Viviparidae

{{Short description|Family of gastropods}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} {{Tone|date=September 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Viviparidae | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Middle Jurassic|Recent|earliest=Rhaetian}} | image = Viviparus contectus met operculum2.JPG | image_caption = An alive but retracted individual of ''Viviparus contectus'', showing the operculum | authority = J. E. Gray, 1847<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gray J. E. |date=November 1847|orig-date=1833|title=A list of genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyma and types|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society in London}volume=15|pages= 129–182}} Viviparidae at page 155.</ref> | synonyms_ref = | synonyms = | diversity_ref = <ref name="Strong 2008">{{cite journal|author=Strong E. E.|author2= Gargominy O.|author3= Ponder W. F.|author3-link=Winston Ponder|author4= Bouchet P. |year=2008|title=Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater|journal=Hydrobiologia|volume= 595|issue= 1|pages= 149–166 |hdl=10088/7390|doi=10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6|bibcode= 2008HyBio.595..149S}}</ref> | diversity = 125–150 freshwater species | display_parents = 3 }}

'''Viviparidae''', commonly called '''river snails''', are a family of freshwater snails with gills and a protective lid (operculum). Their family tree is complex, and genetic evidence suggesting some species in this family don't fit neatly into traditional groups.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ju-Guang |last2=Zhang |first2=Dong |last3=Jakovlić |first3=Ivan |last4=Wang |first4=Wei-Min |date=2017-07-25 |title=Sequencing of the complete mitochondrial genomes of eight freshwater snail species exposes pervasive paraphyly within the Viviparidae family (Caenogastropoda) |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=7 |article-number=e0181699 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0181699 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5526530 |pmid=28742843|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1281699W }}</ref> These snails are native lakes and rivers across Europe, Asia, and parts of North America. Some, like ''Cipangopaludina japonica'', have become invasive thanks to their ability to adapt<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bocxlaer |first1=Bert Van |last2=Strong |first2=Ellen E. |date=2016-06-15 |title=Anatomy, functional morphology, evolutionary ecology and systematics of the invasive gastropod Cipangopaludina japonica (Viviparidae: Bellamyinae) |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ctoz/85/2/article-p235_5.xml |journal=Contributions to Zoology |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=235–263 |doi=10.1163/18759866-08502005 |issn=1875-9866}}</ref>.thumb|Intact image of ''Viviparus contectus'' from Netherlands thumb|Empty shells of Viviparidae Bellamya unicolor thumb|Viviparidae image ==Distribution== This family occurs nearly worldwide in temperate and tropical regions, other than South America.

There are two genera of Viviparidae in Africa: ''Bellamya'' and ''Neothauma''.<ref name="Brown 1994">{{cite book|author=Brown D. S. |year=1994|title=Freshwater Snails of Africa and their Medical Importance|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-7484-0026-5}}</ref>

The oldest known vivparid is ''Viviparus langtonensis'' from the Middle Jurassic of England.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stelbrink|first1=Björn|last2=Richter|first2=Romy|last3=Köhler|first3=Frank|last4=Riedel|first4=Frank|last5=Strong|first5=Ellen E|last6=Van Bocxlaer|first6=Bert|last7=Albrecht|first7=Christian|last8=Hauffe|first8=Torsten|last9=Page|first9=Timothy J|last10=Aldridge|first10=David C|last11=Bogan|first11=Arthur E|date=2020-02-15|title=Global Diversification Dynamics Since the Jurassic: Low Dispersal and Habitat-Dependent Evolution Explain Hotspots of Diversity and Shell Disparity in River Snails (Viviparidae)|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=69|issue=5|pages=944–961|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syaa011|pmid=32061133 |issn=1063-5157|hdl=20.500.12210/34294|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The oldest records from the Southern Hemisphere is from the Late Jurassic Talbragar fossil beds of Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frese|first1=Michael|last2=Ponder|first2=Winston|date=2021-07-03|title=''Proviviparus talbragarensis'' gen. et sp. nov., the first viviparid snail from the Late Jurassic of Australia|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03115518.2021.1940276|journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology|language=en|volume=45|issue=3|pages=344–353|doi=10.1080/03115518.2021.1940276|bibcode=2021Alch...45..344F |s2cid=238777174 |issn=0311-5518|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Viviparidae snails are native to freshwater spots like rivers and lakes across Europe, Asia, and parts of North America, and they've spread out widely in places like Russia and China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anistratenko |first1=V. V. |last2=Degtyarenko |first2=E. V. |last3=Anistratenko |first3=O. Yu. |last4=Prozorova |first4=L. A. |date=2014-12-01 |title=Modern distribution of gastropod mollusks of the family Viviparidae (Caenogastropoda) in continental water bodies of Eurasia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1062359014090027 |journal=Biology Bulletin |language=en |volume=41 |issue=9 |pages=742–751 |doi=10.1134/S1062359014090027 |bibcode=2014BioBu..41..742A |issn=1608-3059|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''Cipangopaludina japonica'' has become invasive in North America.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bocxlaer |first1=Bert Van |last2=Strong |first2=Ellen E. |date=2016-06-15 |title=Anatomy, functional morphology, evolutionary ecology and systematics of the invasive gastropod Cipangopaludina japonica (Viviparidae: Bellamyinae) |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ctoz/85/2/article-p235_5.xml |journal=Contributions to Zoology |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=235–263 |doi=10.1163/18759866-08502005 |issn=1875-9866}}</ref>

