-show-up-for-studio-54s-birthday-some.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=May 14, 2021 |title=Drugs, Disco, and a Dead Body: Five Outrageous Studio 54 Stories |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2021/05/halston-studio-54-real-life |access-date=April 7, 2024 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329054424/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2021/05/halston-studio-54-real-life |url-status=live }}</ref> Around this time, Warhol was taking explicit photographs of men—referred to as "landscapes"—for what became known as the ''Torsos'' and ''Sex Parts'' series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dirty Art: Andy Warhol's Torsos and Sex Parts |url=https://www.warhol.org/exhibition/dirty-art-andy-warhols-torsos-and-sex-parts/ |access-date=April 8, 2024 |website=The Andy Warhol Museum |language=en-US |archive-date=April 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408043516/https://www.warhol.org/exhibition/dirty-art-andy-warhols-torsos-and-sex-parts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=32|ps=Entry date: March 15, 1977}} Most of the men were street hustlers and male prostitutes brought to the Factory by Halston's lover Victor Hugo.{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=337}}{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=40|ps=Entry date: April 6, 1977}} This caused tension in Warhol's relationship with Johnson who did not approve of his friendship with Hugo.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=86|ps=Entry date: November 7, 1977}}{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=835}} "When Studio 54 opened things changed with Andy. That was New York when it was at the height of its most decadent period, and I didn't take part. I never liked that scene, I was never comfortable. … Andy was just wasting his time, and it was really upsetting. … He just spent his time with the most ridiculous people," said Johnson.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=833}}
[[File:Studio 54 1978.jpg|thumb|Warhol with Liza Minnelli, Bianca Jagger, and Halston at the Studio 54 first anniversary party, 1978]]
In May 1977, Warhol and entrepreneur Geoffrey Leeds announced plans for the "Andy-Mat," a modern automat-style restaurant on Madison Avenue in New York City.<ref name="Kron-1977">{{Cite news |last=Kron |first=Joan |date=May 12, 1977 |title=Andy's Automat |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/12/archives/andys-automat-no-campbells-on-the-menu-at-andy-warhols-automat.html |access-date=April 9, 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Designed as a self-service dining space, the 115-seat restaurant was to feature pre-prepared frozen foods alongside luxury items such as champagne, served through pneumatic tubes, and a waitstaff would deliver orders.<ref name="Kron-1977" /> Warhol had total artistic control over the design, including the logo, flatware, and décor, with interiors incorporating whimsical, childlike motifs.<ref name="Kron-1977" /> Menu items, priced between $1 and $5.75, ranged from comfort foods like shepherd's pie to desserts and mini omelets. While the project aimed to blend everyday dining with artistic spectacle and potentially expand internationally, the restaurant was never realized.<ref name="Kron-1977" />
In June 1977, Warhol was invited to a special reception honoring the "Inaugural Artists" who had contributed prints to the Jimmy Carter presidential campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Jo Ann |date=December 20, 2023 |title=Prints To Profit The Party |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1977/06/11/prints-to-profit-the-party/ca91f9c8-a9aa-4892-8de9-3d4fef9a16b3/ |access-date=April 9, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=December 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201181651/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1977/06/11/prints-to-profit-the-party/ca91f9c8-a9aa-4892-8de9-3d4fef9a16b3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, Warhol was commissioned by art collector Richard Weisman to create ''Athletes'', ten portraits consisting of the leading athletes of the day, for an exhibition that opened at New York's Coe Kerr Gallery in December 1977.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 11, 1977 |title=Pictures at an Exhibit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/11/archives/pictures-at-an-exhibit-sports-of-the-times-the-man-cant-draw-assist.html |access-date=April 9, 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
In 1979, Warhol formed a publishing company, Andy Warhol Books, which was an imprint of Grosset & Dunlap.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lask |first=Thomas |date=1979-08-10 |title=Publishing: An O'Hara Volume for Thanksgiving |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/10/archives/publishing-an-ohara-volume-for-thanksgiving.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In October 1979, he released the photography book ''Exposures''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Liz |date=1979-10-28 |title=Warhol's Exploits and Exposures |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-warhols-exploits-and-exposur/195926609/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |work=Daily News |pages=80}}</ref> The following month, he embarked on a three-week book tour before the Whitney Museum of American Art mounted the exhibition ''Andy Warhol: Portraits of the 70s''.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=248}}<ref name="Kramer-1979">{{Cite news |last=Kramer |first=Hilton |date=November 23, 1979 |title=Art: Whitney Shows Warhol Works |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/23/archives/art-whitney-shows-warhol-works.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202100250/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/23/archives/art-whitney-shows-warhol-works.html |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=December 5, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tucker-1979">{{Cite news |last=Tucker |first=Priscilla |date=November 19, 1979 |title=Off The Wall Exposures |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-andy-warhol-portraits-of-the/146276253/ |access-date=April 29, 2024 |newspaper=New York Daily News |pages=53 |archive-date=April 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429091520/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-andy-warhol-portraits-of-the/146276253/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The exhibition showcased Warhol's portrait commissions of the decade—including Yves Saint Laurent, Gianni Agnelli, Marella Agnelli, David Hockney, Roy Lichtenstein, Brooke Hayward, Carolina Herrera, Mick Jagger, and Liza Minnelli.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 23, 1979 |title=Andy Warhol 'Hangs' Celebrities; Paulette Goddard Sells Renoirs |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/omaha-world-herald-andy-warhol-hangs-c/191797311/ |access-date=February 21, 2026 |work=Omaha World-Herald |pages=19}}</ref><ref name="Kramer-1979" /> The show received some unfavorable reviews, with ''New York Times'' critic Hilton Kramer remarking that Warhol art "belongs less to the history of painting than to the history of publicity."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kramer |first=Hilton |date=1979-11-23 |title=Art: Whitney Shows Warhol Works |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/23/archives/art-whitney-shows-warhol-works.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
=== ''Popism'', late-career series, and new direction (1980–1983) === [[File:Warhol and Beuys by Jodice.tif|thumb|Warhol and Joseph Beuys at the Piazza dei Martiri in Naples, 1980|left|311x311px]]
In March 1980, Warhol released his memoir ''POPism: The Warhol'' ''<nowiki/>'60s'', a retrospective account of his 1960s career and the cultural environment of the Factory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pleasants |first=Ben |date=March 30, 1980 |title=Soupcons of culture in Warhol's decade |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-andy-warhol-popism/151981321/ |access-date=March 25, 2026 |work=The Los Angeles Times - The Book Review |pages=12}}</ref> That year, his series ''Ten Portraits of Jews of the Twentieth Century'' drew a wide range of responses, some of them strongly critical.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kramer |first=Hilton |date=September 19, 1980 |title=Art: Warhol Show At Jewish Museum |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/09/19/archives/art-warhol-show-at-jewish-museum.html |access-date=March 25, 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Warhol also co-founded the New York Academy of Art in 1980, an institution dedicated to restoring traditional approaches to artistic training.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Jacob |date=April 26, 2017 |title=Downtown Art School that Warhol Started Raises its Celebrity Profile |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/26/style/david-kratz-new-york-academy-of-art-andy-warhol.html |access-date=March 25, 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Fellow co-founder Stuart Pivar later observed that "Modernism got boring [for Warhol] … But his overall game plan, what he really believed, was that the modern age was going away and that we were entering a neoclassical period."<ref name="Muchnic-1988a" />
During this period, Warhol developed his ''Myths'' series (1981), reimagining cultural icons such as Mickey Mouse, Superman, and Uncle Sam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 20, 1981 |title=Warhol delves into 'Myths' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-andy-warhol-my/184022189/ |access-date=January 11, 2026 |work=Newsday (Suffolk Edition) |pages=20/Part II}}</ref> His longstanding fascination with celebrity and Hollywood glamour also persisted; he once remarked, "I love Los Angeles. I love Hollywood. They're so beautiful. Everything's plastic, but I love plastic. I want to be plastic."<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Victor |last1=Bockris |author-link=Victor Bockris |author2=Gerard Malanga |title=Up-tight: The Velvet Underground Story |publisher=Omnibus Press |location=London |year=2002 |page=66 |isbn=978-0-7119-9170-5 |oclc=49906101|author2-link=Gerard Malanga }}</ref> Following the end of his relationship with Jed Johnson, his only sustained romantic partnership, Warhol experienced a period of depression and significant weight loss.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=374|ps=Entry date: April 18, 1981}}{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|pp=438, 441}} He shifted his attention to modeling, signing with the Zoli Agency in 1981, and was later represented by Ford Models.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1981-04-10 |title=Listen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-andy-warhol-joins/195528075/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Los Angeles Times |pages=Fashion81 1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bosch|first1=Lindsay J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5RxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672|title=Icons of Beauty: Art, Culture, and the Image of Women [2 volumes]|last2=Mancoff|first2=Debra N.|date=December 22, 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-08156-9|pages=672|language=en}}</ref>
In 1981, Warhol collaborated with Peter Sellars and Lewis Allen on a project titled ''A No Man Show'', a traveling stage production featuring a life-sized animatronic robot modeled after Warhol.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ridenour |first=Al |date=May 16, 2002 |title=The Automated Andy Warhol Is Reprogrammed |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-may-16-wk-town16-story.html |access-date=August 4, 2023 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804224234/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-may-16-wk-town16-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Known as the ''Andy Warhol Robot'', the figure was designed to read from Warhol's diaries as part of the performance, reflecting his long-standing interest in mechanization and authorship.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Watercutter |first=Angela |title=Why 'The Andy Warhol Diaries' Recreated the Artist's Voice With AI |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/andy-warhol-diaries-artificial-intelligence-voice/ |access-date=August 4, 2023 |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804224234/https://www.wired.com/story/andy-warhol-diaries-artificial-intelligence-voice/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=McGreevy |first1=Nora |title=Hear an A.I.-Generated Andy Warhol 'Read' His Diary to You in New Documentary |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/an-ai-generated-andy-warhol-reads-his-diary-to-you-in-new-documentary-180979658/ |access-date=August 4, 2023 |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804224239/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/an-ai-generated-andy-warhol-reads-his-diary-to-you-in-new-documentary-180979658/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1982, Warhol created a limited edition of 100 silkscreen portraits of actress Jane Fonda to support the California State Assembly campaign of her husband, Tom Hayden.<ref name="Holley-1982">{{Cite news |last=Holley |first=David |date=June 24, 1982 |title=Warhol Prints of Fonda Carry $2,000 Pricetags; Portraits to Fatten Hayden's War Chest |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-warhol-prints-of-f/195100169/ |access-date=April 8, 2026 |work=The Los Angeles Times |pages=14 Part IX}}</ref> Donated to the campaign, the signed prints were sold for $2,000 each.<ref name="Holley-1982" />
In 1983, Warhol was commissioned to design a poster commemorating the centennial of the Brooklyn Bridge, which he contributed to the New York Art Expo that year.<ref name="Finston-1983">{{Cite news |last=Finston |first=Mark |date=April 6, 1983 |title=Andy Warhol unveils tribute to the Brooklyn Bridge |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-star-ledger-andy-warhol-unveiling-br/165131335/ |access-date=February 10, 2025 |newspaper=The Star-Ledger |pages=49 |archive-date=February 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219130417/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-star-ledger-andy-warhol-unveiling-br/165131335/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He also produced a series of ''Endangered Species'' (1983) screenprints for ''Warhol's Animals: Species at Risk'', an exhibition held in April 1983 at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1983-04-29 |title=Animals by Warhol |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/29/arts/animals-by-warhol.html |access-date=2026-05-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ahead of the 1984 Sarajevo Winter Olympics, Warhol participated in the poster campaign by contributing the lithograph ''Speed Skater'' (1983).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forment |first=Amanda |title=Sarajevo '84: Designing Optimism {{!}} Magazine {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/magazine/articles/1402 |access-date=March 26, 2026 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref>
=== Later collaborations and last exhibitions (1984–1987) === [[File:Andy Warhol, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Bruno Bischofberger and Fransesco Clemente, New York, 1984.tif|thumb|Warhol with Jean-Michel Basquiat, Bruno Bischofberger, and Francesco Clemente, 1984]]
By 1984, Warhol had affiliated himself with a number of prolific younger artists, who were dominating the "bull market" of 1980s New York art: Julian Schnabel, David Salle and other so-called Neo-Expressionists, as well as members of the Transavantgarde movement in Europe, including Francesco Clemente and Enzo Cucchi. He also supported artists in the downtown art scene such as Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring, Kenny Scharf, and Stefano Castronovo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baitel |first=Shai |date=February 18, 2025 |title=Kenny Scharf on Trash, Artificial Intelligence, and the Golden Days of New York |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/kenny-scharf-on-trash-artificial-intelligence-and-the-golden-days-of-new-york |access-date=March 26, 2026 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mirabella |first=Alan |date=July 2, 1985 |title=It worked for Leonardo da Vinci... |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-it-worked-for-leonardo-da-vin/193999144/ |access-date=March 26, 2026 |work=Daily News |pages=100}}</ref> In September 1985, Warhol's joint exhibition with Basquiat, ''Paintings'', opened to negative reviews at the Tony Shafrazi Gallery.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raynor|first=Vivien|date=September 20, 1985|title=ART: BASQUIAT, WARHOL|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/20/arts/art-basquiat-warhol.html|access-date=October 18, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018072229/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/20/arts/art-basquiat-warhol.html|url-status=live}}</ref> That same month, despite his apprehension, Warhol's silkscreen series ''Reigning Queens'' (1985) was exhibited at the Leo Castelli Gallery.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tate|title='Reigning Queens', Andy Warhol|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/warhol-reigning-queens-ar00396|access-date=October 17, 2021|website=Tate Etc.|archive-date=October 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018072235/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/warhol-reigning-queens-ar00396|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, he collaborated with Haring to design the poster for the 1986 Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland, which was also used for the 1986 Montreux-Detroit Jazz Festival in Detroit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miro |first=Marsha |date=August 25, 1986 |title=Jazz Poster Doubles as Art and Ad |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-keith-haring-andy-w/142993595/ |access-date=March 26, 2026 |work=Detroit Free Press |pages=1, 11}}</ref>
In April 1986, Warhol's exhibition ''10 Status of Liberty'' (1986) opened at the Galerie Lavignes-Bastille in Paris in conjunction with the centennial of the Statue of Liberty, presenting the symbol of freedom in camouflage and layered colors.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=724|ps=Entry date: April 12, 1986}} The following month, one of the paintings was used for the cover ''New York'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 12, 1986 |title=Miscellany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuYCAAAAMBAJ&q=warhol&pg=PA3 |journal=New York Magazine |pages=3 |quote=Cover: Painting by Andy Warhol. Courtesy of the Lavignes-Bastille Gallery, Paris.}}</ref> That same year, he completed a new series of ''Self-Portraits'' (1986), characterized by his "fright wig" and stark contrasts, which premiered at London's Anthony d'Offay Gallery in July 1986.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Januszczak |first=Waldemar |date=July 10, 1986 |title=The most enigmatic face of the Sixties |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-andy-warhol-at-the-anthony/160440566/ |access-date=January 11, 2026 |work=The Guardian |pages=12}}</ref>
In January 1987, Warhol traveled to Milan for the opening of his last exhibition, ''Il Cenacolo (The Last Supper)'', at the Palazzo delle Stelline.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=March 23, 2017 |title=The must-see exhibition in Milan: "Sixty Last Suppers" by Andy Warhol |url=https://www.vogue.fr/fashion-culture/fashion-exhibitions/diaporama/exhibition-andy-warhol-milan-italy-art-culture-museo-de-novecento-gagosian-gallery/41931 |access-date=October 18, 2021 |magazine=Vogue Paris |language=fr-FR |archive-date=October 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018072230/https://www.vogue.fr/fashion-culture/fashion-exhibitions/diaporama/exhibition-andy-warhol-milan-italy-art-culture-museo-de-novecento-gagosian-gallery/41931 |url-status=live}}</ref> The next month, Warhol modeled with jazz musician Miles Davis for Koshin Satoh's fashion show at the Tunnel in New York City on February 17, 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kornbluth|first=Jesse|date=March 9, 1987|title=Remembering the World of Andy Warhol|url=https://nymag.com/arts/art/features/47184/|access-date=October 18, 2021|website=New York|language=en-us|archive-date=October 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018072224/https://nymag.com/arts/art/features/47184/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Le jour où Warhol est devenu le serviteur de Miles Davis|url=https://www.numero.com/fr/musique/miles-davis-andy-warhol-jazz-pop-art-tunnel-manhattan-night-club-defile-koshin-satoh|access-date=October 18, 2021|website=Numéro Magazine|language=fr|archive-date=April 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414055355/https://www.numero.com/fr/musique/miles-davis-andy-warhol-jazz-pop-art-tunnel-manhattan-night-club-defile-koshin-satoh|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Death == Warhol was initially diagnosed with a gallstone in 1973, but adamantly rejected surgery because he feared hospitals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Myers |first=Steven Lee |date=December 6, 1991 |title=Treatment Of Warhol Is Defended |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/06/nyregion/treatment-of-warhol-is-defended.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416164251/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/06/nyregion/treatment-of-warhol-is-defended.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When he was insistent about avoiding surgery, his physician Denton Cox attempted to obtain an experimental medication from Japan.<ref name="Byron-1991" /> The artist also sought guidance from a chiropractor and nutritionist, who suggested that he wear a small crystal. Dehydrated and unable to eat, Warhol was in excruciating pain by February 1987.<ref name="Byron-1991">{{Cite news |last=Byron |first=Peg |date=December 5, 1991 |title=Hospital, doctors' lawyers say Warhol's death was unpreventable |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/12/05/Hospital-doctors-lawyers-say-Warhols-death-was-unpreventable/8738691909200/ |access-date=April 12, 2025 |publisher=United Press International |archive-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416164353/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/12/05/Hospital-doctors-lawyers-say-Warhols-death-was-unpreventable/8738691909200/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Warhol was admitted to New York Hospital in Manhattan on February 20, and he underwent gallbladder surgery on February 21.<ref name="Farber-1987">{{Cite news |last=Farber |first=M. A. |date=April 11, 1987 |title=Warhol Received Inadequate Care In Hospital, Health Board Asserts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/11/nyregion/warhol-received-inadequate-care-in-hospital-health-board-asserts.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417010907/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/11/nyregion/warhol-received-inadequate-care-in-hospital-health-board-asserts.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His surgeon Bjorn Thorbjarnarson found his gallbladder "on the verge of perforating" and in danger of "spilling the infection into (Warhol's) belly."<ref name="Byron-1991" /> Warhol was awake and able to walk about, make phone calls, and watch television when both of his doctors visited him after the four-hour operation.<ref name="Byron-1991" /> His private nurse, Min Cho, saw his growing pallor at 4:30 the following morning, but she did not call the hospital's cardiac-arrest team until 5:45 am, when he was "unresponsive" and turning blue.<ref name="Wallis-1987">{{Cite magazine |last=Wallis |first=Claudia |date=April 27, 1987 |title=Medicine: A Hospital Stands Accused |url=https://time.com/archive/6708997/medicine-a-hospital-stands-accused/ |access-date=April 12, 2025 |magazine=Time |archive-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416163357/https://time.com/archive/6708997/medicine-a-hospital-stands-accused/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was pronounced dead at 6:31 a.m. from sudden cardiac arrhythmia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McGill |first=Douglas C. |date=February 23, 1987 |title=Andy Warhol; Pop Artist, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/23/obituaries/andy-warhol-pop-artist-dies.html |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626191653/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/23/obituaries/andy-warhol-pop-artist-dies.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wallis-1987" />
