Plesiomonas shigelloides

{{Short description|Species of bacterium}} {{speciesbox | parent_authority = corrig. Habs and Schubert 1962 | taxon = Plesiomonas shigelloides | authority = corrig. (Bader 1954) Habs and Schubert 1962 | synonyms = ''Pseudomonas shigelloides'' Bader 1954 ''Aeromonas shigelloides'' (Bader 1954) Ewing et al. 1961 ''Fergusonia shigelloides'' (Bader 1954) Sebald and Véron 1963 }}

'''''Plesiomonas shigelloides''''' is a species of bacteria<ref name="pmid11796731">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niedziela T, Lukasiewicz J, Jachymek W, Dzieciatkowska M, Lugowski C, Kenne L |title=Core oligosaccharides of Plesiomonas shigelloides O54:H2 (strain CNCTC 113/92): structural and serological analysis of the lipopolysaccharide core region, the O-antigen biological repeating unit, and the linkage between them |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue=14 |pages=11653–63 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11796731 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M111885200 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11796731|doi-access=free }}</ref> and the only member of its genus. It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium which has been isolated from freshwater, freshwater fish, shellfish, cattle, goats, swine, cats, dogs, monkeys, vultures, snakes, toads and humans.<ref>{{Citation |title=Plesiomonas shigelloides |date=2020-02-07 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/3gjpov |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is considered a fecal coliform. ''P. shigelloides'' is a global distributed species, found globally outside of the polar ice caps.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=MILLER |first1=MARY L. |last2=KOBURGER |first2=JOHN A. |date=1985-05-01 |title=Plesiomonas shigelloides: An Opportunistic Food and Waterborne Pathogen1 |journal=Journal of Food Protection |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=449–457 |doi=10.4315/0362-028x-48.5.449 |pmid=30943637 |issn=0362-028X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

''P. shigelloides'' has been associated with the diarrheal disease state in humans, but has been identified in healthy humans as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Bodhidatta |first1=Ladaporn |last2=Serichantalergs |first2=Oralak |last3=Sornsakrin |first3=Siriporn |last4=McDaniel |first4=Philip |last5=Mason |first5=Carl J. |last6=Srijan |first6=Apichai |date=2010-11-05 |title=Case-Control Study of Diarrheal Disease Etiology in a Remote Rural Area in Western Thailand |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0367 |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=1106–1109 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0367 |pmid=21036846 |pmc=2963978 |issn=0002-9637}}</ref> It can enter the body either through contact with water contaminated by fecal matter or through seafood originating from a contaminated source.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Plesiomonas shigelloides |date=2003-03-18 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203912065-22 |work=International Handbook of Foodborne Pathogens |pages=389–394 |publisher=CRC Press |doi=10.1201/9780203912065-22 |isbn=978-0-429-22295-5 |access-date=2022-12-09|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Classification == ''P. shigelloides'' was originally considered part of the family ''Vibrionaceae'', but is generally accepted to be part of ''Enterobacteriaceae'' due to the similarity of its 5S rRNA sequence to other members of ''Enterobacteriaceae''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=MacDonell |first1=M.T. |last2=Colwell |first2=R.R. |date=1985 |title=Phylogeny of the Vibrionaceae, and Recommendation for Two New Genera, Listonella and Shewanella |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0723-2020(85)80051-5 |journal=Systematic and Applied Microbiology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=171–182 |doi=10.1016/s0723-2020(85)80051-5 |issn=0723-2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref>''.'' The rRNA sequence of ''P. shigelloides'' has been found to be most similar to ''Proteus mirabilis,'' and as a result it is now considered part of the tribe ''Proteeae'' within the family ''Enterobacteriaceae''.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Solignac |first1=M. |title=Ribosomal RNA Phylogenies |date=1991 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83962-7_5 |work=Molecular Techniques in Taxonomy |pages=73–85 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-642-83964-1 |access-date=2022-12-09 |last2=Pélandakis |first2=M. |last3=Rousset |first3=F. |last4=Chenuil |first4=A.|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-83962-7_5 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''P. shigelloides'' is the only known member of its genus.

== Ecology ==

=== Growth === ''P. shigelloides'' is incapable of surviving in saltwater environments where the concentration of salt is greater than 4% and has been found to tolerate pH ranges between 4.5 and 9.<ref name=":2">{{cite book | doi=10.1007/0-387-30746-X_19 | chapter=The Genera Aeromonas and Plesiomonas | title=The Prokaryotes | date=2006 | last1=Farmer | first1=J. J. | last2=Arduino | first2=M. J. | last3=Hickman-Brenner | first3=F. W. | pages=564–596 | isbn=978-0-387-25496-8 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> It grows optimally between 35 °C and 39 °C, and has been found to survive in the temperature range of 8 °C to 45 °C.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gonzalez-Rey |first1=Carlos |last2=Svenson |first2=Stefan B. |last3=Eriksson |first3=Laila M. |last4=Ciznar |first4=Ivan |last5=Krovacek |first5=Karel |date=2003-08-01 |title=Unexpected finding of the "tropical" bacterial pathogen Plesiomonas shigelloides from lake water north of the Polar Circle |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-003-0521-0 |journal=Polar Biology |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=495–499 |doi=10.1007/s00300-003-0521-0 |s2cid=7586212 |issn=0722-4060|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The effects of pH, salinity, temperature, turbidity, and conductivity on concentrations of ''P. shigelloides'' in freshwater conditions is not currently understood.