== Taxonomy and phylogeny == The family Viviparidae contains 3 subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005): * Viviparinae Gray, 1847 (1833) - synonyms: Paludinidae Fitzinger, 1833 (inv.); Kosoviinae Atanackovic, 1859 (n.a.) * Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937 - synonym: Amuropaludinidae Starobogatov, Prozorova, Bogatov & Sayenko, 2004 (n.a.) * Lioplacinae Gill, 1863 - synonym: Campelomatinae Thiele, 1929 Scientists used to group Viviparidae snails based on how they look, but with the advent of DNA research, a more complex tree has developed. Species such as ''Viviparus chui,'' ''Cipangopaludina chinensis,'' ''Sinotaia quadrata histrica'' have been reclassified based on this new data.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Young-Jae |last2=Choi |first2=Kwang-Sik |last3=Lee |first3=Dae-Sung |last4=Lee |first4=Won Chan |last5=Park |first5=Hyun Je |last6=Choy |first6=Eun Jung |last7=Kim |first7=Hyung Chul |last8=Kang |first8=Chang-Keun |date=2015-11-01 |title=The role of the adductor muscle as an energy storage organ in the pen shell Atrina japonica (Reeve, 1858) |url=https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article/81/4/502/2459980 |journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=502–511 |doi=10.1093/mollus/eyv025 |issn=0260-1230|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The way the various species are related is still being studied.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADW: Viviparidae: CLASSIFICATION |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Viviparidae/classification/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=animaldiversity.org}}</ref>

== Morphology and evolution == Viviparidae shells seem to develop characteristics based on environmental factors such a water conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Annandale |first1=N. |last2=Alcock |first2=Alfred William |date=January 1997 |title=The evolution of the shell-sculpture in fresh-water snails of the family Viviparidæ |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character |volume=96 |issue=672 |pages=60–76 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1924.0011|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Cipangopaludina japonica'' in particular are very adaptable<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bocxlaer |first1=Bert Van |last2=Strong |first2=Ellen E. |date=2016-06-15 |title=Anatomy, functional morphology, evolutionary ecology and systematics of the invasive gastropod Cipangopaludina japonica (Viviparidae: Bellamyinae) |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ctoz/85/2/article-p235_5.xml |journal=Contributions to Zoology |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=235–263 |doi=10.1163/18759866-08502005 |issn=1875-9866}}</ref> These snails can live anywhere from 3 to 11 years, depending on their environment.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

== Genera == Genera within the family Viviparidae (listed beneath their subfamilies) include:

* Viviparinae Gray, 1847 ** Type Genus: ''Viviparus'' Montfort, 1810 ** ''Galizgia'' Mikhaylovskiy, 1903 ** † ''Kosovia'' Atanacković, 1959 ** ''Rivularia'' Heude, 1890<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Bocxlaer|first1=Bert|last2=Strong|first2=Ellen E|last3=Richter|first3=Romy|last4=Stelbrink|first4=Björn|last5=Rintelen|first5=Thomas Von|date=14 December 2017|title=Anatomical and genetic data reveal that Rivularia Heude, 1890 belongs to Viviparinae (Gastropoda: Viviparidae)|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=182|issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx014|issn=0024-4082}}</ref> ** ''Trochopaludina'' Starobogatov, 1985 ** ''Tulotoma'' Haldeman, 1840

* Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937 ** Type Genus: ''Bellamya'' Jousseame, 1886 ** ''Amuropaludina'' Moskvicheva, 1979 ** ''Angulyagra'' Rao, 1931<ref name="water2010">{{cite web|date=29 July 2010 |url=http://zsi.gov.in/zoological-survey-of-india/zsi-data/checklist/FW_Mollusca.pdf |title=FRESH WATER MOLLUSCAN SPECIES IN INDIA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320173944/http://zsi.gov.in/checklist/FW_Mollusca.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> ** ''Anulotaia'' Brandt, 1968 ** ''Anularya'' Zhang & Chen, 2015<ref name="Zhang 2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Zhang | first1 = L. J. | last2 = Chen | first2 = S. C. | last3 = Yang | first3 = L. T. | last4 = Jin | first4 = L. | last5 = Köhler | first5 = F. | year = 2015 | title = Systematic revision of the freshwater snail Nevill, 1877 (Mollusca: Viviparidae) endemic to the ancient lakes of Yunnan, China, with description of new taxa | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 174 | issue = 4| pages = 760–800 | doi = 10.1111/zoj.12260 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ** † ''Apameaus'' Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sivan | first1 = N. | last2 = Heller | first2 = J. | last3 = van Damme | first3 = D. | year = 2006 | title = Fossil Viviparidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Levant | url = http://www.conchsoc.org/resources/show-abstract-39.php?id=%20126 | journal = Journal of Conchology | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–220 | archive-date = 8 August 2020 | access-date = 22 October 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200808022302/https://www.conchsoc.org/resources/show-abstract-39.php%3Fid%3D%20126 }}</ref> ** ''Boganmargarya'' Thach, 2018 ** ''Celetaia'' Clench 1966<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/taxon-10637195.html |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> ** ''Cipangopaludina'' Hannibal, 1912<ref name="water2010" /> ** ''Eyriesia'' P. Fischer, 1885 ** ''Filopaludina'' Habe, 1964 ** ''Heterogen'' Annandale, 1921 ** ''Idiopoma'' Pilsbry, 1901 ** ''Larina'' Adams, 1851<ref name="Kear 2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Kear | first1 = B. P. | last2 = Hamilton-Bruce | first2 = R. J. | last3 = Smith | first3 = B. J. | last4 = Gowlett-Holmes | first4 = K. L. | year = 2003 | title = Reassessment of Australia's oldest freshwater snail, ''Viviparus'' (?) ''albascopularis'' Etheridge, 1902 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Viviparidae), from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian, Wallumbilla Formation) of White Cliffs, New South Wales | journal = Molluscan Research | volume = 23 | issue = 2| pages = 149–158 | doi = 10.1071/MR03003 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2003MollR..23..149K }}</ref> ** ''Margarya'' Nevill, 1877 ** ''Mekongia'' Crosse & Fischer, 1876 ** ''Neclarina'' Iredale, 1943 ** ''Neothauma'' E. A. Smith, 1880<ref name="Brown 1994" /> ** ''Notopala'' Cotton, 1935<ref name="environment.gov.au threatened">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/river-snail.html |title=River Snail (''Notopala sublineata'')|access-date= 26 September 2010}}</ref> ** ''Sinotaia'' Haas, 1939 ** ''Taia'' Annandale, 1918 ** † ''Temnotaia'' Annandale, 1919 ** ''Tchangmargarya'' He, 2013<ref name="Zhang 2015" /> ** ''Torotaia'' Haas, 1939 ** ''Trochotaia'' Brandt, 1974<ref>{{cite journal|author=Du L.-N.|author2= Yang J.-X. |author3= Chen X.-Y. |year=2011|title=A new species of ''Trochotaia'' (Caenogastropoda: Viviparidae) from Yunnan, China|journal=Molluscan Research|volume=31|issue=2|pages= 85–89 |doi= 10.11646/mr.31.2.2 |url=http://www.mapress.com/mr/content/v31/2011f/n2p089.htm|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

* Lioplacinae Gill, 1863 ** ''Campeloma'' Rafinesque, 1819 ** ''Lioplax'' Troschel, 1856