=== Funeral and memorial service === [[File:Warhol's grave.jpg|thumb|Warhol's grave at the St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, Pennsylvania]]
Warhol's brothers took his body back to Pittsburgh, where an open-casket wake was held at the Thomas P. Kunsak Funeral Home.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Donald |date=1987-02-27 |title=Avant-Garde Warhol Given Traditional Farewell |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-post-gazette-avant-garde-warh/195928432/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |pages=1}}</ref> The solid bronze casket had gold-plated rails and white upholstery. Warhol was dressed in a black cashmere suit, a paisley tie, and a platinum wig.{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|p=414}} He was laid out holding a small prayer book and a red rose.<ref name="Flynn-1987" /> A half-hour funeral liturgy in English and Slavonic was led by Monsignor Peter Tay at the Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church on Pittsburgh's North Side on February 26, 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Donald |date=1987-02-27 |title=Warhol Is Laid To Rest |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-post-gazette-warhol-is-laid-t/195928642/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |pages=4}}</ref>{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=493}} After the liturgy, the casket, covered with white roses and asparagus ferns, was driven to St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, a south suburb of Pittsburgh, where Warhol was buried near his parents.{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|pp=493–494}} The priest said a brief prayer at the graveside and sprinkled holy water on the casket. Before the casket was lowered, Warhol's close friend Paige Powell tossed copies of the February and March issues of ''Interview'' magazine along with a bottle of Estée Lauder's Beautiful Eau de Parfum into his grave.<ref name="Flynn-1987">{{Cite news |last=Flynn |first=Kevin |date=February 27, 1987 |title=Warhol Funeral A Quiet Ending To a Flashy Life |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-warhol-funeral-a-quiet-ending-to/170134475/ |newspaper=Newsday |pages=6 |archive-date=April 18, 2025 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418070306/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-warhol-funeral-a-quiet-ending-to/170134475/ |url-status=live |quote=His close friend, Paige Powell, tossed the February and March issues of Interview, Warhol's celebrity profile magazine, into the open grave before the casket was lowered.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Paige Powell on Andy Warhol, Fashion and America's Art Scene |url=https://spearswms.com/paige-powell-on-andy-warhol-fashion-and-americas-art-scene/ |access-date=May 29, 2022 |magazine=Spear's Wealth Management Survey |date=January 9, 2013 |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519093159/https://spearswms.com/paige-powell-on-andy-warhol-fashion-and-americas-art-scene/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
A memorial service for Warhol was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan on April 1, 1987.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Glueck|first=Grace|date=April 2, 1987|title=Warhol Is Remembered By 2,000 At St. Patrick's|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/02/nyregion/warhol-is-remembered-by-2000-at-st-patrick-s.html|access-date=October 18, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018072222/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/02/nyregion/warhol-is-remembered-by-2000-at-st-patrick-s.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was attended by over 2,000 people, including Warhol collaborators and numerous celebrities such as Raquel Welch, Debbie Harry, Liza Minnelli, Claus von Bülow, and Calvin Klein, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2011 |title=The Day the Factory Died: Andy Warhol's memorial service: in pictures |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/8938890/The-Day-the-Factory-Died-Andy-Warhols-memorial-service-in-pictures.html |access-date=December 25, 2024 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref name="Winship-1987">{{Cite web |last=Winship |first=Frederick M. |date=April 1, 1987 |title=Celebrities attend Warhol memorial at St. Patrick's Cathedral |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/04/01/Celebrities-attend-Warhol-memorial-at-St-Patricks-Cathedral/9987544251600/ |access-date=December 25, 2024 |publisher=United Press International |archive-date=February 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219130058/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/04/01/Celebrities-attend-Warhol-memorial-at-St-Patricks-Cathedral/9987544251600/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Eulogies were given by John Richardson and Yoko Ono.<ref name="Winship-1987" /> Afterwards, there was a luncheon at the Diamond Horseshoe nightclub beneath the Paramount Hotel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 2, 1987 |title=Special Memorial For Andy Warhol |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-special-memorial-for-andy-warhol/170133953/ |access-date=April 12, 2025 |newspaper=Newsday |pages=6 |archive-date=May 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505050102/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-special-memorial-for-andy-warhol/170133953/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Wrongful death lawsuit === In April 1987, the New York State Health Department released a report that Warhol was given inadequate care by New York Hospital from the time he was admitted until the hours before his death. These included not performing the appropriate work-up tests prior to surgery, giving Warhol antibiotics to which he may have experienced an allergic response, causing him to become overhydrated, and repeatedly failing to take accurate notes on his chart. There were no issues with the procedure itself, according to the report.<ref name="Farber-1987" /> In response, the hospital dismissed the private nurse who had been employed to care for Warhol and penalized the staff nurse who had been tasked with overseeing her.<ref name="Cullen-1987">{{Cite news |last=Cullen |first=Bernard |date=April 15, 1987 |title=The city medical examiner said Wednesday Andy Warhol's heart... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/04/15/The-city-medical-examiner-said-Wednesday-Andy-Warhols-heart/1531545457600/ |access-date=April 12, 2025 |publisher=United Press International |archive-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416163338/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/04/15/The-city-medical-examiner-said-Wednesday-Andy-Warhols-heart/1531545457600/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the hospital claimed that the nursing deficiencies were not significant enough to cause Warhol's death.<ref name="Cullen-1987" />
In December 1991, Warhol's family sued the hospital in the New York Supreme Court for inadequate care, before judge Ira Gammerman, saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water intoxication.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Ronald |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/05/nyregion/care-faulted-in-the-death-of-warhol.html |title=Care faulted in the death of warhol |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 5, 1991 |access-date=August 14, 2010 |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031102957/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/05/nyregion/care-faulted-in-the-death-of-warhol.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The malpractice case was quickly settled out of court; Warhol's family received an undisclosed sum of money.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1991/12/24/andy-warhol-heirs-settle-lawsuit-with-hospital-over-artists-death/ |title=Andy Warhol Heirs Settle Lawsuit With Hospital Over Artist's Death |newspaper=Orlando Sentinel |date=December 24, 1991 |access-date=December 4, 2013 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129052112/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-12-24/news/9112240841_1_warhol-york-hospital-gallstones |url-status=live }}</ref>
Prior to his surgery, doctors expected Warhol to survive, though a re-evaluation of the case about thirty years after his death showed many indications that Warhol's surgery was in fact riskier than originally thought. It was widely reported at the time that Warhol had died of a "routine" surgery, though when considering factors such as his age, a family history of gallbladder problems, his previous gunshot wound, and his medical state in the weeks leading up to the procedure, the potential risk of death following the surgery appeared to have been significant.<ref name="Gobnik-2017">{{cite news |last1=Gobnik|first1=Blake |title=Warhol's Death: Not So Simple, After All |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/21/arts/design/andy-warhols-death-not-so-routine-after-all.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 21, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2017 | url-status = live | archive-date = November 19, 2025 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20251119184434/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/21/arts/design/andy-warhols-death-not-so-routine-after-all.html}}</ref>
==Art works== === Drawings === thumb|284x284px|Warhol drawing and signature
Although Warhol is best known for his work in printmaking, particularly silkscreen, he was also a highly skilled illustrator and draughtsman.<ref name="Network-2023" /> His early drawings on paper convey a sense of ease and immediacy, shaped by the "blotted line" technique he pioneered as a student at Carnegie Tech.{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|pp=26–29}} Warhol achieved the blotted-line effect through a simple but deliberate process. He taped a penciled drawing to a sheet of smooth Strathmore board, traced sections of the image in ink, and while the ink was still wet, pressed the sheets together to transfer the design.{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|p=29}} Because the ink dried quickly, he worked in stages—lifting and re-inking the drawing until the entire image was transferred—producing irregular, variable lines in a process akin to rudimentary printmaking.<ref name="Guest-1954" /><ref name="Benstock2" /> He embraced the accidental blots and breaks created by this method, never making corrections, and often applied pastel washes of Dr. Ph. Martin's dyes slightly off register.{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|p=29}}{{Sfn|Watson|2003|p=27}} He sometimes used photographs to trace for his drawings.{{Sfn|Watson|2003|p=27}}
His illustration style was instantly recognizable, marked by a casual sophistication often described as a lighter, more playful take on Ben Shahn.{{Sfn|Watson|2003|p=26}} Among the best known of these early works are his shoe illustrations for I. Miller.<ref name="Mugrabi-2019" /> Some of his personal drawings were self-published in small booklets, including ''Yum, Yum, Yum'' (food-themed), ''Ho, Ho, Ho'' (Christmas-themed), and ''Shoes, Shoes, Shoes''. His most critically acclaimed book of illustrations is ''A Gold Book'', a collection of drawings of young men, distinguished by the use of gold leaf decorating its pages.{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|p=51}} The drawings from his later years demonstrate the skill and technique that have been refined over the course of his career.<ref name="Network-2023">{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Artnet Gallery |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Spotlight: A New Exhibition of Andy Warhol's Late-Career Drawings Reveals His Enduring Passions, From Fashion to the Animal Kingdom |url=https://news.artnet.com/buyers-guide/spotlight-long-sharp-gallery-andy-warhol-life-well-drawn-2286832 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418200219/https://news.artnet.com/buyers-guide/spotlight-long-sharp-gallery-andy-warhol-life-well-drawn-2286832 |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |publisher=Artnet}}</ref> === Paintings and prints === By the beginning of the 1960s, the Pop art movement was an experimental form that several artists were independently adopting. Warhol, who would be dubbed the "Pope of Pop Art" and "King of Pop," turned to this new style, where popular subjects could be part of the artist's palette.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ferry |first=Antony |date=1965-03-19 |title=Meer the Dead-eyed Daddy of Pop Art |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-meer-the-dead-eyed-dadd/198049606/ |access-date=2026-05-22 |work=The Toronto Star |pages=21}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Isenberg |first=Barbara |date=1977-02-24 |title=Busy Just Being … Andy Warhol |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-andy-warhol-americ/154438028/ |access-date=2026-05-19 |work=The Los Angeles Times |pages=Part IV 13}}</ref> He experimented with his artistic style and painting techniques before he became synonymous with the movement. His early paintings feature images taken from cartoons and advertisements, hand-painted with paint drips.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|pp=222–223}} Those drips emulated the style of Abstract expressionists such as Willem de Kooning.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|pp=222–223}} His first Pop art paintings were displayed in April 1961, serving as the backdrop for the New York Department Store Bonwit Teller's window display.<ref>Smith, Patrick S (1986). ''Andy Warhol's Art and Films''; UMI Research Press; p.98; {{ISBN|978-0-8357-1733-5}}</ref> [[File:Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith, opinion of Justice Kagan, page 5 image.jpg|thumb|277x277px|Publicity photo of Marilyn Monroe for ''Niagara'' (1953), with reframing lines by Warhol. This was used as the basis for Warhol's portraits of Monroe.]] In 1962, Warhol adopted the silkscreen print process as a technique for making paintings to make a more "assembly-line effect."{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|p=22}} For this process, a photograph was enlarged and transferred in glue onto a silk mesh.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Kamholz |first=Roger |date=2013-11-10 |title=Andy Warhol and His Process |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/andy-warhol-and-his-process |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Sothebys.com |language=en}}</ref> Ink was then rolled across the screen with a squeegee, passing through the unsealed areas of the mesh, thereby transferring the image onto the canvas.<ref name=":6" /> Warhol had several assistants throughout his career, including Gerard Malanga, Ronnie Cutrone, and Jay Shriver, who helped him produced his silkscreen, following his directions to make different varitions.{{sfn|Colacello|1990|p=28}}<ref name=":0" />
For his first major exhibition in 1962, Warhol painted his celebrated cans of Campbell's soup, which he claimed to have had for lunch for 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Campbell's Soup Cans |url=https://bng.bm/art/campbells-soup-cans/ |access-date=April 13, 2025 |website=Bermuda National Gallery |archive-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416163629/https://bng.bm/art/campbells-soup-cans/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Warhol began to make paintings of everyday objects such as Coca-Cola bottles, dollar bills, trading stamps, and more gruesome subjects such as images of suicide, electric chairs, and car crashes, as in the ''Death and Disaster'' (1962–67) series.<ref name="Sotheby's-20132">{{cite web |date=November 14, 2013 |title=Record Warhol Leads Contemporary Sale |url=http://www.sothebys.com/content/sothebys/en/news-video/blogs/all-blogs/contemporary/2013/11/record-warhol-leads-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115022939/http://www.sothebys.com/content/sothebys/en/news-video/blogs/all-blogs/contemporary/2013/11/record-warhol-leads-.html |archive-date=January 15, 2015 |access-date=December 4, 2013 |website=Sotheby's}}</ref> He also painted portraits of icons such as Warren Beatty, Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth Taylor, and Jackie Kennedy.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Fulford |first=Robert |date=1965-03-13 |title=He's the Foreman of the Pop Art Factory |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-andy-warhol-interview-f/139478422/ |access-date=2026-05-22 |work=The Toronto Star |pages=26}}</ref> His work became popular and controversial.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duncan |first=Ray |date=1964-09-14 |title='Pop Art' Explained |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/pasadena-independent-pop-art-explained/198051003/ |access-date=2026-05-22 |work=Pasadena Independent |pages=3 |quote=Walter Hopps, director of the Pasadena Art Museum, stands beside Andy Warhol's controversial painting of a soup can, one of the most celebrated examples of Pop Art.}}</ref> Warhol articulated an egalitarian view of consumer goods, noting that products such as Coca-Cola were shared across social classes: "You can know that the President drinks Coke, Liz Taylor drinks Coke, and just think, you can drink Coke too."<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Warhol-Campbell Soup-1-screenprint-1968.jpg|thumb|324x324px|''Campbell's Soup I'' (1968)|left]]
Throughout the 1960s, Warhol repeatedly returned to Marilyn Monroe as a subject, creating works such as ''Gold Marilyn Monroe'' (1962), serial images including ''Marilyn Diptych'' (1962), the ''Flavor Marilyns'' (1962)—named for their color and Life Savers candy flavors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marilyn |url=https://richardpolskyart.com/rpaa-andy-warhol-catalogue-raisonne-addendum/catalogue-listings/marilyn-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116184149/https://richardpolskyart.com/rpaa-andy-warhol-catalogue-raisonne-addendum/catalogue-listings/marilyn-2/ |archive-date=November 16, 2021 |access-date=November 16, 2021 |website=Richard Polsky Art Authentication}}</ref> In 1964, four of his new larger Marilyn canvases were famously shot by performance artist Dorothy Podber, resulting in the ''Shot Marilyns''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polsky |first=Richard |date=2022-05-02 |title=The Wild History of the Warhol Marilyn That’s Set to Fetch $200 Million |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-wild-history-warhol-marilyn-set-fetch-200-million |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=Artsy |language=en}}</ref>
In 1967, Warhol established Factory Additions as his printmaking and publishing enterprise, issuing portfolios of ten images in editions of 250.<ref name="South Dakota State University">{{cite web |title=2019: 50 Works for 50 Years |url=https://www.sdstate.edu/south-dakota-art-museum/2019-50-works-50-years |publisher=South Dakota State University |access-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512145838/https://www.sdstate.edu/south-dakota-art-museum/2019-50-works-50-years |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Weitman-1999" /> In 1970, some of the acetate films used to produce some of Warhol's screenprints were taken to Europe, where they were used to create a new series of editions published under the name "Sunday B. Morning."<ref name="Fp">{{cite web |author=Hintz, Paddy|date=December 8, 2007|title=Factory practices: [1 First With The News Edition]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/353917799|url-access=subscription|access-date=September 24, 2023|newspaper=The Courier-Mail|page=T03|id={{ProQuest|353917799}}|archive-date=September 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928130509/https://www.proquest.com/docview/353917799|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Davis, Holly|date=May 30, 2019|title=RMFA to exhibit "A Tribute to Sunday B. Morning and Andy Warhol"|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2231708051|url-access=subscription|access-date=September 24, 2023|work=TCA Regional News|id={{ProQuest|2231708051}}}}</ref> Produced in Belgium using the same color references as the original Factory prints, the editions included versions of Warhol's ''Marilyn Monroe'', ''Flowers, Campbell's Soup I, Campbell's Soup Cans II'', and ''Dollar Bill'' images. Although Warhol initially signed and numbered one edition of 250, he later distanced himself from the project after disputes with collaborators, and some prints were stamped "Fill in Your Own Signature" or inscribed by Warhol with the phrase "This is not by me, Andy Warhol."<ref>{{cite web |author=Warren, Matt|date=April 17, 2001|title=Factory prints: [S2 AND INTERACTIVE SUPPLEMENT Edition]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/326950189|url-access=subscription|access-date=September 24, 2023|work=The Scotsman|page=8|id={{ProQuest|326950189}}|archive-date=September 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928130507/https://www.proquest.com/docview/326950189|url-status=live}}</ref> Early versions bore black stamps on the verso, shifting to blue ink later on.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 18, 2015|title=What Is Sunday B. Morning And What Is The Connection To Andy Warhol Art|url=https://ginaartonline.com/what-is-sunday-b-morning-and-what-is-the-connection-to-andy-warhol-art/|access-date=September 24, 2023|publisher=Gginaartonline|archive-date=September 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928130508/https://ginaartonline.com/what-is-sunday-b-morning-and-what-is-the-connection-to-andy-warhol-art/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Andy Warhol with Athletes 1977.jpg|thumb|327x327px|Warhol with portraits from his ''Athletes'' series, 1977]] In the 1970s, Warhol evolved into a portraiture artist, painting commissioned portraits of celebrities and socialites.<ref name="Kazickas-19753"/><ref name="Tucker-1979" /> The last portrait he made at the old Factory at 33 Union Square West, in 1974, was of his mother, Julia Warhola, who had died two years earlier.{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=266}} In the new Factory at 860 Broadway, he left behind the finger-painting and gestural complexity of his 1972–74 works for a cleaner, more streamlined style—echoing the shift from the old studio's clutter to the new one's openness.{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=266}} Many of the portraits Warhol produced between 1975 and 1976, share a soft, pastel look, with distant eyes under washes of azure, mint, or lavender. This style defined his portrayals of Mick Jagger, Joe MacDonald, Roy Lichtenstein, Marilyn Karp, Marcia Weisman, and Tina Freeman.{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=266}}
