Vibrionaceae

{{Short description|Family of bacteria}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Vibrio cholerae.jpg | image_caption = ''Vibrio cholerae'' | taxon = Vibrionaceae | authority = Véron 1965 (Approved Lists 1980) | parent_authority = Garrity and Holt 2001 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = * ''Aliivibrio'' Urbanczyk et al. 2007   * ''Catenococcus'' Sorokin 1994 * "''Corallibacterium''" Hettiarachchi et al. 2018 * ''Echinimonas'' Nedashkovskaya et al. 2013 * ''Enterovibrio'' Thompson et al. 2002 * ''Grimontia'' Thompson et al. 2003 * ''Listonella'' MacDonell and Colwell 1986  * ''Paraphotobacterium'' Huang et al. 2016 * ''Photobacterium'' Beijerinck 1889 (Approved Lists 1980) * {{no wrap|"''Candidatus'' Photodesmus" Hendry and Dunlap 2011}} * ''Salinivibrio'' Mellado et al. 1996 * ''Thaumasiovibrio'' Amin et al. 2018 * ''Veronia'' Gomez-Gil et al. 2022 * ''Vibrio'' Pacini 1854 (Approved Lists 1980) }}

The '''Vibrionaceae''' are a family of Pseudomonadota given their own order, '''Vibrionales'''. Inhabitants of fresh or salt water, several species are pathogenic, including the type species ''Vibrio cholerae'', which is the agent responsible for cholera. Most bioluminescent bacteria belong to this family, and are typically found as symbionts of deep-sea animals.<ref>{{cite book | editor = Madigan, Michael | editor2 = Martinko, John | title = Brock Biology of Microorganisms | edition = 11th | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-13-144329-1 }}</ref>

Vibrionaceae are Gram-negative organisms and facultative anaerobes, capable of fermentation. They contain oxidase and have one or more flagella, which are generally polar. Originally, these characteristics defined the family, which was divided into four genera. Two of these, ''Vibrio'' and ''Photobacterium'', correspond to the modern group, although several new genera have been defined. Genetic studies have shown the other two original members—''Aeromonas'' and ''Plesiomonas''—belong to separate families. The family Vibrionaceae currently comprises eight validly published genera: ''Aliivibrio'',<ref name=Urbanczyk_2007t>{{cite journal |vauthors=Urbanczyk H, Ast J, Higgins M, Carson J, Dunlap P |title= Reclassification of ''Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio logei, Vibrio salmonicida'' and ''Vibrio wodanis'' as ''Aliivibrio fischeri'' gen. nov., comb. nov., ''Aliivibrio logei'' comb. nov., ''Aliivibrio salmonicida'' comb. nov. and ''Aliivibrio wodanis'' comb. nov|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=57 |issue=12 |pages=2823–2829 |year=2007 |doi= 10.1099/ijs.0.65081-0 |pmid= 18048732|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Catenococcus'', ''Enterovibrio'', ''Grimontia'', ''Listonella'', ''Photobacterium'', ''Salinivibrio'', and ''Vibrio''; although the status of ''Listonella'' has been questioned.

Members of this family also synthesize tetrodotoxin (TTX), an ancient marine alkaloid and powerful neurotoxin (Na+ pump inhibitor, 1 mg can kill an adult) that serves to protect members of an order of fishes, the Tetraodontiformes (''tetras''-four and ''odontos''-tooth), which include the puffer fish (see fugu, raw puffer fish served in Japan). As mentioned above, Vibrionaceae bacteria are in symbiosis with many marine organisms.<ref>{{cite web |author=Johnson J| url=http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/ttx/ttx.htm |title=Tetrodotoxin |work=Molecule of the Month| date=2002-01-05 |access-date=2008-10-07}}</ref> In the case of the puffer fish, and other marine organisms harboring TTX-producing Vibrionaceae, the symbiosis is an ancient and powerful one, providing protection against predation for the marine organisms that harbor these bacteria, while providing the bacteria a protected environment with plenty of nutrients for growth. TTX and saxitoxin provide good examples of convergent biochemical evolution: both toxins are extremely toxic at low levels, both are Na+ pump inhibitors and both have nearly identical binding constants on the Na+ pump in neurons.<ref>{{cite web |author=Edwards N |url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/stx/saxi1.htm |work=Molecule of the Month | title=Saxitoxin |date=1998-08-18 |access-date=2008-10-07}}</ref>

== Pathology ==

A characteristic of the family is the broad host range susceptible to infection by vibrios. Pathogens of man, other than ''V. cholerae'', include ''V. parahaemolyticus'', a cause of gastroenteritis and ''V. vulnificus'' that can lead to acute and fatal septicaemia. Other species of Vibrionaceae are associated with disease in a wide variety of finfish, one of the most notable and commonly occurring pathogens being ''Vibrio anguillarum'', the cause of septicaemia in farmed salmonids such as Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout.<ref>{{cite book | editor = Thompson, Fabiano | editor2 = Austin, Brian | editor3 = Jean Swings | title = The Biology of Vibrios| edition = 1st | publisher = American Society for Microbiology| year = 2006 | isbn=978-1-55581-365-9}}</ref> Species such as ''V. tubiashii'' cause disease in larval stages of Pacific oyster (''Crassostrea gigas'') while ''V. harveyi'' causes luminous vibriosis in penaeid shrimps (prawns). The extent of the host range is seen with species such as ''V. mediterranei'' and ''V. coralliilyticus'', which can infect zooxanthellae, the plant symbionts of coral. These species of ''Vibrio'' are thought to be a cause of coral bleaching.<ref name=Ben-Haim_2004t>{{cite journal |author=Ben-Haim, Y |author2=Zicherman-Keren, M |author3=Rosenberg, E |name-list-style=amp |title= Temperature-Regulated Bleaching and Lysis of the Coral Pocillopora damicornis by the Novel Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=69 |issue=7 |pages=4236–4242 |year=2004 |doi= 10.1128/AEM.69.7.4236-4242.2003 |pmid= 12839805 |pmc=165124}}</ref><ref name=Rosen_2004t>{{cite book |author1=Rosenberg, Eugene |author2=Loya, Yossi | title = Coral Health and Disease| edition = 1st | publisher = Springer| year = 2004 | isbn=3-540-20772-4}}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist|2}}

Category:Vibrionales Category:Bacteria families Category:Food microbiology