* subfamily? ** † ''Albianopalin'' Hamilton-Bruce, Smith & Gowlett-Holmes, 2002<ref name="Hamilton-Bruce 2003">{{cite journal|author=Hamilton-Bruce R. J.|author2= Smith B. J. |author3= Gowlett-Holmes K. L. |year=2002|title=Descriptions of a new genus and two new species of viviparid snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Viviparidae) from the Early Cretaceous (middle-late Albian) Griman Creek Formation of Lightning Ridge, northern New South Wales|journal=Records of the South Australian Museum|volume=35|pages= 193–203 |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/Journals/RSAM/RSAM_v035/rsam_v035_p193p203.pdf}}</ref> ** ''Siamopaludina'' Brandt, 1968

=== Genera brought into synonymy === * ''Centrapala'' Cotton, 1935:<ref name="Kear 2003"/> synonym of ''Larina'' A. Adams, 1855 * ''Contectiana'' Bourguignat, 1880: synonym of ''Viviparus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Eularina'' Iredale, 1943: synonym of ''Larina'' A. Adams, 1855 * subfamily † Kosoviinae Atanacković, 1959: synonym of Viviparidae Gray, 1847 * ''Lecythoconcha'' Annandale, 1920: synonym of ''Cipangopaludina'' Hannibal, 1912 * ''Metohia'' Popović, 1964 : (junior homonym, no replacement name available in 2014) * ''Notopalena'' Iredale, 1943: synonym of ''Notopala'' Cotton, 1935 * ''Paludina'' Férussac, 1812: synonym of ''Viviparus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Siamopaludina'' Brandt, 1968 : synonym of ''Filopaludina (Siamopaludina)'' Brandt, 1968 represented as ''Filopaludina'' Habe, 1964 * ''Vivipara'' : synonym of ''Viviparus'' Montfort, 1810

== Lifecycle == Viviparidare are viviparous: they give birth to live offspring instead of laying eggs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Viviparidae {{!}} The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland |url=https://conchsoc.org/node/6280 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=conchsoc.org}}</ref> Internal fertilization occurs, and the embryos develop within the female's brood pouch. Once mature, the offspring are released into the water as miniature versions of the adults. This method has shown to increase their chances of survival in freshwater environments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Neucker |first1=Tom Van den |last2=Schildermans |first2=Tom |last3=Scheers |first3=Kevin |date=2017 |title=The invasive Chinese mystery snail Bellamya chinensis (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) expands its European range to Belgium |url=https://www.kmae-journal.org/articles/kmae/full_html/2017/01/kmae160140/kmae160140.html |journal=Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems |language=en |issue=418 |page=8 |doi=10.1051/kmae/2016040 |issn=1961-9502|hdl=10067/1399100151162165141 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Life spans have been reported from 3 to 11 years in various species of Viviparidae, depending on environmental conditions and species type.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jakubik |first=Beata |date=2020-04-08 |title=Life strategies of Viviparidae (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Architaenioglossa) in various aquatic habitats: ''Viviparus viviparus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) and ''V. contectus'' (Millet, 1813) |url=https://www.foliamalacologica.com/Life-strategies-of-Viviparidae-Gastropoda-Caenogastropoda-Architaenioglossa-in-various,120267,0,2.html |journal=Folia Malacologica |language=english |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=145–179 |doi=10.2478/v10125-012-0013-3 |issn=1506-7629}}</ref>

== Fossil record == Fossil records of ''Viviparus langtonensis'' show they've lived in freshwater for millions of years.<ref name=":0" />

== References == {{reflist}}

==Further reading== * {{cite journal|author=Hirano T.|author2= Saito T. |author3= Chiba S. |year=2015|title=Phylogeny of freshwater viviparid snails in Japan|journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies|volume=81|issue=4|pages= 435–441 |doi=10.1093/mollus/eyv019}}. * {{cite journal|author=Qian Z.-X.|author2= Fang Y.-F. |author3= He J. |year=2014|title=A conchological review of Bellamyinae (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) of China|journal=Shell Discoveries|volume=1|issue=3|pages= 3–12}}

== External links == * {{cite journal|author=Ju-Guang Wang|author2= Dong Zhang|author3= Ivan Jakovlić|author4= Wei-Min Wang|title=Sequencing of the complete mitochondrial genomes of eight freshwater snail species exposes pervasive paraphyly within the Viviparidae family (Caenogastropoda)|journal= PLOS ONE|date= July 25, 2017 |volume=12 |issue=7 |article-number=e0181699 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0181699 |doi-access=free |pmid=28742843 |pmc=5526530 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1281699W }} *{{commons category-inline|Viviparidae}}

Category:Viviparidae Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray Category:Gastropod families Category:Architaenioglossa