Warhol wasn't only painting commissioned portraits—though some non-portrait works were still dealer-commissioned before he began them. His studio production returned to mid-sixties levels, with the same intensity and volume. After the ''Mao'' series (1972–73), he created ''Hand Colored Flowers'' (1974), a portfolio of 10 flower prints, silkscreened in black and hand watercolored.<ref name="New York Magazine-1975">{{Cite journal |date=January 6, 1975 |title=Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MekCAAAAMBAJ&dq=warhol+hand+colored+flowers+1974&pg=PA25 |journal=New York Magazine |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=25 |issn=0028-7369}}</ref>{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=217}} In 1975, Warhol completed the ''Ladies and Gentlemen'' series, followed by ''Cats and Dogs'' in 1976 and the ''Skulls'' series later that year.{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=267}} He subsequently began working on ''Hammer and Sickle'' (1976–77).{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|p=354}} In 1977, he debuted his ''Torsos'' and ''Athletes'' series, and then began ''Oxidation'' (1977–78) also known as "piss paintings" were abstract works which Warhol created by exposing a layer of undried metallic paint to urine, and ''Shadows'' (1978–79).{{sfn|Colacello|1990|p=343}}<ref name="National Galleries of Scotland">{{Cite web |title=Torsos by Andy Warhol |url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/93283 |access-date=December 16, 2025 |website=National Galleries of Scotland |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=429}}
In 1979, Warhol was commissioned to paint a BMW M1 Group 4 racing version for the fourth installment of the BMW Art Car project.<ref name="Taylor-20012">{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMRT2oqlIkYC&pg=PA28 |title=Original BMW M-Series |date=2001 |publisher=MBI Publishing Company LLC |isbn=978-0-7603-0898-1 |pages=28–29 |language=en}}</ref> He was initially asked to paint a BMW 320i in 1978, but the car model was changed, and it didn't qualify for the race that year.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=119|ps=Entry date: Thursday, March 23, 1978}}{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=136|ps=Entry date: Friday, May 19, 1978}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEMFAAAAMAAJ&q=Poulain+andy+warhol+1978 |title=The Art Gallery |date=1978 |publisher=Hollycroft Press |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref> Warhol was the first artist to paint directly onto the automobile himself instead of letting technicians transfer a scale-model design to the car.<ref name="Taylor-20012" /> Reportedly, it took him only 23 minutes to paint the entire car.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bmw Art Car 1979: M1 by Andy Warhol |url=http://www.carbodydesign.com/archive/2006/03/27-bmw-art-car-1979-andy-warhol-m1/bmw-art-car-1979-andy-warhol-m1.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213000309/http://www.carbodydesign.com/archive/2006/03/27-bmw-art-car-1979-andy-warhol-m1/bmw-art-car-1979-andy-warhol-m1.php |archive-date=February 13, 2010 |publisher=carbodydesign.com}}</ref> Racecar drivers Hervé Poulain, Manfred Winkelhock and Marcel Mignot drove the car at the 1979 24 Hours of Le Mans.<ref name="Taylor-20012" />
thumb|''BMW Group - 4 M1'' (1979), painted by Warhol
In 1979, Warhol began his ''Reversals'' and ''Retrospectives'' series, revisiting earlier subjects such as Marilyn Monroe, Mao Zedong, and his disaster imagery.{{Sfn|Bourdon|1980|pp=378–380}} During the 1980s, art dealer Ronald Feldman often handled the legal and licensing issues surrounding Warhol's print and painting projects, working closely with Warhol and his business manager Fred Hughes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bollier |first=David |title=Brand Name Bullies: The Quest to Own and Control Culture |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-471-67927-1 |pages=49}}</ref> Feldman commissioned several portfolios, including ''Ten Portraits of Jews of the Twentieth Century'' (1980), ''Myths'' (1981), and ''Endangered Species'' (1983).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-02-26 |title=Closer Look: Warhol's 'Endangered Species' Series - Carnegie Magazine |url=https://carnegiemuseums.org/carnegie-magazine/spring-2026/closer-look-warhols-endangered-species-series/ |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh |language=en-US}}</ref>
In 1983, Warhol began collaborating with artists Jean-Michel Basquiat and Francesco Clemente.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=545|ps=Entry date: December 20, 1983}}{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|p=394}} Warhol and Basquiat created a series of more than 50 large collaborative works between 1984 and 1985.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 31, 2019 |title=Andy Warhol, Jean-Michel Basquiat, and the Friendship That Defined the Art World in 1980s New York City |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2019/07/andy-warhol-jean-michel-basquiat-friendship-book |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824020803/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2019/07/andy-warhol-jean-michel-basquiat-friendship-book |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |access-date=August 30, 2021 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref> In their collaborations, Warhol would silkscreen or paint words, symbols, newspaper headlines, or enlarged corporate logos—such as Paramount Pictures or General Electric—onto the canvas, which Basquiat would then rework with his own expressionistic figures, text, and imagery, adding to and subtracting from Warhol's compositions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McGuigan |first=Cathleen |date=1985-02-10 |title=NEW ART, NEW MONEY |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/10/magazine/new-art-new-money.html |access-date=2026-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raynor |first=Vivien |date=1985-09-20 |title=ART: BASQUIAT, WARHOL |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/20/arts/art-basquiat-warhol.html |access-date=2026-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Late in his career, Warhol was commissioned by gallerist Alexander Iolas to produce work based on Leonardo da Vinci's ''The Last Supper''.<ref name="Schmuckli-1999" /> His ''Last Supper'' (1985–86) series is the largest series of religious-themed works by an American artist.{{Sfn|Dillenberger|2001|pp=10–11}} In the period just before his death, Warhol was also working on ''Cars'' (1986), a series of paintings for Mercedes-Benz, and ''Moonwalk'' (1987), prints from a proposed history of television series.<ref name="Kennedy-20012">{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |date=September 1, 2001 |title=Warhol: Cars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/sep/01/arts.warhol |access-date=April 24, 2010 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-09-03 |title=Brothers Feud over Andy Warhol Moonwalk Prints |url=https://www.artforum.com/news/brothers-feud-over-andy-warhol-moonwalk-prints-244529/ |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Digital art === In 1985, Warhol used Amiga computers to generate digital art, including the short film ''You Are the One''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Chris |date=June 25, 2013 |title=Warhol & The Computer |url=https://computerhistory.org/blog/warhol-the-computer/ |access-date=November 25, 2025 |publisher=Computer History Museum}}</ref> He also did a demonstration on live TV with singer Debbie Harry as a model.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=Andy Warhol's Amiga Experiments |url=http://www.nowseethis.org/invisiblephoto/posts/108 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519221608/http://www.nowseethis.org/invisiblephoto/posts/108 |archive-date=May 19, 2014 |access-date=May 19, 2014}}</ref>
=== Sculptures === [[File:Campbell's Tomato Juice Box. 1964. Synthetic polymer paint and silkscreen ink on wood.jpg|thumb|''Campbell's Tomato Juice Box'' (1964) |253x253px]]
Warhol's most well-known sculptures are his ''Brillo Boxes''—silkscreen ink on wood replicas of the large branded cardboard boxes used to hold 24 packages of Brillo soap pads.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Levy |first1=Adrian |last2=Scott-Clark |first2=Cathy |date=August 20, 2010 |title=Warhol's box of tricks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/aug/21/warhol-brillo-boxes-scandal-fraud |access-date=November 21, 2024 |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The original Brillo design was by commercial artist James Harvey. Warhol's ''Brillo Boxes'' were part of a series of "grocery carton" works that also included Heinz ketchup and Campbell's tomato juice boxes.<ref name="Staff of The Andy Warhol Museum-20042">{{cite book |author=Staff of The Andy Warhol Museum |title=Andy Warhol: 365 Takes |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-500-23814-1 |location=New York |page=35 |oclc=56117613}}</ref> Other famous works include the ''Silver Clouds''—helium filled, silver mylar, pillow-shaped balloons. A ''Silver Cloud'' was included in the traveling exhibition ''Air Art'' (1968–1969) curated by Willoughby Sharp. ''Clouds'' was also adapted by Warhol for avant-garde choreographer Merce Cunningham's dance piece ''RainForest'' (1968).{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|p=231}}
Warhol's ''Invisible Sculpture'' made in 1980 consisted of burglar alarms placed around the perimeter of a room at the Factory and aimed toward an empty center.<ref name="Evans-2017">{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Thomas Morgan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UmKJDwAAQBAJ&dq=Invisible+Sculpture+area&pg=PA107 |title=3D Warhol: Andy Warhol and Sculpture |date=February 28, 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-827-2 |pages=106–108 |language=en}}</ref> When a visitor stepped into the center point, all the alarms were triggered simultaneously. A version of ''Invisible Sculpture'' without the burglar alarms was installed at New York's Area nightclub in 1984 as part of its "Art" theme.<ref name="Evans-2017" />
=== Art market === During Warhol's lifetime, his work was initially modestly priced. In 1965, large paintings from the ''Flowers'' series sold for approximately $6,000, while smaller versions were available for as little as $400.<ref name="New York Magazine-1975"/> By the 1970s, Warhol had established a lucrative portrait practice, charging $25,000 for a commissioned portrait, with a discounted rate of $40,000 for two portraits.<ref name="Tucker-1979" /><ref name="Kazickas-19753">{{Cite news |last=Kazickas |first=Jurate |date=September 4, 1975 |title=Love Celebrities: Andy Warhol Travels Along With In-Crowd |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-advertiser-love-celebrities-a/146245325/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429091519/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-advertiser-love-celebrities-a/146245325/ |archive-date=April 29, 2024 |access-date=April 29, 2024 |newspaper=The Daily Advertiser |page=24}}</ref>
Warhol's market began to gain momentum at auction during his lifetime. In 1970, ''Campbell's Soup Can with Peeling Label'' (1962) sold for $60,000 at Parke-Bernet Galleries, then the highest price ever paid at public auction for a work by a living American artist.<ref name="NYT-19702">{{Cite news |date=May 16, 1970 |title=Warhol's Soup Can Sells for $60,000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/16/archives/warhols-soup-can-sells-for-60000.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709055554/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/16/archives/warhols-soup-can-sells-for-60000.html |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=July 8, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1978, ''19 Cents'' (1962) sold for $95,000—setting a new auction record for Warhol—after having originally been purchased for $1,300 in 1962.<ref name="National Galleries of Scotland"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 19, 1978 |title=Warhol 'soup' art sold for $95,000 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-minneapolis-star-warhol-soup-art-s/185749895/ |access-date=November 27, 2025 |work=The Minneapolis Star |pages=9B}}</ref>
Following Warhol's death in 1987, the value of his work continued to rise significantly, establishing him as one of the most consistently high-performing artists in the global art market. In 2014 alone, Warhol's works generated approximately $569 million at auction, accounting for more than one-sixth of the global art market that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol's Ever-Growing Art Market |url=https://fineartmultiple.com/blog/andy-warhol-art-market-growth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906102149/https://fineartmultiple.com/blog/andy-warhol-art-market-growth/ |archive-date=September 6, 2021 |access-date=September 6, 2021 |website=fineartmultiple.com}}</ref> Despite occasional downturns, his market has demonstrated long-term resilience. Art dealer Dominique Lévy characterized Warhol's market as "a seesaw being pulled uphill," noting that while prices fluctuate, each successive peak and decline occurs at a higher level than the previous one. She attributed this pattern to the continual influx of new collectors, observing that different generations and demographics periodically enter the market, driving renewed demand before stabilizing and giving way to the next cycle of interest.<ref name="Artnet News-20192">{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2019 |title=Is Warhol Still Art's 'One-Man Dow Jones'? Dealer Dominique Lévy Breaks Down Five Myths About the Artist's Market |url=https://news.artnet.com/market/dominique-levy-warhol-women-1524946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906102146/https://news.artnet.com/market/dominique-levy-warhol-women-1524946 |archive-date=September 6, 2021 |access-date=September 5, 2021 |publisher=Artnet}}</ref>
Warhol's celebrity imagery commands high prices, and Marilyn Monroe remains one of his most iconic subjects. In 1998, industrialist S.I. Newhouse Jr. purchased ''Orange Marilyn'' (1964) at Sotheby's for $17.3 million, setting a new record at the time for the highest price paid for a Warhol work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamholz |first=Roger |date=November 5, 2013 |title=Andy Warhol and 'Orange Marilyn' |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/andy-warhol-and-orange-marilyn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214223519/https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/andy-warhol-and-orange-marilyn |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Sotheby's}}</ref> After Newhouse's death in 2017, hedge fund manager Kenneth C. Griffin reportedly purchased ''Orange Marilyn'' in a private sale for approximately $200 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pogrebin |first=Robin |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Warhol's 'Marilyn,' at $195 Million, Shatters Auction Record for an American Artist |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/09/arts/design/warhol-auction-marilyn-monroe.html |access-date=May 10, 2022 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Warhol's market continued to strengthen in the 2000s. In 2007, collectors Stefan Edlis and Gael Neeson sold ''Turquoise Marilyn'' (1964) to financier Steven A. Cohen in a private transaction reportedly valued at $80 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villa |first=Angelica |date=March 31, 2021 |title=Stefan Edlis, Chicago's Impresario Collector of Mischievous Art: 'You Will Never See a B-Grade Piece by an A-Grade Artist' |url=https://www.artnews.com/feature/who-is-stefan-edlis-collector-1234588227/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906102147/https://www.artnews.com/feature/who-is-stefan-edlis-collector-1234588227/ |archive-date=September 6, 2021 |access-date=September 6, 2021 |publisher=Artnews}}</ref> In May 2007, ''Green Car Crash (Green Burning Car I)'' (1963) realized $71.1 million at Christie's, while ''Lemon Marilyn'' (1962) sold for $28 million in the same auction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2007 |title=Warhol's "Car Crash" rakes in green |url=http://artobserved.com/2007/05/springtime-auctions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906102147/http://artobserved.com/2007/05/springtime-auctions/ |archive-date=September 6, 2021 |access-date=September 6, 2021 |website=Art Observed}}</ref> In November 2009, ''200 One Dollar Bills'' (1962) sold for $43.8 million at Sotheby's.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamholz |first=Roger |date=November 3, 2013 |title=Andy Warhol and '200 One Dollar Bills' |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/andy-warhol-and-200-one-dollar-bills |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316204704/https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/andy-warhol-and-200-one-dollar-bills |archive-date=March 16, 2025 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=Sotheby's}}</ref>
The Elvis series remains among Warhol's most important bodies of work; of the 22 versions produced, eleven are held in museum collections.<ref name="Christie's" /> ''Eight Elvises'' (1963), depicting Elvis Presley in a gunslinger pose, was sold privately in 2008 by Annibale Berlingieri for approximately $100 million.<ref name="Economist-2009"/> Related works have also achieved strong results at auction, including ''Double Elvis (Ferus Type)'', which sold for $37 million at Sotheby's in 2012, and ''Triple Elvis (Ferus Type)'', which sold for $81.9 million at Christie's in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Warhol 'Elvis' sells for $37M; Lichtenstein, Weiwei works break own records at NYC auction |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/warhol-elvis-sells-for-37m-lichtenstein-weiwei-works-break-own-records-at-nyc-auction/2012/05/09/gIQAQQKDEU_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231143627/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/warhol-elvis-sells-for-37m-lichtenstein-weiwei-works-break-own-records-at-nyc-auction/2012/05/09/gIQAQQKDEU_story.html |archive-date=December 31, 2018 |access-date=May 10, 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 10, 2012 |title=Andy Warhol's 'Double Elvis' sells for $37M, Lichtenstein's 'Sleeping Girl' gets $44M |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/andy-warhol-double-elvis-sells-37m-lichtenstein-sleeping-girl-44m-article-1.1075674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929213150/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/andy-warhol-double-elvis-sells-37m-lichtenstein-sleeping-girl-44m-article-1.1075674 |archive-date=September 29, 2019 |access-date=September 29, 2019 |work=Daily News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-20142">{{cite news |date=November 13, 2014 |title=Andy Warhol's Elvis triptych sells for $81.9m |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30033747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113093553/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30033747 |archive-date=November 13, 2014 |access-date=November 13, 2014 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
Portraits of Elizabeth Taylor have also been highly sought after. In 2007, ''Liz (Colored Liz)'' (1963), formerly owned by actor Hugh Grant, sold for $23.7 million at Christie's.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Carol |date=July 20, 2007 |title=Hugh Grant Parts With 'Liz' (a Warhol) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/20/arts/design/20voge.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823000358/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/20/arts/design/20voge.html |archive-date=August 23, 2007 |access-date=September 7, 2021 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2007 |title=Warhol's 'Liz' painting nets $23.7 million |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/warhol-s-liz-painting-nets-23-7-million-wbna21779502 |access-date=September 7, 2021 |work=Today}}</ref> In November 2010, ''Men in Her Life'' (1962) sold for $63.4 million at Phillips de Pury, while ''Coca-Cola (4)'' (1962) sold for $35.3 million at Sotheby's.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 10, 2010 |title=Andy Warhol piece sells for $35m |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-11725032 |access-date=September 22, 2021 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2010 |title=Art Market Watch: Phillips de Pury does $137 million at its new headquarters – artnet Magazine |url=http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/news/artmarketwatch/phillips-de-pury-does-137-million11-9-10.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906102147/http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/news/artmarketwatch/phillips-de-pury-does-137-million11-9-10.asp |archive-date=September 6, 2021 |access-date=September 6, 2021 |publisher=Artnet}}</ref> In May 2011, ''Liz No. 5 (Early Colored Liz)'' sold for $26.9 million at Phillips.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Carol |date=May 13, 2011 |title=Good Week for Warhol as 'Liz #5' Sells for $27 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/13/arts/design/good-week-for-warhol-as-liz-5-brings-27-million.html |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/13/arts/design/good-week-for-warhol-as-liz-5-brings-27-million.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2021 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In May 2015, ''Silver Liz'' (1963, diptych) sold for $28 million, while ''Colored Mona Lisa'' (1963) achieved $56.2 million at Christie's.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol (1928–1987) – Silver Liz (diptych) |url=https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-5895973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053057/https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-5895973 |archive-date=September 7, 2021 |access-date=September 7, 2021 |website=Christie's}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boucher |first=Brian |date=May 13, 2015 |title=Christie's Megasale Totals $658.5 Million |url=https://news.artnet.com/market/christies-658-million-sale-record-rothko-89-million-297476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028050741/https://news.artnet.com/market/christies-658-million-sale-record-rothko-89-million-297476 |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |access-date=September 26, 2021 |publisher=Artnet}}</ref>
Warhol's self-portraits have likewise performed strongly at auction. In May 2010, a purple self-portrait from 1986, formerly owned by fashion designer Tom Ford, sold for $32.6 million at Sotheby's.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Carol |date=May 13, 2010 |title=Warhol and Rothko Lead a Big Night at Sotheby's |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/13/arts/design/13auction.html |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/13/arts/design/13auction.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |access-date=August 30, 2021 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In May 2011, Warhol's earliest self-portrait from 1963–64 sold for $38.4 million at Christie's, while a red self-portrait from 1986 sold for $27.5 million at the same auction house.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 12, 2011 |title=Andy Warhol self-portrait fetches $38.4m |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13371502 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227152008/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13371502 |archive-date=February 27, 2017 |access-date=January 30, 2017 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