== Identification == ''P. shigelloides'' grows readily on standard laboratory media such as MacConkey agar.

Some ''Plesiomonas'' strains share antigens with ''Shigella sonnei'' and ''Shigella flexneri'' and cross-reactions with ''Shigella'' antisera may occur.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Albert | first1 = MJ | last2 = Ansaruzzaman | first2 = M | last3 = Qadri | first3 = F | last4 = Hossain | first4 = A | last5 = Kibriya | first5 = AK | last6 = Haider | first6 = K | last7 = Nahar | first7 = S | last8 = Faruque | first8 = SM | last9 = Alam | first9 = AN | date = September 1993 | title = Characterisation of Plesiomonas shigelloides strains that share type-specific antigen with Shigella flexneri 6 and common group 1 antigen with Shigella flexneri spp. and Shigella dysenteriae 1 | journal = J Med Microbiol | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 211–7 | doi = 10.1099/00222615-39-3-211 | pmid = 8366520 | doi-access= free }}</ref> ''Plesiomonas'' can be distinguished from ''Shigella'' in diarrheal stools by an oxidase test: ''Plesiomonas'' is oxidase positive and ''Shigella'' is oxidase negative. ''Plesiomonas'' is easily differentiated from ''Aeromonas sp.'' and other oxidase-positive organisms by standard biochemical tests.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herrington |first1=D A |last2=Tzipori |first2=S |last3=Robins-Browne |first3=R M |last4=Tall |first4=B D |last5=Levine |first5=M M |date=1987 |title=In vitro and in vivo pathogenicity of Plesiomonas shigelloides |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.55.4.979-985.1987 |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=979–985 |doi=10.1128/iai.55.4.979-985.1987 |pmid=3557621 |pmc=260448 |issn=0019-9567}}</ref>

== Pathogenicity == ''P. shigelloides'' produces a cytoxic-enterotoxin (LCE) which induces rapid death in mice.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Ludovico |first=Marilucia Santos |last2=Martins |first2=Luciano Moura |last3=Bianco |first3=Juares Ednaldo Romero |last4=Andrade |first4=Célia Guadalupe Tardelli de Jesus |last5=Falcon |first5=Rosabel |last6=Joazeiro |first6=Paulo Pinto |last7=Gatti |first7=Maria Silvia Viccari |last8=Yano |first8=Tomomasa |date=2016 |title=Plesiomonas shigelloides exports a lethal cytotoxic-enterotoxin (LCE) by membrane vesicles |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9427589/ |journal=The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=546–555 |doi=10.1016/j.bjid.2016.08.014 |issn=1678-4391 |pmc=9427589 |pmid=27770615}}</ref> LCE is the first virulence factor identified in ''P. shigelloides'' that is exported through membrane vesicles.<ref name=":3" />

=== Human infection === ''P. shigelloides'' has been isolated from a wide variety of human clinical specimens including both intestinal (usually feces or rectal swabs) and extra-intestinal. It has been isolated from the feces of humans, both with and without diarrhea, and/or vomiting (gastroenteritis). Although reports have found a link between ''P. shigelloides'' and diarrhea or gastroenteritis, research has not yet determined whether this bacteria is always responsible for these conditions.<ref name=":0" />

=== Infection of other animals === Although ''P. shigelloides'' is primarily associated with the diarrheal disease state in humans, certain animals including cats and dogs have been found to frequently carry the bacterium while in a healthy state.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arai |first1=Teruyoshi |last2=Ikejima |first2=Nobuyuki |last3=Itoh |first3=Takeshi |last4=Sakai |first4=Senzo |last5=Shimada |first5=Toshio |last6=Sakazaki |first6=Riichi |date=1980 |title=A survey of''Plesiomonas shigelloides''from aquatic environments, domestic animals, pets and humans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002217240002670x |journal=Journal of Hygiene |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=203–211 |doi=10.1017/s002217240002670x |pmid=7358962 |pmc=2133890 |issn=0022-1724}}</ref> Freshwater fish can often be infected with ''P. shigelloides'' which can be lethal depending on the concentration of the bacterium in their bodies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Behera |first1=B.K. |last2=Bera |first2=A.K. |last3=Paria |first3=P. |last4=Das |first4=A. |last5=Parida |first5=P.K. |last6=Kumari |first6=Suman |last7=Bhowmick |first7=S. |last8=Das |first8=B.K. |date=2018 |title=Identification and pathogenicity of Plesiomonas shigelloides in Silver Carp |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.04.063 |journal=Aquaculture |volume=493 |pages=314–318 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.04.063 |s2cid=90395934 |issn=0044-8486|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== *[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=5055&submit=Search Type strain of ''Plesiomonas shigelloides'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]

Category:Pathogenic bacteria Category:Bacteria described in 1954 Category:Gram-negative bacteria Category:Marine microorganisms Category:Monotypic bacteria genera