Several major sales in the 2010s further cemented Warhol's status as one of the most valuable artists in the world. In 2010, his work sold for a total of $313 million, accounting for 17% of all contemporary auction sales.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Appleyeard |first=Bryan |date=November 18, 2011 |title=A one-man art market |url=https://www.economist.com/1843/2011/11/18/a-one-man-art-market |access-date=February 18, 2026 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> In November 2013, Warhol's rarely exhibited diptych ''Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster)'' (1963) sold for $105.4 million at Sotheby's, setting a new auction record for the artist at the time.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 13, 2013 |title=Warhol painting fetches record $105M at NYC auction |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/warhol-painting-fetches-record-105m-at-nyc-auction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322124513/https://www.foxnews.com/us/warhol-painting-fetches-record-105m-at-nyc-auction |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |access-date=December 4, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}</ref><ref name="Sotheby's-20132"/> That same month, ''Coca-Cola (3)'' (1962) sold for $57.3 million at Christie's.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Memmott |first=Mark |date=November 13, 2013 |title=Record $142.4M For Francis Bacon Art; Warhol Fetches $57.3M |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/11/13/244964857/record-142-4m-for-francis-bacon-art-warhol-fetches-57-3m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908073712/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/11/13/244964857/record-142-4m-for-francis-bacon-art-warhol-fetches-57-3m |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |access-date=September 6, 2021 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> In May 2014, ''Race Riot'' (1963), sold for $62.9 million and ''White Marilyn'' (1962), sold for $41 million at Christie's.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 14, 2014 |title=Warhol works make $100m at auction |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-27404623 |access-date=January 19, 2026 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Warhol's portrait of Marlon Brando, ''Four Marlons'' (1966), realized $69.6 million at Christie's in November 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Carol |date=November 13, 2014 |title=A Warhol Leads a Night of Soaring Prices at Christie's |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/13/arts/design/a-warhol-leads-a-night-of-big-bids-at-christies-.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210081247/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/13/arts/design/a-warhol-leads-a-night-of-big-bids-at-christies-.html |archive-date=December 10, 2024 |access-date=January 19, 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2015, Warhol's hand-painted canvas ''One Dollar Bill (Silver Certificate)'' (1962) fetched $32.8 million at Sotheby's.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boucher |first=Brian |date=July 1, 2015 |title=Sotheby's Warhol Dollar Bill Fetches $32 Million |url=https://news.artnet.com/market/warhol-dollar-bill-32-million-sothebys-london-313632 |access-date=February 19, 2026 |website=Artnet News |language=en-US}}</ref>
Warhol's market continued to expand globally into the 2020s. In March 2022, ''Silver Liz (Ferus Type)'' sold for ¥2.3 billion ($18.9 million) at Shinwa Auction, setting a new auction record in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Onishi |first=Wakato |date=March 31, 2022 |title=Warhol's Liz Taylor portrait fetches record price in Tokyo |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14587076 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924000058/https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14587076 |archive-date=September 24, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=The Asahi Shimbun}}</ref> In May 2022, ''Shot Sage Blue Marilyn'' (1964) sold for $195 million at Christie's, becoming the most expensive American artwork ever sold at auction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulaby |first=Neda |date=May 9, 2022 |title=A Warhol 'Marilyn' brings a record auction price, $195 million |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/09/1096617152/a-warhol-marilyn-brings-a-record-auction-price-195-million |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510034017/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/09/1096617152/a-warhol-marilyn-brings-a-record-auction-price-195-million |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |access-date=May 10, 2022 |publisher=NPR}}</ref>
=== Collectors ===
Emily and Burton Tremaine were among Warhol's earliest collectors and most influential supporters. They acquired more than 15 of his works, including ''Marilyn Diptych'' (1962), now in the collection of Tate Modern in London, and ''A Boy for Meg'' (1962), now held by the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC; both were purchased directly from Warhol's studio in 1962.<ref name="New York Magazine-1975"/><ref name="National Galleries of Scotland"/> In appreciation of their support and encouragement, Warhol once left a small ''Head of Marilyn Monroe'' at the Tremaines' New York apartment as a Christmas gift.<ref>Housley, Kathleen L. (2001). ''Emily Hall Tremaine: Collector on the cusp'', (p. 160). Emily Hall Tremaine Foundation: Meriden, CT. Retrieved April 1, 2020.</ref>
Robert Scull and Ethel Scull were also early and significant patrons of Warhol's work.<ref name="Jones-19962">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Caroline A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-fpIbJZzmYC&dq=warhol+collector+ethel+robert+scull&pg=PA218 |title=Machine in the Studio: Constructing the Postwar American Artist |date=1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-40649-7 |pages=218–225}}</ref> Ethel Scull became the subject of Warhol's first commissioned portrait, ''Ethel Scull 36 Times'' (1963), which is now part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection.<ref name="Jones-19962" />
== Business art == Warhol was an advocate of "Business Art", as he stated in his book ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: From A to B and Back Again'': "I went into business art. I wanted to be an art business man or a business artist. Being good in business is the most fascinating kind of art," he said. His transformation into a mere business artist was a point of criticism.<ref name="Raymond-1975">{{Cite news |last=Raymond |first=John |date=August 31, 1975 |title=Business Artist Gives the Business |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-constitution-the-philosophy/148668672/ |access-date=June 4, 2024 |newspaper=The Atlanta Constitution |pages=12–CC |archive-date=June 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604035807/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-constitution-the-philosophy/148668672/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In hindsight, however, some critics have come to view Warhol's superficiality and commerciality as "the most brilliant mirror of our times", contending that "Warhol had captured something irresistible about the zeitgeist of American culture in the 1970s."<ref name="Lando-2008">{{Cite news |last=Lando |first=Michal |date=April 8, 2008 |title=Reexamining Warhol's Jews |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1207486218796&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703204535/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1207486218796&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=July 3, 2011 |access-date=January 5, 2009 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>
In addition to his paintings and drawings, Warhol directed and produced films, managed the Velvet Underground, and authored numerous books, as well as producing works in such diverse media as audio, photography, sculpture, theater, fashion, and performance art.<ref name="Cotter-2018">{{Cite news |last=Cotter |first=Holland |date=November 8, 2018 |title=Meet Warhol, Again, in This Brilliant Whitney Show |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/arts/design/warhol-review-donna-de-salvo-whitney-museum-celebrity-portrait.html |access-date=April 1, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote= |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401155922/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/arts/design/warhol-review-donna-de-salvo-whitney-museum-celebrity-portrait.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His ability to blur the lines between art, commerce, and everyday life was central to his creative philosophy. "That's probably the greatest thing about Warhol: the way he penetrated and summarized our world, to the point that distinguishing between him and our everyday life is basically impossible, and in any case useless," said artist Maurizio Cattelan.<ref>Spector, Nancy. ''Maurizio Cattelan: All''. New York, NY: Guggenheim Museum Publications, 2011</ref>
===Films and Warhol superstars=== {{Main|Andy Warhol filmography|Warhol superstars}}
[[File:Empire Screenshot Warhol.jpg|thumb|Film still from ''Empire'' (1965)|alt= Grainy, black-and-white still frame of the illuminated Empire State Building against the night sky]]
Between 1963 and 1968, Warhol produced more than 600 underground films, including short black-and-white ''Screen Tests'', which offered silent, close-up portraits of Factory visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koestenbaum |first=Wayne |date=September 18, 2003 |title="Andy Warhol: Screen Tests" |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/andy-warhol-screen-tests-179582/ |access-date=February 21, 2026 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="whitney-2024" /> Many of these works premiered at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre in Greenwich Village and the 55th Street Playhouse in Midtown Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 18, 1968 |title=Warhol Theater |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-times-the-new-andy-warhol-garr/159151180/ |newspaper=The Tampa Times |pages=4–B |archive-date=June 23, 2025 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623033202/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-times-the-new-andy-warhol-garr/159151180/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=May 6, 1969 |title=Film: Lonesome Warhol:Two Theaters Showing Latest, a Western |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/05/06/archives/film-lonesome-warholtwo-theaters-showing-latest-a-western.html |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-date=December 30, 2023 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230000652/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/05/06/archives/film-lonesome-warholtwo-theaters-showing-latest-a-western.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Warhol's "superstars" were a retinue of bohemian and counterculture eccentrics who appeared in Warhol's films in the mid-1960s to early 1970s, including Baby Jane Holzer, Brigid Berlin, Ondine, Edie Sedgwick, Ingrid Superstar, Nico, International Velvet, Viva, Ultra Violet, Joe Dallesandro, Candy Darling, Holly Woodlawn, Jackie Curtis, and Jane Forth.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trebay |first=Guy |date=November 1, 2013 |title=The Real-Life Stories Told in 'Walk on the Wild Side' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/fashion/The-Real-Life-Stories-Told-by-Lou-Reed-in-Walk-on-the-Wild-Side.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peoples |first=Landon |title=Beyond Edie Sedgwick: 15 Warhol Superstars You've Probably Never Heard Of |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/08/206421/andy-warhol-superstars-history-photos |access-date=January 28, 2025 |publisher=Refinery29 |archive-date=February 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219130153/https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/08/206421/andy-warhol-superstars-history-photos |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Trebay-2018">{{cite news |last1=Trebay |first1=Guy |last2=La Ferla |first2=Ruth |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Tales From the Warhol Factory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/12/style/andy-warhol-factory-history.html |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/12/style/andy-warhol-factory-history.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |access-date=November 13, 2018 |newspaper=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Warhol's early experimental films were minimalist studies of duration and everyday life. ''Sleep'' (1964) documents poet John Giorno sleeping for over five hours; ''Kiss'' (1964) presents a series of couples kissing; ''Eat'' (1964) shows Robert Indiana consuming a mushroom in real time; and ''Blow Job'' (1964) consists of a single, unbroken shot of DeVeren Bookwalter's face during an implied sexual act.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giorno |first=John |date=September 3, 2020 |title=In a New Memoir, John Giorno Recalls the Night Andy Warhol Conceived of His Epic Anti-Film While Watching Him Sleep—Read an Excerpt |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/john-giorno-great-demon-kings-excerpt-1905632 |access-date=August 23, 2021 |publisher=Artnet |archive-date=August 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823110935/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/john-giorno-great-demon-kings-excerpt-1905632 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Watson|2003|p=159}}<ref name="Gruen-1968">{{Cite news |last=Gruen |first=John |date=July 28, 1968 |title=The Mystery That Is Andy Warhol |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-the-mystery-that-i/157852964/ |work=Los Angeles Calendar |pages=44 |archive-date=December 1, 2024 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201182426/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-the-mystery-that-i/157852964/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For these efforts, Jonas Mekas awarded Warhol the Independent Film Award in 1964, calling attention to his growing influence in avant-garde cinema.<ref name="McGrady-1964">{{Cite news |last=McGrady |first=Mike |date=December 2, 1964 |title=The Underground Movie |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-andy-warhol-rec/158170848/ |work=Newsday |pages=38W |archive-date=December 2, 2024 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202163624/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-andy-warhol-rec/158170848/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Newsday''<nowiki/>'s Mike McGrady hailed Warhol as "the Cecil B. DeMille of the Off-Hollywood movie makers."<ref name="McGrady-1964" /> ''The Village Voice'' called him one of the "most exciting" filmmakers in New York.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barker |first=Walter |date=October 4, 1964 |title=New Directions in the Season's Art |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch/183059881/ |access-date=October 16, 2025 |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |pages=5C}}</ref>
In 1964, Warhol also created ''Batman Dracula'', an unauthorized homage to the comic-book hero, screened only at his exhibitions.<ref name="Travis-2016">{{Cite news |last=Travis |first=Ben |date=April 25, 2016 |title=Batman: 10 things you didn't know |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/18/batman-10-things-you-didnt-know/ |access-date=October 26, 2024 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213005646/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/18/batman-10-things-you-didnt-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was never finished, but it is considered the first depiction of a blatantly campy Batman film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoberman |first=J. |date=March 1, 2015 |title=POP! AFTER POP!: THE BATMAN TV SHOW |url=https://www.artforum.com/features/pop-after-pop-the-batman-tv-show-223125/ |access-date=February 22, 2026 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref> The following year, he released ''Empire'' (1965), an eight-hour static shot of the Empire State Building, and ''Vinyl'' (1965), a loose adaptation of the dystopian novel ''A Clockwork Orange'' by Anthony Burgess. Warhol's films didn't have a script; he encouraged the actors to improvise their dialogue.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Millar |first=Jeff |date=May 5, 1968 |title=Underground Superstar |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-houston-chronicle-underground-supers/180235572/ |access-date=February 22, 2026 |work=The Houston Chronicle |pages=5}}</ref> His most celebrated film of the period, ''Chelsea Girls'' (1966), innovatively used dual 16mm projections running simultaneously with alternating sound, becoming the first underground film of the decade to achieve widespread critical attention.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koch |first=Stephen |date=September 1, 1971 |title="The Chelsea Girls" |url=https://www.artforum.com/features/the-chelsea-girls-212119/ |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Gruen-1968" /> Warhol's final film as director, ''Blue Movie'' (1969), starring Viva and Louis Waldon, was controversial for its explicit content and is regarded as a landmark film in the Golden Age of Porn.<ref name="Canby-1969">{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Movie Review – Blue Movie (1968) Screen: Andy Warhol's 'Blue Movie' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9507E5D91738E63ABC4A51DFB1668382679EDE |date=July 22, 1969 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 29, 2015 |archive-date=December 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231190855/https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9507E5D91738E63ABC4A51DFB1668382679EDE |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=August 10, 1969 |title=Warhol's Red Hot and 'Blue' Movie; Warhol's Red Hot and 'Blue' Movie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/10/archives/warhols-red-hot-and-blue-movie-warhols-red-hot-and-blue-movie.html |access-date=November 25, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="Canby-1969-2">{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Warhol's Red Hot and 'Blue' Movie. D1. Print. (behind paywall) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/10/archives/warhols-red-hot-and-blue-movie-warhols-red-hot-and-blue-movie.html |date=August 10, 1969 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 29, 2015 |archive-date=April 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405020453/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9807E4D91739EF3BBC4852DFBE668382679EDE |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Flesh (1968) Joe Dallesandro and Louis Waldon (1200 dpi).jpg|thumb|Warhol superstars Joe Dallesandro and Louis Waldon in ''Flesh'' (1968), directed by Paul Morrissey]]
After Warhol survived a near-fatal shooting in 1968, filmmaking responsibilities increasingly shifted to his collaborator Paul Morrissey.<ref name="Davis-1973" /> Morrissey steered the Warhol-branded cinema towards more mainstream, narrative-based, B-movie exploitation fare with ''Flesh'' (1968), ''Trash'' (1970) and ''Heat'' (1972), ''Andy Warhol's Dracula'' (1973), and ''Andy Warhol's Frankenstein'' (1974), starring Joe Dallesandro.<ref name="Davis-1973" /> The last Warhol-produced film, ''Bad,'' starred Carroll Baker and was made without either Morrissey or Dallesandro. It was directed by Warhol's boyfriend Jed Johnson, who had assisted Morrissey on several films.<ref name="Horne-1976">{{Cite magazine |last=Horne |first=Jed |date=September 27, 1976 |title=Andy Warhol Thinks Everybody and Everything Is 'Great' Except His Latest Movie—it's 'Bad' |url=https://people.com/archive/andy-warhol-thinks-everybody-and-everything-is-great-except-his-latest-movie-its-bad-vol-6-no-13/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408043516/https://people.com/archive/andy-warhol-thinks-everybody-and-everything-is-great-except-his-latest-movie-its-bad-vol-6-no-13/ |archive-date=April 8, 2024 |access-date=April 7, 2024 |magazine=People}}</ref>
Most of Warhol's films were withdrawn from circulation by Warhol and his associates who managed his business affairs. In 1984, with Warhol's cooperation, the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Modern Art began restoration efforts, and the films have since been screened periodically at museums and film festivals.<ref name="whitney-2024">{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol Film Project |url=https://whitney.org/research/andy-warhol-film-project |access-date=April 8, 2024 |publisher=Whitney Museum |archive-date=April 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408043516/https://whitney.org/research/andy-warhol-film-project |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the Andy Warhol Museum launched The Warhol TV, a streaming platform offering free museum content as well as rentals of select films from its collection.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=ArtDependence |date=March 29, 2022 |title=The Warhol Museum Launches Warhol TV, an Online Streaming Platform |url=https://artdependence.com/articles/the-warhol-museum-launches-warhol-tv-an-online-streaming-platform/ |access-date=November 9, 2024 |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109100452/https://artdependence.com/articles/the-warhol-museum-launches-warhol-tv-an-online-streaming-platform/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Theater and television === Warhol's play ''Andy Warhol's Pork'', premiered at New York's La MaMa Theater in May 1971 and ran for two weeks.<ref name=Grace-1971>{{Cite news |last=Glueck |first=Grace |date=May 23, 1971 |title='Pork' Is Not The Kosher-est Show in Town |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/23/archives/-pork-is-not-the-kosherest-show-in-town-warhol-and-pork.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906030947/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/23/archives/-pork-is-not-the-kosherest-show-in-town-warhol-and-pork.html |archive-date=September 6, 2025 |access-date=November 25, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-status=live }}</ref> It was brought to the Roundhouse in London for a longer run in August 1971. ''Pork'' was based on tape-recorded conversations between Brigid Berlin and Warhol. Berlin would play Warhol tapes she had made of phone conversations between herself and her mother, socialite Honey Berlin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Talk on the Wild Side: The Effect of Andy Warhol's PORK on the evolution of Glitter, Glam and Punk Rock |url=http://www.warhol.org/responsive/event.aspx?id=2215 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126195518/http://www.warhol.org/responsive/event.aspx?id=2215 |archive-date=January 26, 2016 |access-date=January 19, 2016 |work=warhol.org}}</ref> In 1974, Warhol designed the sets for the musical ''Man on the Moon''.<ref name="Parker-1975"/>
In 1968, Warhol produced a TV commercial for Schrafft's Restaurants in New York City, for an ice cream dessert appropriately titled the "Underground Sundae."<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 19, 1968 |title=Underground Sundae |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-emporia-gazette-andy-warhols-underg/159468313/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224173757/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-emporia-gazette-andy-warhols-underg/159468313/ |archive-date=December 24, 2024 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |newspaper=Emporia Gazette |pages=2}}</ref> Warhol dreamed of a television special about a favorite subject of his{{dash}}Nothing{{dash}}that he would call ''Nothing Special''.<ref name="Horne-1976" /> Later in his career he produced three television shows: ''Fashion'' (1979–80), ''Andy Warhol's TV'' (1980–83), and the MTV talk show ''Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes'' (1985–87).<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 22, 1991 |title=Warhol: Where And When |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/22/arts/warhol-where-and-when.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071839/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/22/arts/warhol-where-and-when.html |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=August 23, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
===Music and cover art=== In 1963, Warhol founded The Druds, a short-lived avant-garde noise music band that featured prominent members of the New York proto-conceptual art and minimal art community.<ref name="desi-2014"/>
thumb|281x281px|Poster for Andy Warhol and his Exploding Plastic Inevitable, 1966
In 1965, Warhol adopted the band the Velvet Underground, making them a crucial element of the ''Exploding Plastic Inevitable'' multimedia performance art show.{{Sfn|Bourdon|1989|pp=221–225}} His involvement with the musicians of The Velvet Underground was driven by an expressed desire to become a music producer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Duve |first1=Thierry |last2=Krauss |first2=Rosalind |year=1989 |title=Andy Warhol, or The Machine Perfected |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/778945 |journal=October |volume=48 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.2307/778945 |issn=0162-2870 |jstor=778945 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Scherman |first=Tony |date=November 7, 1999 |title=MUSIC; Warhol: The Herald Of Sampling |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/07/arts/music-warhol-the-herald-of-sampling.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402165622/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/07/arts/music-warhol-the-herald-of-sampling.html |archive-date=April 2, 2024 |access-date=April 2, 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Warhol and Paul Morrissey acted as the band's manager, introducing them to Nico, who would perform with the band at Warhol's request.{{Sfn|Warhol|1980|p=145}} While managing the Velvet Underground, Warhol would have them dressed in all black to perform in front of movies that he was also presenting.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McNeil |first1=Legs |title=Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk |last2=McCain |first2=Gillian |publisher=Grove Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-8021-2536-1 |edition=Twentieth anniversary |location=New York |oclc=955634990}}</ref>
In 1966, he "produced" their first album ''The Velvet Underground & Nico'', as well as providing its album art. His actual participation in the album's production amounted to simply paying for the studio time.<ref name="Consequence-2017"/> After the band's first album, Warhol and band leader Lou Reed started to disagree more about the direction the band should take, and Warhol was fired in 1967.<ref name="Furman-2018" /><ref>{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=Lou Reed Papers: The Andy Warhol Era – The Hidden Corners of the Lou Reed Papers |url=https://libguides.nypl.org/c.php?g=1257488&p=9316474 |access-date=April 2, 2024 |website=New York Public Library}}</ref> In 1989, Reed and John Cale reunited for the first time since 1972 to write, perform, record and release the concept album ''Songs for Drella'', as a tribute to Warhol.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Evans |first=Paul |date=May 17, 1990 |title=Songs for Drella |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/songs-for-drella-252827/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109100431/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/songs-for-drella-252827/ |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2019, an audio tape of publicly unknown music by Reed, based on Warhol's 1975 book, ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: From A to B and Back Again'', was reported to have been discovered in an archive at the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh.<ref name="Sisaro-20192">{{cite news |last=Sisaro |first=Ben |date=October 30, 2019 |title=A Long-Lost Lou Reed Tape With a Surprise: Andy Warhol Lyrics – The cassette, discovered at the Andy Warhol Museum, finds the Velvet Underground musician performing snippets from his mentor's 1975 book. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/arts/music/lou-reed-andy-warhol-tape.html |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/arts/music/lou-reed-andy-warhol-tape.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |access-date=October 30, 2019 |work=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Warhol designed many album covers for various artists beginning during his days as an illustrator in the 1950s. The album covers he designed include for ''I'm Still Swinging'' (1955) by The Joe Newman Octet, ''Blue Lights, Vols. 1 & 2'' (1958) by Kenny Burrell, ''This Is John Wallowitch!!!'' (1964) by John Wallowitch, ''Sticky Fingers'' (1971) and ''Love You Live'' (1977) by The Rolling Stones, ''The Academy in Peril'' (1972) by John Cale, ''Silk Electric'' (1982) by Diana Ross, and ''Aretha'' (1986) by Aretha Franklin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bego |first=Mark |title=Aretha Franklin: The Queen of Soul |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-306-80935-4 |page=250 |oclc=46488152}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaziri |first=Aidin |date=February 8, 2009 |title=Warhol's greatest album covers |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/warhol-s-greatest-album-covers-3251876.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127065238/https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/warhol-s-greatest-album-covers-3251876.php |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref>
In 1984, Warhol co-directed the music video "Hello Again" by the Cars, and he appeared in the video as a bartender.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 31, 1985 |title=Clips Receive an Artful Showcase |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT110 |magazine=Billboard |pages=52}}</ref>{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=560|ps=Entry date: Thursday, March 29, 1984}} In 1986, Warhol co-directed the music video "Misfit" by Curiosity Killed the Cat and he made a cameo in video.{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|ps=Entry date: Tuesday, July 9, 1986|p=741}}{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=748|ps=Entry date: Tuesday, July 29, 1986}}
===Books and magazines=== Beginning in the late 1950s, Warhol produced several unbound portfolios of his work. In 1957, his bound book ''25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy'' was printed by Seymour Berlin.<ref name="Sheppard-1957"/> Berlin also printed some of Warhol's other self-published books, including ''A'' ''Gold Book'' (1957) ''and Wild Raspberries'' (1959).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Argun |first=Erin-Atlanta |date=August 30, 2024 |title=10 Facts About Andy Warhol's A Gold Book |url=https://www.myartbroker.com/artist-andy-warhol/10-facts/10-facts-about-warhol-gold-book |access-date=September 13, 2025 |website=MyArtBroker |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Rare Andy Warhol cookbook Wild Raspberries goes to auction |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/mar/08/rare-andy-warhol-cookbook-wild-raspberries-goes-to-auction |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Warhol's book ''A La Recherche du Shoe Perdu'' marked his "transition from commercial to gallery artist".<ref name="Smith2">Smith, John W., Pamela Allara, and Andy Warhol. ''Possession Obsession: Andy Warhol and Collecting''. Pittsburgh, PA: Andy Warhol Museum, 2002, p. 46. {{ISBN|978-0-9715688-0-8}}.</ref> The title is a play on words by Warhol on the title of French author Marcel Proust's ''À la recherche du temps perdu''.<ref name="Smith2" /> In an effort to generate work, the majority of these books were printed to be given out to people to draw attention to his illustrations.<ref name="Smith-1988" />
thumb|Drawing by Warhol dedicated to Michael Arth in ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol'' (1975)
After gaining fame, Warhol commercially published several books:
* ''Andy Warhol's Index (Book)'' (1967, {{ISBN|9780517566985}}) offered a portrait of Warhol's Factory scene, featuring photographs of Warhol and his circle, pop-up pages, a silver balloon, and a flexi disc with audio from Warhol's tape recordings of Nico in conversation with poet Rene Ricard. It also included three interviews.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldsmith |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwVaB0AeYNcC&dq=andy+warhol+index+book+1967&pg=PA118 |title=I'll Be Your Mirror: The Selected Andy Warhol Interviews |date=July 7, 2004 |publisher=Hachette Books |isbn=978-0-7867-1364-6 |pages=118 |language=en}}</ref> * ''A, a Novel'' (1968, {{ISBN|978-0-8021-3553-7}}) is a literal transcription—containing spelling errors and phonetically written background noise and mumbling—of audio recordings of Ondine and several of Warhol's friends socializing at the Factory and going out.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waalkes |first=Bekah |date=July 2023 |title=Coming of age in Warhol's world of imitations and copies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2023/07/10/coming-age-warhols-world-imitations-copies/ |access-date=April 2, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> * ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (From A to B & Back Again)'' (1975, {{ISBN|978-0-15-671720-5}}) consists of transcriptions and text by Pat Hackett based on daily phone conversations and audio cassettes that Warhol gave her.<ref name="Gross-1989">{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=Michael |date=May 29, 1989 |title=The Satanic Diaries: Is Andy Telling The Truth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HegCAAAAMBAJ&dq=pat+hackett+warhol+barnard&pg=PA51 |journal=New York |pages=48–56 |archive-date=June 7, 2024 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607091237/https://books.google.com/books?id=HegCAAAAMBAJ&dq=pat+hackett+warhol+barnard&pg=PA51 |url-status=live }}</ref> The cassettes contained conversations with Brigid Berlin and Bob Colacello.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Menand |first=Louis |date=April 20, 2022 |title=The Very Public Private Life of Andy Warhol |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-very-public-private-life-of-andy-warhol |access-date=April 2, 2024 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X |archive-date=April 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402165622/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-very-public-private-life-of-andy-warhol |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''Exposures'' (1979, {{ISBN|9780448128504}}) by Warhol and Colacello is a book of Warhol's photographs of his famous friends with anecdotes. * ''POPism: The Warhol '60s'' (1980, {{ISBN|978-0-15-173095-7}}) by Warhol and Hackett is a retrospective view of the 1960s and the role of Pop art. * ''Warhol's America'' (1985, {{ISBN|978-0060960049}}) features Warhol's photographs gathered over a decade of travels, paired with anecdotes and wry, often unexpectedly deep reflections, presenting an idiosyncratic love letter to the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 31, 1985 |title=Warhol and Rememberance[sic]: The Picture Book |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1985/11/01/warhol-and-rememberance-the-picture-book/23d00999-dae7-4818-8b03-48d1f4508ae2/ |access-date=December 5, 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> * ''Andy Warhol's Party Book'' (1988, {{ISBN|0-517-56698-2}}) by Warhol and Hackett discusses his partygoing habits and tips for what makes a great party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1988-08-21 |title=Warhol Book Gives Advice to Party Animal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/journal-and-courier-warhol-book-gives-ad/195787574/ |access-date=2026-04-18 |work=Journal and Courier |pages=D1}}</ref> * ''The Andy Warhol Diaries'' (1989, {{ISBN|978-0-446-39138-2}}) is a diary dictated by Warhol to Hackett in daily phone conversations between November 1976 and February 1987, offering an intimate account of his life, social circle, business dealings, and artistic concerns.<ref name="Gross-1989" />
In 1969, artist Al Hansen launched the underground magazine ''Kiss'', which featured a column by Warhol.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kimpel |first=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDyd16CHUu4C&dq=Al+Hansen's+Kiss&pg=PA7 |title=How They Made It: True Stories of How Music's Biggest Stars Went from Start to Stardom! |date= |publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-634-07642-8 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> Later that year, Warhol co-founded ''Interview'', which was initially focused on film criticism before evolving into a pop culture magazine by 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nevins |first=Jake |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Founding Editor Gerard Malanga Takes Us Back to the Early Days of Interview |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/gerard-malanga-takes-us-back-to-the-early-days-of-interview |access-date=November 24, 2025 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>{{sfn|Colacello|1990|p=22–23}}
Warhol also produced covers for major publications, including ''Time'', ''Vogue'', and ''Vanity Fair''. For ''Time'', he created artworks for cover stories such as "Today's Teen-Agers" (January 29, 1965), featuring a grid of seven photographic portraits; "The Flying Fondas and How They Grew" (February 16, 1970), depicting actors Jane, Henry, and Peter Fonda;<ref name="Brower-2017">{{Cite web |last=Brower |first=Steven |date=March 2, 2017 |title=Magazine Covers by Famous Artists: Warhol, Lichtenstein, Banksy, Fairey & More |url=https://www.printmag.com/featured/magazine-covers-warhol-banksy-lichtenstein/ |access-date=August 23, 2024 |website=PRINT Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> "Why He's a Thriller" (March 19, 1984), portraying pop star Michael Jackson and resulting in the painting ''Michael Jackson'' (1984);{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=556|ps=Entry date: March 7, 1984}} "America Loves Listening to Lee" (September 1, 1985) depicting Lee Iacocca;<ref>{{Cite web |title=TIME Magazine Cover: Lee Iacocca - Apr. 1, 1985 |url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19850401,00.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=TIME.com |language=en-us}}</ref> and "Gotti on Trial" (September 19, 1986), featuring crime boss John Gotti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Covino |first=Michael |date=January 3, 1992 |title=John Gotti |url=https://www.artforum.com/columns/john-gotti-203673/ |access-date=March 27, 2026 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref> His magazine work also included a portrait of Princess Caroline of Monaco, for ''Vogue Paris'' (December 1983/January 1984), and ''Vanity Fair'''s commission of musician Prince for the November 1984 article "Purple Fame," resulting in ''Orange Prince'' (1984).<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 2, 2019 |title=Andy Warhol's 'Prince Series' Is Fair Use, Court Rules |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/arts/design/andy-warhol-prince-fair-use.html |access-date=March 26, 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Brower-2017" /> [[File:Debbie_Harry_by_Andy_warhol,_1980s_photoshoot_at_The_Factory_NYC.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Photograph of Debbie Harry with Christopher Makos by Warhol, during her portrait session at the Factory, 1980]]
=== Photography and tape recordings === Warhol used photographs as the basis for his silkscreen paintings, later often relying on images he took himself with a Polaroid Big Shot camera.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2019 |title=The Big Shot Polaroid – Andy Warhol's Pen & Pencil |url=https://www.casualphotophile.com/2019/04/29/the-big-shot-polaroid-andy-warhols-pen-pencil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512160950/https://casualphotophile.com/2019/04/29/the-big-shot-polaroid-andy-warhols-pen-pencil/ |archive-date=May 12, 2020 |access-date=February 26, 2020 |website=Casual Photophile |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Warhol and the Silkscreen: Media, Seriality, and the American Consciousness |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/warhol-and-the-silkscreen-media-seriality-and-the-american-consciousness |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Sothebys.com |language=en}}</ref> During portrait sessions, Warhol typically shot dozens of photographs of his subject, then selected one that would underlie the painting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bollen |first=Christopher |date=2018-11-08 |title=Five Warhol Sitters Tell The Story of Their Portrait |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/five-warhol-sitters-tell-the-story-of-their-portrait |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Warhol was also an avid photographer and used the Polaroid SX-70 as a portable camera in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2021 |title=Andy Warhol Polaroids |url=https://publicartuhs.org/artwork/andy-warhol-polaroids/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623190224/https://publicartuhs.org/artwork/andy-warhol-polaroids/ |archive-date=June 23, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |website=Public Art University of Houston System |language=en}}</ref> He primarily used a Minox 35 EL from 1976 until his death in 1987 to produce a large, candid, diaristic body of photographs of Factory visitors, parties, friends, and celebrities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miss Rosen |date=October 9, 2018 |title=Inside Warhol's Photographic Diaries: Basquiat, Debbie Harry, and More |url=https://www.anothermanmag.com/life-culture/10542/inside-warhols-photographic-diaries-basquiat-debbie-harry-and-more |access-date=March 12, 2026 |website=AnotherMan |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=330}} At one point, Warhol carried a portable tape recorder and camera wherever he went, recording nearly everything said and done. He referred to the recorder as his 'wife.'<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Warhol |first=Andy |url=http://archive.org/details/philosophyofandy00warh |title=The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: From A to B and Back Again |date=1975 |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |isbn=978-0-15-189050-7 |location=New York |pages=26 100}}</ref> Some of these recordings became the basis for his literary work. He also taped interviews for ''Interview'' magazine and regularly published his Polaroid photos in its pages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Labayen |first=Evalena |date=2019-10-29 |title=That Time Jack Nicholson Bought a Commune Run by an Ex-Clown |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/that-time-jack-nicholson-bought-a-commune-run-by-an-ex-clown |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
Warhol's photography has been the subject of numerous exhibitions following the digitization of his archive, acquired by Stanford University in 2014 and comprising approximately 3,600 contact sheets and 130,000 negatives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andy Warhol Photography Archive |url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/warhol |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205135621/https://exhibits.stanford.edu/warhol |archive-date=February 5, 2022 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Spotlight at Stanford |publisher=Stanford University |language=en |quote=From 1976 until his death in 1987, Andy Warhol (U.S.A., 1928–1987) was never without his camera. He snapped photos at discos, dinner parties, flea markets, and wrestling matches. Friends, boyfriends, business associates, socialites, celebrities, and passersby all captured Warhol's attention. Drawing on a trove of over 3,600 contact sheets featuring 130,000 photographic exposures acquired in 2014 from The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc., the images document Warhol's daily life.}}</ref> That same year, the Rhode Island School of Design Museum presented ''Andy Warhol's Photographs'', featuring more than 150 Polaroid and black-and-white images.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol's Photographs {{!}} RISD Museum |url=https://risdmuseum.org/exhibitions-events/exhibitions/andy-warhols-photographs |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=risdmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref> Subsequent highlights include ''Contact Warhol: Photography Without End'' at the Cantor Arts Center from 2018 to 2019, which explored the scope of his contact sheet archive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldstein |first=Caroline |date=2018-10-15 |title=Never-Before-Seen Photos of Andy Warhol's Glamorous Everyday Life Are on View at Stanford—See Them Here |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/andy-warhol-photo-archive-1361167 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Artnet News |language=en-US}}</ref> From April 30 to October 19, 2026, the Whitney Museum of American Art will present ''Andy Warhol: Family Album'', an exhibition of 732 Polaroids taken between 1972 and 1973 depicting Warhol's family and friends.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol Family Album |url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/andy-warhol-family-album |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=whitney.org |language=en}}</ref> His photographic work has also been featured in publications such as ''Andy Warhol: Polaroids 1958–1987'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=September 16, 2015 |title=Instant GRATIFICATION |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/instant-gratification |access-date=December 19, 2025 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Fashion === left|thumb|382x382px|The Souper Dress (1967), based on Warhol's ''Campbell's Soup Cans''
Drawing on his early career as a commercial illustrator and his engagement with celebrity and consumer culture, Warhol helped bridge the gap between fine art, fashion, and commerce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Degen |first=Natasha |date=May 31, 2023 |title=A New Book Explores How Andy Warhol's Notions of Pop Foresaw the Union of Art and Fashion—Read an Excerpt Here |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/merchants-of-style-warhol-natasha-degen-book-excerpt-2311240 |access-date=February 20, 2026 |website=Artnet News |language=en-US}}</ref> He once remarked, "Fashion is more art than art is … I'd rather buy a dress and put it, you know, up on the wall than put a painting."<ref>Andy Warhol T.V. Productions, "Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes" [episode 1], 1986</ref> Often described as a modern dandy whose authority "rested more on presence than on words," Warhol moved fluidly between art and fashion, producing department store window displays, illustrations for ''Vogue'' and ''Harper's Bazaar'', hosting a television program titled ''Fashion'', and even working as a model.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Frances |date=October 12, 2002 |title=Uncommon people |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/oct/12/featuresreviews.guardianreview3 |access-date=February 21, 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Chilvers-20202">{{Cite news |last=Chilvers |first=Simon |date=March 2, 2020 |title='Hip, rebellious, even a bit sinister': how Andy Warhol made pop art fashion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/mar/02/hip-rebellious-even-a-bit-sinister-how-andy-warhol-made-pop-art-fashion |access-date=April 2, 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
In 1965, Warhol designed furs for Coopchik-Forrest, and in 1966, he participated in the paper dress craze when Brooklyn's Abraham & Straus invited him to decorate Mars Manufacturing paper dresses in-store.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheppard |first=Eugenia |date=November 16, 1965 |title=Inside fashion: Stirring the pot |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/syracuse-herald-journal-inside-fashion/185566614/ |access-date=November 24, 2025 |work=Syracuse Herald-Journal |pages=16}}</ref><ref name="Sheppard-1966"/> During the event, he silkscreened "FRAGILE" onto a dress worn by Nico—signing it "Dalí" in jest—and printed large bananas onto another; both were later donated to the Brooklyn Museum.<ref name=fragile>{{Cite news |date=November 11, 1966 |title=The Painting on the Dress Said 'Fragile' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/11/11/archives/the-painting-on-the-dress-said-fragile.html |access-date=August 2, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref>
Several of Warhol's "superstars" also found success in the fashion world, including Baby Jane Holzer, Donyale Luna, International Velvet, Carol LaBrie, Jane Forth, and Donna Jordan, who worked as professional models in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 23, 1968 |title=Warhol Superstar Donyale Luna |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/nevada-state-journal-warhol-superstar-do/160544509/ |access-date=February 21, 2026 |work=Nevada State Journal |pages=Entertainment–7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Banner |first=Earl |date=March 18, 1967 |title=Hollywood Beckons Susan Bottomly; Hub Deb's Saga—Cover Girl to Movie Queen? |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-warhol-superstar-intern/158885616/ |access-date=February 21, 2026 |work=The Boston Globe |pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=William |date=May 11, 1970 |title=Artist Arrives For Show; Warhol on L.A.: 'Everyone's Crazy' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-andy-warhol-exhibi/155831556/ |access-date=February 21, 2026 |work=The Los Angeles Times |pages=Part IV}}</ref><ref name="Graham-1972" /> Warhol also cultivated close relationships with leading fashion figures, including Diana Vreeland, Karl Lagerfeld, Yves Saint Laurent, Halston, Diane von Furstenberg, Calvin Klein, and Gianni Versace.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaiser |first=Alfons |url=http://archive.org/details/karllagerfeldlif0000alfo |title=Karl Lagerfeld: A Life In Fashion |date=2023 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-29753-7 |location=London |pages=170–172}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting Andy Warhol |url=https://museeyslparis.com/en/biography/rencontre-avec-andy-warhol |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823072916/https://museeyslparis.com/en/biography/rencontre-avec-andy-warhol |archive-date=August 23, 2024 |access-date=August 23, 2024 |website=Musée Yves Saint Laurent Paris |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwiegershausen |first=Erica |date=May 8, 2014 |title=A Look at the Fruitful Friendship of Warhol and Halston |url=https://www.thecut.com/2014/05/fruitful-friendship-of-warhol-and-halston.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823072914/https://www.thecut.com/2014/05/fruitful-friendship-of-warhol-and-halston.html |archive-date=August 23, 2024 |access-date=August 23, 2024 |website=The Cut |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chilvers-20202" /> In 1972, he collaborated with Halston for the Coty Awards, and in 1997, the Whitney Museum of American Art mounted ''The Warhol Look: Glamour, Style, Fashion'', organized by the Andy Warhol Museum, underscoring the lasting impact of fashion on his artistic legacy.<ref name="Graham-1972"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cotter |first=Holland |date=November 7, 1997 |title=ART REVIEW; Fluffing Up Warhol: Where Art and Fashion Intersect |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/07/arts/art-review-fluffing-up-warhol-where-art-and-fashion-intersect.html |access-date=April 24, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Mark |date=November 17, 1997 |title=All Yesterday's Parties; At the Whitney, Warhol ephemera—from movie-star photos to eye drops—in a show as deadpan as the artist himself. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOgCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA100 |journal=New York Magazine |volume=30 |issue=44 |pages=100, 137}}</ref>
== Public persona == The early 1960s was a key moment in the development of Warhol's persona. Some have suggested that his frequent refusal to comment on his work, to speak about himself, and confining himself in interviews can be traced to the years when the New York art world first dismissed him.<ref name="Fairbrother-1989">{{Cite book |last=Fairbrother |first=Trevor |title=Success Is a Job in New York: the Early Art and Business of Andy Warhol |date=1989 |publisher=Grey Art Gallery and Study Center |isbn=978-0-934349-05-5 |editor-last=De Salvo |editor-first=Donna |location=New York |pages=55–74 |chapter=Tomorrow's Man |oclc=19826995}}</ref>
Early in his career, Warhol deliberately gave reporters conflicting accounts of his background, habits, and working methods, treating the press as the subject of a study. As he told ''People Weekly'' in 1976: "I used to like to give different information to different magazines because it was like putting a tracer on where people get their information."<ref name="Horne-1976" /> By planting small inconsistencies, he watched how stories circulated and evolved, turning interviews into part of his ongoing play with persona.<ref name="Horne-1976" />
thumb|292x292px|Warhol in Ferrara, 1975
Warhol usually encouraged others to speak for him in interviews.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 13, 1970 |title=The Underground World of Andy Warhol |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-plain-dealer-the-underground-world-o/159723049/ |access-date=November 25, 2025 |work=The Plain Dealer |pages=107}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Christy |first=Marian |date=February 7, 1971 |title=Andy Warhol doesn't trust you - Female Warhol Superstars |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-andy-warhol-doesnt-tru/150913369/ |access-date=November 25, 2025 |work=The Boston Globe |pages=76–A}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> In public, he relied on an impersonal style of communication, mirroring his impulse to distance himself from the creation of his own artwork. He often hid behind a dazed expression and deadpan remarks—"gee," "uh," "really?"—and seemed to relish performing as a kind of "monosyllabic oddity" or "Keatonesque idiot savant" to the media.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shore |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kK4gEAAAQBAJ&dq=Keatonesque+warhol&pg=PA1947 |title=Andy Warhol |date=March 2, 2020 |publisher=Orion |isbn=978-1-78627-791-6 |language=en}}</ref> He once said, "If you want to know all about Andy Warhol just look at the surface of my paintings and films and me. There I am, there's nothing behind it."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Albright |first=Thomas |date=May 31, 1970 |title=Solitaire With Soup Cans; An Image of Warhol --- At Pasadena |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-an-image-of-w/191596180/ |access-date=February 19, 2026 |work=The San Francisco Sunday Chronicle & Examiner |pages=34–35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Authenticating Andy Warhol |url=https://www.artexpertswebsite.com/pages/artists/warhol.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227094310/https://www.artexpertswebsite.com/pages/artists/warhol.php |archive-date=February 27, 2018 |access-date=February 26, 2018 |website=Art Certification Experts}}</ref>
His boyfriend Jed Johnson recalled, "He felt an artist should keep a neutral expression on his face when he showed his work to other people, that to betray pleasure or displeasure was... 'corny.' I'd watch him at many museum and gallery openings of his shows and he followed that policy consistently."<ref name="Warhol-198923">{{Cite book |last=Warhol |first=Andy |url=https://archive.org/details/andywarholretros0000warh/page/442/mode/2up?q=jed |title=Andy Warhol, A Retrospective |date=1989 |publisher=New York: Museum of Modern Art; Boston: Distributed by Bullfinch Press/Little, Brown and Co. |isbn=978-0-87070-680-6 |pages=442}}</ref> Writer Gore Vidal described Warhol as "the only genius with an IQ of 85," adding that he did not mean the remark in a pejorative way and called Warhol "a cultural litmus paper" who satirized both modern art and cinema.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=Autumn 1975 |title=Gore Vidal Interviewed by Bockris-Wiley |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_transatlantic-review_autumn-1975_52/page/88/mode/2up?q=warhol |journal=Transatlantic Review |issue=52 |pages=88-89}}</ref> Journalist Jerry Adler of the ''New York Daily News'' observed that what Warhol projected was "not merely nothing, but ''nothingness''—a streak of nihilism… It is the charisma of the void; what draws people to Warhol is not his magnetism, but a vacuum."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adler |first=Jerry |date=November 25, 1979 |title=Andy Warhol Exposed |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-andy-warhol-exposed/148567322/ |access-date=June 2, 2024 |work=Sunday News Magazine |pages=2 |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602212722/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-andy-warhol-exposed/148567322/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In private, however, Warhol could reveal a markedly different side from his carefully constructed public persona. Former ''Interview'' editor Bob Colacello recalled that, in more intimate moments, Warhol expressed deep uncertainty about human relationships, noting that he often struggled to understand why others were happy.<ref name="Tory Daily-2014">{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2014 |title=Bob Colacello On: Andy Warhol |url=https://blog.toryburch.com/2014/08/bob-colacello-on-andy-warhol/ |access-date=March 25, 2026 |website=Tory Daily}}</ref> When Colacello suggested he show more emotion toward Johnson, Warhol replied, "If I let myself have emotions I would have a nervous breakdown."<ref name="Tory Daily-2014" /> Photographer Billy Name similarly stated that Warhol's "personality was so vulnerable that it became a defense to put up the blank front."<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2008 |title=Factory Workers Warholites Remember: Billy Name |url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/factory-workers-warholites-remember-billy-name/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112140631/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/factory-workers-warholites-remember-billy-name |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |access-date=January 19, 2016 |website=Interview}}</ref>
==Personal life==
===Sexuality and relationships=== Warhol lived as a gay man before the gay liberation movement, but often veiled his personal life in the press. In the 1950s, he submitted homoerotic drawings of nude males to a gallery, which were rejected for being too overt.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alberge |first=Dalya |date=February 16, 2020 |title=Andy Warhol's 1950s erotic drawings of men to be seen for first time |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/feb/16/andy-warhol-1950s-erotic-drawings-men-shown-for-first-time-london-tate-modern |access-date=April 10, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Gopnik-2021" /> In his book ''Popism'', he recalled Emile de Antonio explaining that his flamboyance set him apart from more closeted artists like Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg: "you're too swish and that upsets them… major painters try to look straight; you play up the swish—it's like an armor with you."{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|p=14}} Warhol embraced this, noting, "I'd always had a lot of fun with that… I certainly wasn't a butch kind of guy by nature, but I must admit, I went out of my way to play up the other extreme."{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1980|p=15}}
Warhol expressed his queer identity through many of his artworks and films at a time when homosexuality in the United States was heavily stigmatized and legally constrained.<ref name="Gopnik-2021">{{Cite web |last=Gopnik |first=Blake |date=January 18, 2021 |title=Andy Warhol's Defiant Hopes for Queer Art |url=https://hyperallergic.com/613511/andy-warhol-queer-art-blake-gopnik/ |access-date=December 25, 2024 |website=Hyperallergic}}</ref> Throughout his career, he produced erotic photography and drawings of male nudes. Some of his most famous works—portraits of Liza Minnelli, Judy Garland, and Elizabeth Taylor and films such as ''Blow Job'' (1964), ''My Hustler'' (1965), and ''Lonesome Cowboys'' (1968)—draw from gay underground culture or openly explore the complexity of sexuality and desire. Many of his films premiered in gay porn theaters in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waugh |first=Thomas |title=Hard to Imagine: Gay Male eroticism in Photography and Film from the Beginnings to Stonewall |date=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York City}}</ref>
In 1980, Warhol told ''Forum'' magazine that he was still a virgin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanauer |first=Joan |date=November 18, 1980 |title=DEMURE WARHOL |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/11/18/DEMURE-WARHOL/9549343371600/ |access-date=December 5, 2025 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> Former ''Interview'' editor Bob Colacello considered this plausible, suggesting that what little sex Warhol had was "a mixture of voyeurism and masturbation—to use [Warhol's] word ''abstract.''"{{Sfn|Dillenberger|2001|p=35}} However, this conflicts with Warhol's 1960 hospital treatment for condylomata, a sexually transmitted disease, and by friends who said they witnessed him having sex or heard him boast about it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scherma |first1=Tony |title=POP: The Genius of Andy Warhol |last2=Dalton |first2=David |date=2010 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York City |page=49}}</ref>{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=173}} Warhol had unrequited romantic feelings for production designer Charles Lisanby, who later recalled that Warhol said he had had sex a few times but found it "messy and distasteful."<ref name="Colker-2013"/>{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=173}}
Warhol's own suggestion that he was asexual led many to view his relationships as platonic.<ref name="Patton-20222">{{Cite web |last=Patton |first=Elaina |date=March 10, 2022 |title='The Andy Warhol Diaries' explores how the iconic artist was shaped by his great loves |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-pop-culture/-andy-warhol-diaries-explores-iconic-artist-was-shaped-great-loves-rcna19386 |access-date=April 29, 2024 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Jay Johnson, whose twin brother was Warhol's longtime partner, stated, "He enjoyed the idea that he was considered a voyeur and that he was considered asexual. That was his mystique."<ref name="Patton-20222" /> According to Billy Name, who was briefly Warhol's lover, "Andy's idea of sex was to have it once or twice and get it over with—with Andy it wasn't about love, it was about companionship."{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=359}}<ref name="O'Hagan-2015" />
[[File:Andy-Warhol-Jed-Johnson-Archie- 1973.jpg|thumb|Warhol with his partner Jed Johnson and their dachshund Archie at the port of Amalfi, 1973]]
Warhol referred to photographer Edward Wallowitch as his "first boyfriend."{{Sfn|Warhol|Hackett|1989|p=375|ps=Entry date: April 21, 1981}} He later had relationships with artist John Giorno,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giorno |first=John |date=July 22, 2020 |title=Sleeping With Andy Warhol |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/great-demon-kings-john-giorno-andy-warhol.html |access-date=October 26, 2024 |website=Vulture |language=en}}</ref> Factory assistant Philip Fagan,{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|pp=412–413}} art historian Robert Pincus-Witten,{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|pp=358–359}} filmmaker Danny Williams,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Iain |date=March 31, 2007 |title=The films of Warhol's lost lover rediscovered: A documentary on Danny Williams |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2007/04/01/the-films-of-warhols-lost-lover-rediscovered-a-documentary-on-danny-williams |access-date=April 29, 2024 |website=The Art Newspaper}}</ref> and Factory associates Richard Rheem and Rodney La Rod.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|pp=516–517}}{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=549}} His longest relationship was with Jed Johnson, who cared for him after he was shot, collaborated with him on films, and later achieved fame as an interior designer.<ref name="Patton-20222" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Ernesto |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Meet Jed Johnson, the Man Who Stole Andy Warhol's Heart |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/meet-jed-johnson-the-man-who-stole-andy-warhol-heart |access-date=March 21, 2024 |website=Interview |language=en-US}}</ref> They "functioned as husband and husband, sharing a bed and a domestic life" for 12 years.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=648}} Warhol's close friend Stuart Pivar said he "had no sex life after Jed."{{Sfn|Koestenbaum|2001|p=189}} After Johnson, Paramount Pictures executive Jon Gould described his relationship with Warhol as "asexual" and called him a "voyeur."{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=469|ps=Jon Gould told Katy Dobbs that his relationship with Andy was "asexual."}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kahn |first=Joseph P. |date=August 25, 2004 |title=The Muse |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-jon-goulds-andy-warhol/144076263/ |work=The Boston Globe |pages=C4 |quote=While visiting his brother at Warhol's townhouse, Jay Gould asked him what was going on between the two men. "He said there was no sexual contact, that they were just good friends," Gould recalls.}}</ref> Factory assistant Sam Bolton, who spent time with Warhol after Gould said, "He was not asexual. He would have had sex with me, if I had let him. He was too possessive. … I knew he considered me his boyfriend even though I wasn't."{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=477}}
===Religion=== Warhol was a practicing Ruthenian Catholic who regularly volunteered at homeless shelters and church soup kitchens in New York City.<ref name="Romaine-2003">{{Cite journal |first=James |last=Romaine |date=November 12, 2003 |title=Transubstantiating the Culture: Andy Warhol's Secret |url=http://oldarchive.godspy.com/culture/Andy-Warhol-Transubstantiating-the-Culture.cfm.html |journal=Godspy |access-date=January 5, 2009 |archive-date=November 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118095337/http://oldarchive.godspy.com/culture/Andy-Warhol-Transubstantiating-the-Culture.cfm.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Winship-1987" /> In 1966, his mother Julia Warhola said he was a "good religious boy" who attended Sunday Mass at St. Paul's.<ref name="Weinraub-1966" /> A priest at Saint Vincent Ferrer in Manhattan recalled that Warhol attended church almost daily, sitting or kneeling in the back pews, though he was not observed receiving Communion or going to Confession; Warhol avoided recognition and felt self-conscious about crossing himself "in the Orthodox way."{{Sfn|Dillenberger|2001|pp=34–35}}<ref name="Romaine-2003" /> Warhol's brother later described him as "really religious, but he didn't want people to know about that because [it was] private," while eulogist John Richardson characterized his faith as devout and noted that he financed his nephew's priesthood studies.<ref name="Romaine-2003" /><ref name="Winship-1987" /> Notably, in 1980, Warhol met Pope John Paul II in St. Peter's Square.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elie |first=Paul |date=2021-12-07 |title=Andy Warhol’s Religious Journey |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/andy-warhols-religious-journey |access-date=2026-05-19 |work=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref>
[[File:WarholLastSup.gif|thumb|Images of Jesus in ''Last Supper'' (1986) |250x250px]]
Religious themes appeared frequently in his later work, including ''Details of Renaissance Paintings'' (1984) and the ''Last Supper'' series (1986), which comprised nearly 100 variations and was described by the Guggenheim as suggesting "an almost obsessive investment in the subject matter."<ref name="Schmuckli-1999">{{cite web |last=Schmuckli |first=Claudia |year=1999 |title=Andy Warhol: The Last Supper |url=http://pastexhibitions.guggenheim.org/warhol/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116161414/http://pastexhibitions.guggenheim.org/warhol/ |archive-date=January 16, 2009 |access-date=January 5, 2009 |publisher=Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation |location=SoHo}}</ref> Additional religious works were found posthumously in his estate, reflecting the influence of Eastern Christian iconography.<ref name="Romaine-2003"/> The Brooklyn Museum's 2021–2022 exhibition ''Andy Warhol: Revelation'' further explored the role of faith in his life and art.<ref name="Rosenberg-2021">{{Cite news |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Karen |date=December 2, 2021 |title=For Andy Warhol, Faith and Sexuality Intertwined |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/02/arts/design/warhol-religion-museum-review-catholic.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202160003/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/02/arts/design/warhol-religion-museum-review-catholic.html |archive-date=December 2, 2021 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
=== ''Time Capsules'' and collection === {{Main|Collection of Andy Warhol}}Warhol was an avid collector and was described as a "pack rat" who'd save everything.{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=310}}<ref name="Artner-1988">{{Cite news |last=Artner |first=Alan G. |date=April 24, 1988 |title=Andy Warhol's Garage Sale |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-andy-warhols-garage-sal/170867604/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |work=Chicago Tribune |pages=21–22}}</ref> Beginning in 1974, he assembled his ''Time Capsules'', a long-running conceptual project consisting of 610 containers filled with letters, photographs, memorabilia, and ephemera from his daily life.<ref name="Wrbican-2019">{{Cite book |last=Wrbican |first=Matt |url=https://archive.org/details/isforarchivewarh0000wrbi/page/26/mode/2up?q=time+capsule |title=A is for Archive: Warhol's World From A to Z |date=2019 |publisher=New Haven; Pittsburgh: Yale University Press; The Andy Warhol Museum |isbn=978-0-300-23344-5 |pages=26–27}}</ref> These materials, along with similar items stored at his home, were later transferred to the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh.<ref name="Wrbican-2019" />
[[File:Andy Warhol – dům na East 66th Street 57, Manhattan (1974–1987).jpg|thumb|337x337px|From 1974 to 1987, Warhol lived at 57 East 66th Street in Lenox Hill, Manhattan. In 1998, the townhouse was designated a cultural landmark.]]
Warhol's Factory at 860 Broadway featured Art Deco furnishings he had acquired secondhand for his film ''L'Amour'' (1972).<ref name="Bourdon-1974">{{Cite journal |last=Bourdon |first=David |date=November 11, 1974 |title=Stacking the Deco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XePFnXzff4EC&dq=warhol+new+york+magazine+art+deco+1974&pg=PA5 |journal=New York Magazine |volume=7 |issue=45 |pages=64, 66}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gilbert |first=Rose |date=September 27, 1976 |title='Wasted space is any space that has art in it' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-andy-warhols-factory-at-860/171268042/ |access-date=December 5, 2025 |work=Daily News |pages=34}}</ref> He had an extensive folk art collection, which was the subject of the exhibition ''Andy Warhol's Folk and Funk'' at the Museum of American Folk Art in 1977, though the full extent of his holdings remained largely unknown during his lifetime.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Klemesrud |first=Judy |date=September 20, 1977 |title=A Party for Warhol's 'Folk and Funk' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/20/archives/a-party-for-warhols-folk-and-funk.html |access-date=April 22, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=John |date=December 1, 1977 |title=Andy Warhol's "Folk and Funk" |url=https://www.artforum.com/features/andy-warhols-folk-and-funk-209312/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref>
Warhol kept his wealth and possessions largely concealed, storing valuables in unconventional places such as cookie tins atop the canopy of his bed and his mattress.<ref name="Aronson-1987">{{Cite journal |last=Aronson |first=Steven M. L. |date=December 1987 |title=Possession Obsession |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_house-garden_1987-12_159_12/page/192 |journal=House & Garden |volume=159 |issue=12 |pages=186–196}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Voboril |first=Mary |date=April 24, 1988 |title=Warhol effects reveal secrets |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-day-warhol-effects-reveal-secrets/170909685/ |access-date=April 23, 2025 |work=The Day |pages=D3}}</ref> He owned luxury cars, including a Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow, though he did not drive.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kushner |first=Rachel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EoiEAAAQBAJ&dq=warhol+jed+rolls+royce&pg=PA90 |title=The Hard Crowd: Essays 2000–2020 |date=April 6, 2021 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-9821-5769-2 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=242}} In 1974, Warhol and his partner Jed Johnson moved into a townhouse at 57 East 66th Street, where Johnson decorated the interiors in a mix of Neoclassical, Art Deco, and Victorian styles and kept the household organized.<ref name="Taylor-1988">{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=John |date=March 7, 1988 |title=Andy's Empire, Part II: Rosebud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOUCAAAAMBAJ&dq=jed+johnson+warhol&pg=PA47 |journal=New York Magazine |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=42–48}}</ref> After Johnson's departure in December 1980, the townhouse became filled with Warhol's accumulating purchases.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=830}}{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=439}}
Warhol frequently browsed flea markets and auction houses with collector Stuart Pivar, envisioning a large-scale retail and exhibition space dubbed "Warhol Hall."{{Sfn|Bockris|1997|p=439}}<ref name="Tully-1988">{{Cite news |last=Tully |first=Judd |date=March 13, 1988 |title=The Collected Legacy of Andy Warhol |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1988/03/13/the-collected-legacy-of-andy-warhol/b3b967c9-868f-4f84-b401-4e4a97e4116d/ |access-date=April 23, 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> His collection ranged widely, including American Indian artifacts, cookie jars, gemstones, antique furniture, and fine art.<ref name="Muchnic-1988a">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-08-ca-3738-story.html|title=Warhol: Pop Artist or Crusader for Tradition?|last=Muchnic|first=Suzanne |date=May 8, 1988|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=February 26, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref><ref name="Tully-1988" /> He owned works by 19th-century artists, his peers, and collaborators, though he avoided displaying his own work.<ref name="Aronson-1987" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tribune |first=International Herald |date=May 9, 1992 |title=SALES/SOLD |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/09/style/IHT-salessold.html |access-date=April 22, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Taylor-1988" /> He also amassed a personal library of more than 1,200 books.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andy Warhol's Books |website=LibraryThing |url=https://www.librarything.com/catalog/Andy_Warhol |access-date=October 23, 2021}}</ref> Following Warhol's death in 1987, his collection was auctioned at Sotheby's in 1988, dispersing nearly 10,000 objects and generating $25.3 million during the 10-day sale.<ref name="Winship-1988">{{Cite web |last=Winship |first=Frederick M. |date=May 3, 1988 |title=Warhol's art accumulations sell for total of $25.3 million |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/05/03/Warhols-art-accumulations-sell-for-total-of-253-million/5332578635200/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Muchnic-1988b">{{Cite web |last=Muchnic |first=Suzanne |date=May 5, 1988 |title=Andy Warhol's 10 Days of Fame |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-05-ca-3674-story.html |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A further cache of jewelry was later discovered and sold separately for $1.6 million.<ref name="The Washington Post-1988">{{Cite news |date=September 15, 1988 |title=WARHOL GEM CACHE FOUND |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1988/09/16/warhol-gem-cache-found/679d4250-c1e1-4638-bce0-ede30e37c2f8/ |access-date=January 4, 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=December 5, 1988 |title=Final Warhol Auction Brings In $1.6 Million |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-12-05-mn-658-story.html |access-date=January 4, 2026 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Legacy == [[File:Andy Warhol – pamětní deska na domě na East 66th Street v New Yorku.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A plaque honoring his life, mounted outside his home at 57 East 66th Street in Manhattan's Lenox Hill neighborhood]]
In 1991, the Warhol Family Museum of Modern Art was established in Medzilaborce, Slovakia by Warhol's family and the Slovak Ministry of Culture. In 1996, it was renamed the Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art.<ref name="Knott-20162">{{Cite news |last=Knott |first=Jonathan |date=February 5, 2016 |title=Andy Warhol trail, Slovakia: Tales of the Unexpected |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/slovakia/articles/Andy-Warhol-trail-Slovakia-Tales-of-the-Unexpected/ |access-date=July 10, 2024 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>
In 1992, Warhol's estate donated 15 acres of land on his former property Eothen to The Nature Conservancy. Now called The Andy Warhol Preserve, it is part of a 2,400-acre protected area in Montauk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nature Conservancy Announces 2023 Andy Warhol Visual Arts Program Artists |url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/newsroom/andy-warhol-visual-arts-program-2023/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424033148/https://www.nature.org/en-us/newsroom/andy-warhol-visual-arts-program-2023/ |archive-date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=November 28, 2024 |website=The Nature Conservancy |language=en-US}}</ref>
In 1994, the Andy Warhol Museum opened in Pittsburgh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Carol |date=May 16, 1994 |title=15 Minutes and Then Some At the New Warhol Museum |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/16/arts/15-minutes-and-then-some-at-the-new-warhol-museum.html |access-date=July 10, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It holds the largest collection of the artist's works in the world.<ref name="Knott-20162" />
In 1998, Warhol's Upper East Side townhouse at 57 E 66th Street in Manhattan was designated a cultural landmark by the Historical Landmarks Preservation Center to commemorate the 70th anniversary of his birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pyle |first=Richard |date=August 6, 1998 |title=Lasting Fame for Warhol Home |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-tribune-andy-warhols-home-desi/146205174/ |access-date=April 28, 2024 |work=The News Tribune |pages=2}}</ref>
In 2002, the US Postal Service issued an 18-cent stamp commemorating Warhol. Designed by Richard Sheaff of Scottsdale, Arizona, the stamp was unveiled at a ceremony at the Andy Warhol Museum and features Warhol's painting "Self-Portrait, 1964".<ref>{{cite web |title=Artists |url=http://www.uspsstamps.com/stamps/series/artists |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213211849/http://uspsstamps.com/stamps/series/artists |archive-date=December 13, 2013 |access-date=December 15, 2013 |publisher=United States Postal Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McCoy |first=Adrian |date=August 10, 2002 |title=Andy Warhol Puts Stamp on the World – Again |url=http://old.post-gazette.com/ae/20020810warhol0810p2.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062634/http://old.post-gazette.com/ae/20020810warhol0810p2.asp |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=October 22, 2013 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette}}</ref>
thumb|373x373px|Warhol monument in Medzilaborce, Slovakia|left
In 2005, the Seventh Street Bridge in Pittsburgh was renamed the Andy Warhol Bridge in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2013 |title=Andy Warhol Bridge getting a pop of color from area artists in yarn bombing |url=https://www.wpxi.com/news/local/andy-warhol-bridge-getting-pop-color-area-artists-/289666800/ |access-date=May 3, 2025 |website=WPXI |language=en}}</ref>
Commissioned by the Public Art Fund, artist Rob Pruitt created a chrome sculpture of Warhol that was installed outside 860 Broadway—the former site of the Factory—in Manhattan's Union Square from March to October 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Roberta |date=March 31, 2011 |title=Andy Warhol Commemorated in Chrome on Union Square |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/andy-warhol-commemorated-in-chrome-on-union-square/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922233253/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/andy-warhol-commemorated-in-chrome-on-union-square/ |archive-date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=August 6, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
The International Astronomical Union named a crater on the planet Mercury after Warhol in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Warhol |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14975 |access-date=February 3, 2021 |work=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature |publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2012 |title=Mercury Craters Named for Warhol, Magritte |url=https://observer.com/2012/05/mercury-craters-named-for-warhol-magritte/ |access-date=May 3, 2025 |website=Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>
In 2013, to honor the 85th anniversary of Warhol's birthday, the Andy Warhol Museum and EarthCam launched a collaborative project titled ''Figment'', a live feed of Warhol's gravesite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol's Grave |url=https://www.warhol.org/andy-warhols-life/figment/ |access-date=May 29, 2022 |website=The Andy Warhol Museum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Begos |first=Kevin |date=August 5, 2013 |title=Webcam to broadcast from Andy Warhol's Pa. grave |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/05/webcam-warhols-grave/2620965/ |access-date=May 29, 2022 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
In 2024, Warhol was posthumously awarded the Order of the White Double Cross of the Second Class by the Slovak Republic's ambassador to the U.S. on the 37th anniversary of his death, at the behest of Slovak President Zuzana Čaputová, "for promoting the Slovak Republic's good name abroad."<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Driscoll |first=Bill |date=March 7, 2024 |title=Digging into Andy Warhol's Slovakian roots |url=https://www.wesa.fm/arts-sports-culture/2024-03-07/andy-warhols-slovakian-roots |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=90.5 WESA}}</ref>
In 2025, Warhol was selected as one of the first 10 inductees into the Pittsburgh Walk of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bah |first=Mamie |date=July 29, 2025 |title=First Pittsburgh Walk of Fame honorees unveiled |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/pittsburgh-walk-of-fame-honorees-strip-district/ |access-date=August 14, 2025 |website=wcbsnews.com}}</ref>
[[File:Bratislava_Venturska_ulica1.jpg|thumb|323x323px|Statue of Andy Warhol in Bratislava, Slovakia]]
=== The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts === {{Main|Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts}}
Warhol's will stipulated that his entire estate—aside from modest bequests to his business manager and brothers—be used to establish a foundation.{{Sfn|Gopnik|2020|p=911}} In 1987, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts was established to administer his estate and support contemporary visual art, particularly experimental work.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glueck |first=Grace |date=1987-02-26 |title=$15 Million Warhol Estate to Create a Foundation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/26/arts/article-845187-no-title.html |access-date=2026-05-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The foundation later created the Andy Warhol Art Authentication Board in 1995 to evaluate works attributed to Warhol, though it was dissolved in 2012 following costly legal disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Arcy |first=David |date=May 31, 1995 |title=Court makes decision in battle over Warhol estate |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/1995/06/01/court-makes-decision-in-battle-over-warhol-estate |access-date=January 4, 2026 |website=The Art Newspaper |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Daniel |date=June 4, 2014 |title=New Legislation Would Protect Art Authenticators Against 'Nuisance' Lawsuits |url=https://observer.com/2014/06/dont-shoot-the-messenger-if-passed-new-legislation-would-protect-art-authenticators-against-nuisance-lawsuits/ |access-date=January 4, 2026 |website=Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>
The foundation is among the largest grant-giving organizations for the visual arts in the United States.<ref name="Wachs-2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.warholfoundation.org/history.htm |title=Past & Present |publisher=The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts |year=2002 |first1=Joel |last1=Wachs |author-link=Joel Wachs |author2=Michael Straus |access-date=January 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106051701/http://www.warholfoundation.org/history.htm |archive-date=January 6, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has donated more than 3,000 works to the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh and oversees publication of the ''Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonné'', a multi-volume scholarly catalogue of Warhol's paintings and sculptures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Danto |first=Arthur C. |date=September 1, 2002 |title=The Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonné |url=https://www.artforum.com/columns/the-andy-warhol-catalogue-raisonne-164536/ |access-date=January 4, 2026 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Polsky |first=Richard |title=Out Now: The Latest Volume of the Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonné |url=https://www.myartbroker.com/investing/articles/latest-volume-andy-warhol-catalogue-raisonne |access-date=January 4, 2026 |website=MyArtBroker |language=en}}</ref>
==In pop culture== ===Films=== [[File:Andy Warhol and Ulli Lommel on set of Cocaine Cowboys.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Warhol (right) with director Ulli Lommel on the set of ''Cocaine Cowboys'' (1979) at Eothen, in which Warhol made a cameo]]
Warhol appeared in several films during his lifetime, including ''Dynamite Chicken'' ''(1971), The Driver's Seat (''1974''), Cocaine Cowboys (''1979'') and Tootsie (''1982'').<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weiler |first=A. H. |date=January 4, 1972 |title=' Dynamite Chicken' Is Aimed at the Young |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/01/04/archives/dynamite-chicken-is-aimed-at-the-young.html |access-date=August 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |title=Cocaine Cowboys |author=Lommel, Ulli |year=1979}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AnOther |date=May 20, 2016 |title=Lessons We Can Learn from The Driver's Seat |url=https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/8690/lessons-we-can-learn-from-the-drivers-seat |access-date=December 20, 2024 |website=AnOther |language=en}}</ref>'' Following his death, he has been frequently depicted in film and other media. Actors who have portrayed Warhol include Crispin Glover in ''The Doors'' (1991), Jared Harris in ''I Shot Andy Warhol'' (1996), David Bowie in ''Basquiat'' (1996), Guy Pearce in ''Factory Girl'' (2006), Greg Travis in ''Watchmen'' (2009), and Cary Elwes in ''The Billionaire Boys Club'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Tessa |date=August 11, 2020 |title=See Six Actors Who've Played Andy Warhol, From David Bowie to Bill Hader |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/andy-warhol-actors-david-bowie-jared-leto-1202696443/ |access-date=April 13, 2025 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=March 16, 2007 |title=Factory Girl |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/mar/16/drama |access-date=November 25, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Debruge |first=Peter |date=August 18, 2018 |title=Film Review: 'Billionaire Boys Club' |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/billionaire-boys-club-review-1202909577/ |access-date=January 4, 2026 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> He has also appeared as a character in Michael Daugherty's opera ''Jackie O'' (1997), as well as in comedic and fantastical portrayals, such as Mark Bringelson in ''Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery'' (1997), Bill Hader in ''Men in Black 3'' (2012), Tom Meeten in ''Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy'' (2012), and Conan O'Brien in ''Weird: The Al Yankovic Story'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Noel |date=June 15, 2015 |title=Factory made: 8 movie and TV versions of Andy Warhol |url=https://www.avclub.com/factory-made-8-movie-and-tv-versions-of-andy-warhol-1798280970 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=AV Club |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bahr |first1=Sarah |date=November 6, 2022 |title=Who Are All Those Celebrities at the Weird Al Pool Party? A Guide (Published 2022) |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/06/movies/weird-the-al-yankovic-story-pool-cameos.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250621222602/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/06/movies/weird-the-al-yankovic-story-pool-cameos.html |archive-date=June 21, 2025 |access-date=January 4, 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
In 2020, actor Jared Leto confirmed that he had been cast to portray Warhol in the biographical film ''Warhol'', produced by Michael De Luca and written by Terence Winter, based on the book ''Warhol: The Biography'' by Victor Bockris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernández |first=Alexia |date=August 7, 2020 |title=Jared Leto Confirms He's Playing Andy Warhol in New Movie: 'So Grateful and Excited' |url=https://people.com/movies/jared-leto-playing-andy-warhol-new-movie/ |website=People}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/sep/20/jared-leto-andy-warhol-biopic-movie |title=Jared Leto to play Andy Warhol in biopic |work=The Guardian |date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=September 20, 2016 |archive-date=September 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921152227/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/sep/20/jared-leto-andy-warhol-biopic-movie |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Documentaries=== * ''Andy Warhol and his Clan'' (1970), a 46-minute documentary by German filmmaker Bert Koetter that explores the Warhol Factory and the habitats of several of his superstars. In 1971, it was released in theaters in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Alexander |date=June 12, 1971 |title=New Films |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-journal-andy-warhol-and-his/188662731/ |access-date=January 11, 2026 |work=The Guardian Journal |location=Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England |pages=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 17, 1971 |title=Analysing Andy |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-journal-analysing-andy/188662522/ |access-date=January 11, 2026 |work=The Journal |location=Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, England |pages=9}}</ref> * ''Warhol'' (1973) is an ITV documentary by British photographer David Bailey. Initially banned by British courts for containing "indecent material," the film features candid interviews with the artist and his associates.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 27, 1973 |title=Warhol's Bizarre World |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/manchester-evening-news-warhol-documenta/153829845/ |access-date=August 23, 2024 |work=Manchester Evening News |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2015 |title=In bed with Andy: David Bailey's banned 'Warhol' documentary |url=https://dangerousminds.net/comments/in_bed_with_andy_david_baileys_banned_warhol_documentary |access-date=August 23, 2024 |website=DangerousMinds}}</ref> * ''Superstar: The Life and Times of Andy Warhol'' (1990), a feature-length documentary by Chuck Workman, premiered at the 40th Berlin International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Warhol documentary to premiere in Berlin|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune-warhol-documentary-to/185875873/|work=The Tampa Tribune|date=January 30, 1990|access-date=November 29, 2025|pages=5–F}}</ref> * ''Absolut Warhola'' (2001) was produced by Polish director Stanislaw Mucha, featuring Warhol's parents' family and hometown in Slovakia.<ref>{{cite press release|title=TLA Releasing Unveils the past of Famed Artist Andy Warhol to Reveal a Story Few Ever Imagined in: Absolut Warhola |publisher=TLA Releasing |date=March 9, 2004 |url=http://www.tlavideo.com/images/assets/97.pdf |access-date=January 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207042433/http://www.tlavideo.com/images/assets/97.pdf |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film'' (2006) is a two-part documentary by Ric Burns that aired on PBS as part of the ''American Masters'' series.<ref>{{cite news|first=Stephen |last=Holden |author-link=Stephen Holden |date=September 1, 2006 |title=A Portrait of the Artist as a Visionary, a Voyeur and a Brand-Name Star |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2006/09/01/movies/01warh.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref> It won a Peabody Award in 2006.<ref>[http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/american-masters-andy-warhol-a-documentary-film 66th Annual Peabody Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712115815/http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/american-masters-andy-warhol-a-documentary-film |date=July 12, 2014 }}, May 2007.</ref> * ''Andy Warhol's People Factory'' (2008), a three-part television documentary directed by Catherine Shorr that features interviews with several of Warhol's associates.<ref>{{cite web|website=PlanetGroupEntertainment|url=http://planetgroupentertainment.squarespace.com/andy-warhols-factory-people/|title=Andy Warhol's "Factory People"|access-date=December 4, 2013|archive-date=December 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211184523/http://planetgroupentertainment.squarespace.com/andy-warhols-factory-people/|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''The Andy Warhol Diaries'' (2022), a six-part Netflix docuseries directed by Andrew Rossi that chronicling Warhol's life from the vantage point of his diaries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Addario |first=Daniel |date=March 8, 2022 |title='The Andy Warhol Diaries' Summons the Genius, and the Person, Behind the Image: TV Review |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/reviews/andy-warhol-diaries-netflix-1235195197/ |access-date=March 20, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Television and advertisements=== Warhol made numerous television appearances and enthusiastically embraced advertising, viewing both as extensions of his artistic engagement with mass media and consumer culture. In 1955, Warhol created illustrated backdrops for a television performance by jazz bandleader Duke Ellington on the CBS program ''Music '55''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=David |title=Duke Ellington, Andy Warhol, And Yehudi Menuhin: A 1955 TV Collaboration |url=https://www.ipm.org/show/nightlights/2019-09-11/duke-ellington-andy-warhol-1955-tv-collaboration |access-date=March 8, 2026 |website=Indiana Public Media |language=en}}</ref> One of Warhol's earliest appearances on television occurred in 1963, when he was filmed in his studio for the CBS-TV special "Exhibitions: Contemporary American Painters," a survey of living American artists at work in their studios.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 9, 1963 |title=TV Special: Living American Artist at Work |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-ithaca-journal-tv-special-living-am/188222980/ |access-date=January 5, 2026 |work=The Ithaca Journal |pages=A-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Marshall |first=Hal |date=March 10, 1963 |title=TV Highlights: CBS Looks At Contemporary Painters |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-daily-star/188223594/ |url-status= |access-date=January 5, 2026 |work=Arizona Daily Star |pages=Section B - Page 13}}</ref>
In 1965, Warhol appeared with his muse Edie Sedgwick on ''The Merv Griffin Show''. During the interview, Warhol spoke minimally—often responding with brief gestures or whispered answers—while Sedgwick articulated his ideas about Pop art and its emotional detachment from traditional artistic expression.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feldman |first=Ella |date=August 18, 2022 |title=The True Story of Edie Sedgwick and Andy Warhol |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/edie-sedgwick-andy-warhol-180980601/ |access-date=August 23, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Spampinato-2021">{{Cite book |last=Spampinato |first=Francesco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ushQEAAAQBAJ&dq=warhol+braniff&pg=PA140 |title=Art vs. TV: A Brief History of Contemporary Artists' Responses to Television |date=December 2, 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-7055-7 |pages=140–141 |language=en}}</ref>
Warhol was enthusiastic about product endorsements. In 1969, he appeared in two commercials for Braniff International Airways' "When You Got It – Flaunt It" campaign, including one alongside heavyweight boxer Sonny Liston.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cass |first1=Richard Benjamin |title=Braniff Airways Flying Colors |date=December 14, 2015 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-4671-3440-8 |page=74 |edition=1st |url=https://www.arcadiapublishing.com/Products/9781467134408?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIroPGvtz25AIVENvACh0--AgaEAQYAiABEgISDfD_BwE |access-date=September 29, 2019 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151308/https://www.arcadiapublishing.com/Products/9781467134408?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIroPGvtz25AIVENvACh0--AgaEAQYAiABEgISDfD_BwE |url-status=live }}</ref> These commercials marked the beginning of Warhol's active participation in advertising as a form of public performance. Warhol's first regular endorsement contract followed in 1973, when he signed a deal with Pioneer Electronics.{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=261}} The first campaign featured Warhol alongside his dachshund Archie, posed among stereo speakers, turntables, and tape recorders under the headline "Andy Warhol's Unfinished Symphony."{{Sfn|Colacello|1990|p=261}}
In the 1980s, Warhol became increasingly visible on television. In 1981, Warhol was featured on the BBC series ''Arena'' in a segment alongside writers William S. Burroughs and Victor Bockris and later that year filmed a segment for ''Saturday Night Live''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 28, 1980 |title=Look Out For |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/sunday-telegraph-chelsea-hotel-bbc-docum/146242447/ |access-date=August 23, 2024 |work=The Sunday Telegraph |pages=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spigel |first=Lynn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_dekIDkPtMC&dq=warhol+saturday+night+live+1981&pg=PA282 |title=TV by Design: Modern Art and the Rise of Network Television |date=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-76968-4 |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> That same year, he appeared in a Sony Beta tapes commercial, posed beside a Marilyn portrait to emphasize the tape's ability to reproduce "brilliant color and delicate shading."<ref name="Met">{{Cite web |title=Warhol Effect: A Timeline |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2012/steins-collect/~/media/Files/Exhibitions/WarholTimeline.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705151646/https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2012/steins-collect/~/media/Files/Exhibitions/WarholTimeline.pdf |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |website=Met Museum}}</ref> He went on to appear in commercials for TDK videotape in 1983 and Diet Coke in 1985.<ref name="Spampinato-2021" /> In 1985, Warhol guest-starred on the 200th episode of ''The Love Boat'', playing a fictionalized version of himself, and he endorsed Vidal Sassoon hairspray.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spigel |first=Lynn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_dekIDkPtMC&dq=warhol+love+boat+1985+Marina+del+Rey&pg=PA42 |title=TV by Design: Modern Art and the Rise of Network Television |date=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-76968-4 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rosenthal-2012" /> In 1986, he appeared in a print advertisement for the investment firm Drexel Burnham Lambert.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stutterheim |first=Sydney |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RYUEQAAQBAJ&dq=Drexel+Burnham+Lambert+warhol+1986&pg=PT99 |title=Artist, Audience, Accomplice: Ethics and Authorship in Art of the 1970s and 1980s |date=July 15, 2024 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-1-4780-5967-7 |language=en}}</ref>
Posthumously, Warhol has been portrayed on television by John Cameron Mitchell in ''Vinyl'' (2016) and by Evan Peters in ''American Horror Story: Cult'' (2017).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/american-horror-story-cult-story-beheind-lena-dunhams-episode-1050134/ |title=How Lena Dunham and 'American Horror Story' Delivered a Timely Look at Feminism |work=The Hollywood Reporter |last=Strause |first=Jackie |date=October 18, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2016/02/tv-review-martin-scorseses-vinyl.html|title=Martin Scorsese's Vinyl Is the Year's First Must-See Show|date=February 9, 2016 |access-date=March 21, 2016|archive-date=March 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319015843/http://www.vulture.com/2016/02/tv-review-martin-scorseses-vinyl.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Music === Warhol has had a lasting influence on popular music and musicians across genres. He was a key inspiration for the new wave and punk band Devo, as well as English musician David Bowie, who recorded the song "Andy Warhol" for his 1971 album ''Hunky Dory''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Revisiting David Bowie's 'Hunky Dory' (1971) {{!}} Tribute |url=https://albumism.com/features/tribute-celebrating-50-years-of-david-bowie-hunky-dory |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=Albumism |language=en-US}}</ref>
Warhol's life and experiences also directly inspired specific works. Lou Reed wrote "Andy's Chest" in response to Warhol's near fatal shooting; although first recorded by the Velvet Underground in 1969, it was later released in a new version on Reed's solo album ''Transformer'' (1972).<ref name="Furman-2018">{{Cite book |last=Furman |first=Ezra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZ1MDwAAQBAJ&dq=lou+reed+andy%27s+chest&pg=PA52 |title=Lou Reed's Transformer |date=April 19, 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-2305-8 |pages=52–53 |language=en |access-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226022032/https://books.google.com/books?dq=lou+reed+andy%27s+chest&pg=PA52&id=tZ1MDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=December 26, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Canadian rock band Triumph referenced Warhol in "Stranger in a Strange Land," from their 1984 album ''Thunder Seven''.
During his lifetime, Warhol also appeared in several music videos, including "Hello Again" (1984) by The Cars, "Misfit" (1986) by Curiosity Killed the Cat, and "I'm Not Perfect (But I'm Perfect for You)" (1986) by Grace Jones.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Jon |date=October 17, 2025 |title=When Andy Warhol Got 15 Minutes of MTV Fame |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/art/artists/andy-warhols-15-minutes-tv-show-mtv |access-date=March 26, 2026 |website=Mental Floss |language=en-US}}</ref> His cultural presence has continued beyond his lifetime. In the 1995 video for "Scream" by Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson, a self-portrait of Warhol morphs into a splatter painting by Jackson Pollock.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saunders |first=Michael |date=June 14, 1995 |title=Jackson's 'Scream': It'll make fans want to |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-jacksons-scream-it/194213674/ |access-date=March 26, 2026 |work=The Boston Globe |pages=87}}</ref>
===Books, comic books, and video games=== Warhol has been the subject of numerous books,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 20 most notable books on Andy Warhol |url=https://www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/en/exhibitions/andy-warhol-other-voices-other-rooms/the-20-most-notable-books-on-a/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |website=Moderna Museet}}</ref> including authorized biographer David Bourdon's ''Warhol'' (1989),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lowry |first=Patricia |date=December 17, 1989 |title=Art Offerings: Warhol's life, architecture authors' focus |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press-andy-warhol-biograp/170990402/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press |pages=J6}}</ref><ref name="McClurg-1989">{{Cite news |last=McClurg |first=Jocelyn |date=March 19, 1989 |title=Andy Warhol books planned |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/democrat-and-chronicle-andy-warhol-books/170990176/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |newspaper=Democrat and Chronicle |pages=11D}}</ref> Victor Bockris' ''Warhol: The Biography'' (1989),<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 15, 1989 |title=The Man Who Wasn't There |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1989/10/15/the-man-who-wasnt-there/b75ba4ef-7735-492b-8a1d-b9a89f050015/ |access-date=April 3, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and Bob Colacello's memoir ''Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Carlson |first=Margaret |date=August 13, 1990 |title=Books: In The Heat of the Night |url=https://time.com/archive/6715633/books-in-the-heat-of-the-night/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |magazine=Time}}</ref> Later biographies include Wayne Koestenbaum's ''Andy Warhol'' (2001),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hoban |first=Phoebe |date=September 16, 2001 |title=Has It Been 15 Minutes Yet? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/16/books/has-it-been-15-minutes-yet.html |access-date=April 24, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Blake Gopnik's comprehensive ''Warhol'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol, Superstar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/03/books/review/warhol-blake-gopnik.html |last=Sante |first=Lucy |author-link=Lucy Sante |date=May 3, 2020 |website=The New York Times |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507143030/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/03/books/review/warhol-blake-gopnik.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Warhol' paints the Pop Art icon as the most influential artist of the 20th century |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/warhol-paints-the-pop-art-icon-as-the-most-influential-artist-of-the-20th-century/2020/04/15/664124e8-7db4-11ea-9040-68981f488eed_story.html |last=Alexander |first=Paul |date=April 17, 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=May 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511104740/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/warhol-paints-the-pop-art-icon-as-the-most-influential-artist-of-the-20th-century/2020/04/15/664124e8-7db4-11ea-9040-68981f488eed_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Warhol by Blake Gopnik review – sex, religion and overtaking Picasso |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/feb/22/warhol-life-in-art-blake-gopnik |last=Hughes |first=Kathryn |author-link=Kathryn Hughes |date=February 22, 2020 |website=The Guardian |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=May 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526051800/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/feb/22/warhol-life-in-art-blake-gopnik |url-status=live }}</ref>
Warhol has also appeared in popular media, including the ''Miracleman'' comic series,<ref>{{Cite comic| writer = Alan Moore| artist = John Totleben| story = Olympus| title = Miracleman| issue = 16| date = December 1989| publisher = Eclipse Comics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite comic| writer = Neil Gaiman| artist = Mark Buckingham| story = Notes From The Underground| title = Miracleman| issue = 19| date = November 1990| publisher = Eclipse Comics}}</ref> Nick Bertozzi's ''Becoming Andy Warhol'' (2016),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Kristofer |date=November 23, 2016 |title=Book Reviews: 'Becoming Andy Warhol' |url=https://www.pittsburghmagazine.com/book-reviews-becoming-andy-warhol/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |website=Pittsburgh Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> and Typex's graphic novel ''Andy: The Life and Times of Andy Warhol'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Frank M. |date=May 10, 2019 |title=Andy |url=https://www.tcj.com/reviews/andy/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |website=The Comics Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> He also appears in the video game ''The Sims: Superstar'' (2003).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegamer.com/celebrities-you-forgot-were-in-the-sims/|title=10 Celebrities You Forgot Were In The Sims|last=Castania|first=Gabrielle|date=October 3, 2022|access-date=September 1, 2024|website=TheGamer.com}}</ref>
==See also== * Counterculture of the 1960s * ''Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith''
== Notes == {{reflist|group=n}}
==References==
=== Citations === {{Reflist}}
=== Sources === * {{Cite book |first=Victor |last=Bockris |url=https://archive.org/details/warhol0000bock_c2k2/page/4/mode/2up |title=Warhol |edition=1st Da Capo Press |location=New York |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=1997 |isbn=9780306807954}} * {{Cite book |last=Bourdon |first=David |title=Warhol |publisher=Abrams |year=1989 |isbn=978-0810917613 |location=New York |pages=}} * {{cite book |first=Bob |last=Colacello |author-link=Bob Colacello |title=Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-06-016419-5 |oclc=}} * {{cite book|last=Flatley|first=Jonathan|title=Like Andy Warhol|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-226-50557-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Gopnik|first=Blake|title=Warhol|year=2020|publisher=Ecco|isbn=978-0-06-229839-3|url=https://archive.org/details/warhol0000gopn}} * {{Cite book |first=Wayne |last=Koestenbaum |author-link=Wayne Koestenbaum |title=Andy Warhol |location=New York |publisher=Viking Penguin |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-670-03000-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/andywarhol00koes}} * {{cite book|title=Pop, The Genius of Andy Warhol|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2009|isbn=9780066212432|last1=Scherman|first1=Tony|last2=Dalton|first2=David}} * {{cite book |first1=Andy |last1=Warhol |first2=Pat |last2=Hackett |title=POPism: The Warhol '60s |year=1980 |publisher=Hardcore Brace Jovanovich |isbn=978-0-15-173095-7}} * {{cite book|last1=Warhol|first1=Andy|title=The Andy Warhol Diaries|url=https://archive.org/details/andywarholdiarie0000warh|url-access=registration|year=1989|isbn=978-0-446-39138-2|publisher=Warner Books|last2=Hackett|first2=Pat}} * {{cite book |author1-link= |author-link1=Steven Watson (author) |last=Watson |first=Steven |title=Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties |publisher=Pantheon Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-679-42372-0 |location=New York}} ==Further reading== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Danto |first=Arthur C. |title=Andy Warhol |year=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-13555-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/andywarhol00dant}} * {{Cite book |first=Jane D. |last=Dillenberger |title=The Religious Art of Andy Warhol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KemglT-1jSIC |location=New York |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8264-1334-5 |access-date=January 5, 2016 |archive-date=May 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511100600/http://books.google.com/books?id=KemglT-1jSIC |url-status=live}} * Doyle, Jennifer, Jonathan Flatley, and José Esteban Muñoz, eds (1996). ''Pop Out: Queer Warhol.'' Durham: Duke University Press. * {{Cite book |first=John |last=Yau |author-link=John Yau |title=In the Realm of Appearances: The Art of Andy Warhol |location=Hopewell, NJ |publisher=Ecco Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-88001-298-0}} {{Refend}}
==External links== {{sister project links|auto=1}} * [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?q=andy+warhol&sortBy=Relevance Andy Warhol in the Metropolitan Museum of Art] * [http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/artist-info.1966.html#works Andy Warhol at the National Gallery of Art] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055205/https://warholfoundation.org/ Warhol Foundation] in New York City * [http://www.warhol.org/ Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181124081303/http://warholstars.org/ Warholstars]: Andy Warhol Films, Art and Superstars
{{Warhol}} {{Authority control (arts)}}
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